Synapse SNAP Connect E10 User manual

USERS GUIDE
SNAP Connect E10
User Manual for Version 1.1
©2008-2014 Synapse, All Rights Reserved. All Synapse products are patent pending. Synapse, the
Synapse logo, SNAP, and Portal are all registered trademarks of Synapse Wireless, Inc.
Doc# 600034-01B
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction............................................................................................................... 1
Product Overview ............................................................................................................................ 1
Easy-To-Use-Technology ........................................................................................................... 1
Key Features .............................................................................................................................. 1
Included In the Product............................................................................................................. 2
New In This Version ......................................................................................................................... 2
About This Manual........................................................................................................................... 3
Other Important Documentation .................................................................................................... 3
When The Manuals Are Not Enough ............................................................................................... 4
2. Network Application Examples................................................................................... 5
Combining Disparate Networks ....................................................................................................... 5
Logging Data .................................................................................................................................... 8
Offloading Host Processing.............................................................................................................. 8
SNAP Lighting From Anywhere In The World .................................................................................. 9
3. SNAP Connect E10 Overview .................................................................................... 10
Product Description ....................................................................................................................... 10
The E10 is a Small Linux Computer.......................................................................................... 10
The E10 is a SNAP Node with Serial, Ethernet and USB Interfaces......................................... 10
The E10 Includes an Internal, Wireless SNAP Engine.............................................................. 10
A Visual Tour .................................................................................................................................. 10
Top View.................................................................................................................................. 10
Wireless Side View .................................................................................................................. 11
Wired Side View ...................................................................................................................... 12
Bottom View............................................................................................................................ 12
4. Power and Connectivity............................................................................................ 14
Installing the Drivers ...................................................................................................................... 14
Establishing Connectivity to the E10.............................................................................................. 14
Access Via the Serial Port ........................................................................................................ 14
IP Address Resolution .................................................................................................................... 15
Setting A Static IP Address ............................................................................................................. 15
Determining Dynamic IP Addresses............................................................................................... 16
Setting System Hostname.............................................................................................................. 16
Setting System Time Zone.............................................................................................................. 16

Access Via TCP/IP / Ethernet.......................................................................................................... 17
Accessing the SNAP Engine Wirelessly........................................................................................... 18
5. Extending the E10 with USB Accessories ................................................................... 19
Using usb_modeswitch .................................................................................................................. 19
Connecting to an Additional SNAP Device..................................................................................... 20
Establishing a Wi-Fi Connection..................................................................................................... 20
Supported Devices ......................................................................................................................... 20
Setting Up Your Wi-Fi Connection ................................................................................................. 21
Establishing a Data Connection with a USB Cell Modem............................................................... 22
Virgin Mobile MC760............................................................................................................... 23
AT&T USBConnect momentum 4G (Sierra Wireless 313U)..................................................... 24
Verizon Pantech UML295 ........................................................................................................ 24
6. Common Procedures ................................................................................................ 27
Editing E10 Files ............................................................................................................................. 27
Viewing Other Available Commands ............................................................................................. 27
Controlling LED A ........................................................................................................................... 27
Controlling LED B............................................................................................................................ 28
Reading the Mode Button ....................................................................................................... 28
Using an External USB Drive.................................................................................................... 29
Example 1: ............................................................................................................................... 29
Example 2: ............................................................................................................................... 29
Setting the E10 to Automatically Update Scripts........................................................................... 29
Converting DOS and Windows Text Files....................................................................................... 29
Creating Custom Python Software................................................................................................. 30
Making Custom Software run Automatically at Startup................................................................ 30
Method 1: UserMain.py..................................................................................................... 30
Method 2: /etc/inittab .................................................................................................. 30
Shutting Down UserMain.py Manually.......................................................................................... 31
Starting UserMain.py Manually ..................................................................................................... 31
Restarting UserMain.py Manually ................................................................................................. 31
Restoring the Original Behavior of Your E10 ................................................................................. 31
Temporarily Restoring the Original Behavior of Your E10............................................................. 32
Resetting a Lost User Password ..................................................................................................... 32
Recovering Access to the E10’s Radio Node.................................................................................. 32
7. E10 Recovery, Restore, and Upgrade Procedures ...................................................... 34

Beginning the Manual Installation Process.................................................................................... 34
Necessary Hardware................................................................................................................ 34
Necessary Software ....................................................................................................................... 35
Required Files .......................................................................................................................... 35
Recovery Steps............................................................................................................................... 35
Completing the Manual Installation Process ................................................................................. 37
Running the USB Installer Script .................................................................................................... 41
SNAP Connect Installations or Upgrades ....................................................................................... 42
Bridge Recovery Files ..................................................................................................................... 42
8. Regulatory Information and Certifications ................................................................ 44
RF Exposure Statement.................................................................................................................. 44
FCC Certifications and Regulatory Information (USA Only)........................................................... 44
FCC Part 15 Class A .................................................................................................................. 44
Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) (FCC 15.105) ................................................................... 44
Labeling Requirements (FCC 15.19) ........................................................................................ 44
Modifications (FCC 15.21).............................................................................................................. 44
Declaration of Conformity ............................................................................................................. 45
Industry Canada (IC) Certification.................................................................................................. 45

1. Introduction
Product Overview
The SNAP® Connect E10 is a rugged and powerful gateway appliance that allows you to connect to and control
your SNAP network nodes across TCP/IP networks.
In addition to providing network connectivity, the E10 contains a powerful Linux-based computer to which you
can add your own programs for network participation and
control.
In other words, the E10’s SNAP Connect software,
combined with your own Python program, becomes a node
in your SNAP network, responding to RPC messages from
other nodes in your network, and generating its own
procedure calls for other nodes. The E10 can manage a
network of nodes, or it can simply act as a gateway,
connecting isolated nodes by passing radio traffic through
the Internet. It can collect and store data from nodes in one
part of your network, process the data, and forward it to a
data warehouse, or send reports or alarms through the
Internet to anywhere else in the world. In short, the E10
acts as a point of control and connectivity for extending the
reach and capabilities of your SNAP network.
Easy-To-Use-Technology
For many applications, the E10 requires little or no setup. The E10 gateway comes pre-configured to:
•Use DHCP to acquire an IP address
•Automatically participate in any SNAP radio network with compatible radio types and configurations
(i.e., radio rate, channel, network ID, encryption settings, etc.)
•Automatically accept incoming TCP/IP connections from other devices running SNAP Connect
User configuration is only required if you want to change these default settings, if you want to connect to
additional networks over TCP/IP or serial, or if you want to install your own Python application on the node to
interact with the rest of your network in customized ways.
Key Features
Key features of the E10 include:
•ARM Linux operating system (kernel 3.2.34)
•BusyBox multi-call binary for system commands
•32-bit RISC architecture
•400 MHz CPU
•256 MB flash, expandable through external USB connections
•64 MB RAM
•10/100 Mb Ethernet port
•USB 2.0 (host) port
•Micro-USB serial and power port
SNAP Connect E10 Users Guide – 600034-01B 1

•Small form factor
•Rugged metal case
•Internal Synapse SNAP Engine with external antenna
Included In the Product
Your E10 package includes the following:
•SNAP Connect E10 unit
•External antenna
•Power adapter
•Micro USB cable
•Mounting Brackets
New In This Version
The changes between version 1.0 and version 1.1 of the E10 come entirely from the operating system and
included software:
•New packages:
•monit – a utility for managing and monitoring processes, programs, files, directories, and file
systems
•OpenSSH – an SSH/SecSH protocol suite providing encryption for network services such as remote
login or remote file transfer
•NTP – an operating system daemon that sets and maintains the system time of day in
synchronization with Internet standard time servers
•rsync – a fast and extraordinarily versatile file copying tool
•screen – a full-screen window manager that multiplexes a physical terminal between several
processes
•udev – a utility that provides a dynamic device directory that only contains files for present devices
•iptables – a utility used to establish, maintain, and inspect IP packet filter rules tables in the Linux
kernel
•htop – an interactive process viewer
•sqlite – a lightweight SQL database engine
•USB-Serial support (including support for the SNAP Stick 200 and the SN132 SNAPstick)
•Wi-Fi support (through a USB adapter)
•Cell modem support (through a USB adapter)
•Root file system flash increased to 185 MB
•Addition of /etc/E10Version
•Addition of /etc/TZ
•Addition of an autorun rule for invoking a script from a USB drive on reboot
(/etc/init.d/S77RunUsb.py)
•Addition of an autorun rule for invoking a script from a network update server on reboot
(/etc/init.d/X88RunNet.py – disabled by default)
•Modification of /etc/fstab
•/tmp is now limited to 32 MB by default
•Modify fstab to change this limit
•Kernel address locations now dynamically determined by installation script
2SNAP Connect E10 Users Guide – 600034-01B

•Bad blocks can cause the boot loader or kernel images to “spill into” one another
•Bad block locations are analyzed at install time to determine optimal installation locations for kernel
images and the bootloader
•Script enhancements
•BridgeRecovery.py – recover an unresponsive bridge node from the E10 with these scripts available
from the Synapse User Forum.
•UserMain.py / SynapseMain.py
Added getIpAddress(), an RPC to return any IP address(es) assigned to the E10
Bridge interaction – added options to check or set the bridge channel, network ID, etc. from the
E101
•E10ExampleFor1.1.py – E10 LED toggles on traffic and responds to updated
UserMain.py/SynapseMain.py when they request the address of the bridge node.
•DHCP improvement
•Interfaces that use DHCP will continue to attempt to get an IP address
•Python upgraded to version 2.7.5
One side-effect of the breadth of changes between the original E10 release and version 1.1 is that any custom
code compiled for the original E10 release is likely to require recompiling before it will function in the 1.1
environment.
About This Manual
This manual provides information specifically regarding the SNAP Connect E10, and covers topics like:
•Initial setup
•Port usage (e.g., the micro-USB serial port, Ethernet port, and USB host port)
•Common applications
•Recovery processes that are specific to this product
The author assumes that:
•You have read and understood the SNAP Primer (or are otherwise familiar with the SNAP product line)
•You have installed the Portal software
•You are familiar with the basics of discovering nodes, uploading SNAPpy scripts to them, and controlling
and monitoring them from Synapse’s Portal software
Other Important Documentation
The E10 is typically running Synapse’s SNAP Connect software internally. Be aware that SNAP Connect has its
own dedicated user manual. You will likely need to refer to that manual to develop your own applications using
the SNAP Connect Python library, as much of the fundamental information on SNAP Connect is not repeated
here.
All Synapse documentation is available for free download from our dedicated support forum. Please visit
http://forums.synapse-wireless.com for more information.
1The new "E10exampleFor1.1.py" SNAPpy script should be loaded into the E10's bridge node in order for these new functions to behave as
desired.
SNAP Connect E10 Users Guide – 600034-01B 3

Some of the most relevant documents are:
•SNAP Primer
•SNAP Connect Users Guide
•SNAP Reference Manual
•SNAP Users Guide
•Portal Reference manual
•SNAP Sniffer Users Guide
•SNAP Hardware Technical Manual
•SNAP Firmware Release Notes
•Portal Release Notes
If you acquired standalone modules (instead of buying a kit), you may also want to download the latest version
of the EK2100 or EK2500 user guides. These guides are more tutorial in nature and offer hands- on instructions
for demonstrations of SNAP hardware and software.
When The Manuals Are Not Enough
The dedicated support forum offers more than just user documentation. In this forum you can also view
questions and answers posted by other users, or post your own questions for discussion. The forum also has
examples and application notes available for download. The Synapse website also provides downloads of the
latest SNAP, Portal, E10, and SNAP Connect software.
4SNAP Connect E10 Users Guide – 600034-01B

2. Network Application Examples
This chapter offers some high-level examples of how the E10 can be used. Of course, there are just a few
examples. Many other network configurations and applications are possible.
Combining Disparate Networks
By acting as a bridge between the wireless and Ethernet layers of the network, E10s allow SNAP networks
located in separate geographical locations to act as a single large network.
The SNAP subnets being joined might be located indifferent parts of a building:
In an environment like this, the subnetworks on different floors might be on different channels in order to
minimize cross-talk. Or, it could be that environmental factors prevent a good radio signal from reaching other
parts of the network. In either case, an E10 as part of each subnet, linked by the wired TCP/IP network, allows all
the subnets to work together as one large network.
SNAP Connect E10 Users Guide – 600034-01B 5

Alternately, your problem might be that your subnets are too far
apart to be within radio range. If your network has subnets in
remote areas, you might find that something as simple as a pair
of cellular modems connected to E10s can pass messages on a
coordinated scheduled and provide the level of connectivity you
need.
Or, it may be that your subnets are all in established
environments where Internet access is always available to
provide more constant connectivity than cell modems. If
that’s the case, E10s connected directly to the Internet can
allow all nodes distributed throughout the world to
communicate with each other using directly addressed RPC
calls.
6SNAP Connect E10 Users Guide – 600034-01B

Because the SNAP Connect gateway is unaware of how any other inter-node communications are handled, you
can use a pair of E10s to bridge between two subnets on different configurations of wireless networks. These
could be any mixture of subnets running 2.4 GHz radios at any of the available radio rates, along with subnets
running 900 MHz radios or subnets running 868 MHz radios, or any combination of these. The bridging
performed by the E10s running SNAP Connect overcomes the differences in radio communications before
forwarding the packets on to other subnets.
Of course, the E10s are not limited to only communicating with other E10s. The SNAP Connect running on the
E10 can make connections, either over TCP/IP or serially, to any other SNAP Connect or Portal instance to which
you grant it access.
Refer to the SNAP Connect Users Guide for more information on making connections and controlling other
devices.
SNAP Connect E10 Users Guide – 600034-01B 7

Logging Data
Using the built-in USB host port, an E10 can provide a logging service to a field of SNAP nodes that do not have
their own removable USB drives. The logged data can then be analyzed locally or sent (or taken) offsite for more
detailed analysis. USB thumb drives or external USB hard drives provide nearly limitless storage options, and the
E10 can be configured to upload data (pre-processed or raw) to another host or to the cloud, or the physical
media could be collected manually for transfer.
Offloading Host Processing
You can use E10s as an extra tier in larger networks to offload the master computer and move processing closer
to the edge. The Python scripts running on the E10s can poll for data, perform data filtering (or other
processing), check for alarm conditions, etc.
8SNAP Connect E10 Users Guide – 600034-01B

SNAP Lighting From Anywhere In The World
When combined with Synapse’s SNAP Cloud product, E10s support tunneling through firewalls to allow full
connectivity to wireless sensor networks from any web browser.
If your E10 is part of a SNAP Lighting kit, there will be a Kit-ID and password on the bottom sticker of the E10.
This is your login information for the SNAP Lighting website (at http://www.SNAPLighting.com).
Once logged in, you can control and monitor your lighting system via the Internet from anywhere in the world.
This simple-to-use interface is designed to let you remotely perform a number of tasks, such as:
•Turn on/off any of the LED lights on each lighting board included in the kit
•Dim any of the LEDs on any board
•Mix the red, green, blue, and white light intensities
•Read the on-board temperature sensor
•Read the self-calibrating light sensor
NOTE: If your E10 is part of a SNAP Lighting kit, please refer to the SNAPLighting.com Kit User Guide for
more information on your product.
SNAP Connect E10 Users Guide – 600034-01B 9

3. SNAP Connect E10 Overview
This chapter familiarizes you with the E10, providing a more detailed product description and a visual tour of the
product.
Product Description
There are three main things to know about the SNAP Connect E10.
The E10 is a Small Linux Computer
As a Linux computer, the E10 is capable of running custom applications. The system comes with Python
installed, and you can install a native ARM-gcc compiler to develop applications in C. If you need further
assistance in this area, please contact the Synapse Custom Solutions Group.
NOTE: Advanced Linux users will be interested to know that the E10 is based on the AT91SAM9G20
processor, and is running a variant of ARM-Linux.
The E10 is a SNAP Node with Serial, Ethernet and USB Interfaces
To act as a SNAP Node, the E10 runs Synapse’s SNAP Connect software. This gives the E10 the ability to perform
mesh routing over the Internet, letting SNAP Nodes in one networked location access a SNAP network in
another location.
Also, you can extend the SNAP Connect software (using Python) to add more functions. These can then be
invoked via RPC from other SNAP Nodes, much like the functions in SNAPpy scripts. For more information on this
feature, refer to the SNAP Connect User guide.
The E10 Includes an Internal, Wireless SNAP Engine
This topic is covered in more detail later in this manual. For now, the important thing to understand is that there
are actually two computers contained inside the E10 housing – the ARM processor running SNAP Connect, and
the microprocessor on the SNAP Engine itself. They communicate internally using Synapse’s Packet Serial
protocol over a dedicated serial link.
A Visual Tour
Top View
10 SNAP Connect E10 Users Guide – 600034-01B

The top view of the E10 does not reveal much detail. Note that the device is shown without the included
mounting brackets that can be used to mount the E10 securely in your operating environment.
The Wireless Side can easily be identified by the RP-SMA antenna mount.
Wireless Side View
The Wireless end of the E10 features the antenna mount, a Mode button, and LED A.
As delivered, LED A glows green when the E10 is powered. Holding the Mode button during startup causes the
E10 to bypass the standard SNAP Connect software in the unit. Holding the Mode button for 10 seconds causes
the E10 to perform an orderly shutdown.
Having these two purposes for this one button may cause some conflicts. For example if you start holding the
button as soon as you apply power to the E10, the 10-second shutdown period expires before the software gets
to where it checks the button to see whether it should run UserMain.py or SynapseMain.py, and the E10
shuts itself down. Furthermore, it is not possible for Synapse to specify a definitive delay period before you
should start holding the button because the time it takes to boot your E10 will depend on factors such as your
network configuration (Ethernet or Wi-Fi, plus your network speed and the speed at which your NTP server
responds).
If you expect to make use of this functionality, configure your environment and then time how long it takes for
your E10 to fully boot. The system’s check of the button to determine which SNAP Connect script to run is one of
the last things to occur during the boot process, at the point when the serial output indicates Starting user
SNAP Connect instance...OK. Begin holding the button about five seconds before the end of the boot
process, and be sure to release the button before you reach the 10-second mark.
If you have not qualified your boot time this way and do not have a serial connection available to know when
your system has completed booting, you can try booting the device and holding the button for about eight
seconds, releasing for about two, and repeating until the device has completed booting. This will keep the E10
from performing its 10-second shutdown while still providing a likelihood that the desired script will run.
You can also modify the length of time the button must be held in order to instigate a controlled shutdown. The
/etc/init.d/monitor file controls this behavior. Set the timeout variable to the number of seconds for which
the button must be held if you wish to change the timing, or insert a # character at the beginning of the last line
(i.e., #halt) to disable the button-controlled shutdown entirely.
These LED and button behaviors are the default behaviors when the E10 is shipped. However, both the LED and
the Mode button are user-accessible and user-programmable, so you can update these default behaviors to
meet your own needs.
SNAP Connect E10 Users Guide – 600034-01B 11

Wired Side View
The Wired end of the E10 includes the connectors for wired connections to the device, plus an additional LED,
LED B.
The connector on the left, labeled “USB”, is the host USB connection, which you can use to connect an external
drive (flash or hard drive), a second radio SNAP node (either a SNAP Stick 200 or an SN132 SNAPstick), or a
cellular modem or Wi-Fi dongle. It is not necessary that you connect anything to this USB host port.
By default, the LED (labeled B) glows green when the E10 is initialized and running. This LED, like LED A, is user-
controllable so you can change its behavior to provide feedback for your application.
The Ethernet port is your gateway to a TCP/IP network using standard 8P8C (commonly referred to as RJ45)
connectors. This lets you connect the E10 to a private network or directly to the Internet for global reporting,
networking, or controllability.
Finally, the logo (representing USB connectivity) marks the Micro-B USB port. This port provides serial
connectivity to the E10 (by default at 115,200 baud, 8N1), and also provides power to the E10.
Because this is the power supply for the E10, you must always have this connection in use while the E10 is
running. You can have it connected to any host USB port that provides sufficient power, or to a USB power
converter, such as the one delivered with the E10.
Bottom View
The bottom of the E10 hosts a sticker that provides information about the device, including the SNAP MAC
address of the RF Engine contained within the enclosure, and the SNAP MAC address assigned to the SNAP
Connect instance running on the device.
Remember that the E10 actually contains two SNAP nodes. The SNAP Engine (i.e., RF100, RF200, or RF300) that
provides radio connectivity is one instance of SNAP, and the SNAP Connect software running in the Linux
environment is a separate SNAP Node. Each of these nodes has its own SNAP MAC address (a three-byte
hexadecimal address that you may commonly see written in the form D5.AA.96 or ‘\xd5\xaa\x96’). This is the
SNAP address you use to unicast a message directly to a node in order to invoke a function on that node by RPC.
12 SNAP Connect E10 Users Guide – 600034-01B

Note that the appearance of your sticker may vary; but every E10 will be marked with both SNAP MAC
addresses.
If your E10 includes a kit-ID and a password on the bottom, it is part of a SNAP Lighting kit. Please refer to the
SNAPLighting.com Kit User Guide for information on your product.
SNAP Connect E10 Users Guide – 600034-01B 13

4. Power and Connectivity
It may seem that power and serial connectivity would be entirely separate issues, and warrant separate
coverage. However the power for the E10 is provided through the Micro-USB connection (on the “wired” end of
the device), which is also where you can make a serial connection to the device.
You can power your E10 using a USB power adapter capable of providing 500 mA of current, such as the one
provided with the E10. These devices plug into a wall outlet or power strip and provide the necessary
transformation to 5 volts of DC current.
Alternately, you can power your E10 by connecting it to the host USB port of any device that can provide at least
500 mA of current. Typically any port on a PC, laptop or docking station will be able to handle this load. Powered
USB hubs can generally do this, but an unpowered hub might not be able to provide the necessary current.
If you choose to connect to a USB port on your computer (either directly or through a powered hub), your
computer may prompt you for the location of driver files. The drivers are necessary if you wish to connect
serially to the E10. (Most users prefer to have this access.) However, if you only intend to use the computer to
provide power to the E10, and you do not need serial access to the device, you can choose to not install the
drivers. The USB connection will provide power to the E10 whether the drivers are installed or not.
Installing the Drivers
The drivers you need to install in order to access the E10 serially are available from the website of the USB
adapter chip’s manufacturer, at http://www.ftdichip.com. You will need the VCP (virtual com port) drivers for
the FT2232D chip. FTDI’s website provides an option to search for the latest drivers and download them to your
PC. Synapse does not provide the drivers directly in order to ensure that you get the latest drivers available
when you need them.
Establishing Connectivity to the E10
You can access the two nodes in an E10 three ways, depending on your network needs. (Remember that the
SNAP Engine (i.e., RF100, RF200, or RF30x) in your E10 is one node, while the SNAP Connect instance running on
the processor is another node.)
Access Via the Serial Port
The micro-USB cable provided with the E10 connects to the Micro-B-USB plug on the Wired end of the E10,
providing both power and access to the “ttys0” UART of the E10. By default, this port is configured to be a Linux
serial console, with the following UART settings:
•115,200 bps
•8 data bits
•no parity bit
•1 stop bit
After you have installed the USB adapter drivers on the PC you are connecting to your E10, the device should be
available as a serial connection. On a PC running Windows, you can determine the appropriate COM port by
checking the Ports (COM & LPT) section of the Windows Device Manager. This will tell you the COM port to use
for connection. (The E10 will also appear as “Synapse USB Device” under the Universal Serial Bus controllers
section of the Device Manager.)
14 SNAP Connect E10 Users Guide – 600034-01B