TERMA SCANTER 1002 User manual

1255194-HO Rev. A
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
© Terma, Denmark. Proprietary and intellectual rights of Terma A/S and/or its subsidiaries are involved in the subject-matter of this material and all
manufacturing, reproduction, use, disclosure, and sales rights pertaining to such subject-matter are expressly reserved. This material is submitted for
a specific purpose as agreed in writing, and the recipient by accepting this material agrees that this material will not be used, copied, or reproduced in
whole or in part nor its contents (or any part thereof) revealed in any manner or toany third party, except own staff, to meet the purpose for which it was
submitted and subject to the terms of the written agreement.
This document is released for use only if signed by
relevant staff or stamped "EDM Release Controlled".
CM: . .
..
TLM

Page 3/62
Rev. A
2017-12-04
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
1255194-HO
Record of changes
Description Rev Date
Released A 2017-12-04

Page 4/62
Rev. A
2017-12-04
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
1255194-HO
(Intentionally left blank)

Page 5/62
Rev. A
2017-12-04
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
1255194-HO
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1 Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
1.2 Warnings and safety instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
1.2.1 Microwave radiation safety margins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
1.2.2 Physical safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
1.3 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
2 SCANTER 1002 Radar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 System components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
2.2 SCANTER 1002 product features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
2.2.1 Embedded tracker (ET2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
2.2.2 Physical appearance of SCANTER 1002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
3 Functional Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.1 Software-defined functionality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
3.2 SSPA - Solid State Power Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
3.3 Frequency diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
3.4 Full coherency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
3.5 Pulse compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
3.6 Power sector transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
3.7 Environment adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
3.8 Controlling and using the radar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
3.8.1 Remote control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
3.8.2 Profiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
3.8.3 Built-in Test Equipment (BITE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
3.8.3.1 BITE - errors/warnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
3.8.3.2 BITE status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
3.8.3.3 BITE measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
3.8.3.4 BITE logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
4 Hardware interface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.1 X1, Mains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
4.2 X2, Aux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
4.3 X3, LAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
4.4 GND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
5 Radar Service Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.1 Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
5.1.1 System requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
5.1.2 Installing and starting the Radar Service Tool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
5.2 RST features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
5.2.1 Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
5.2.2 Access levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Page 6/62
Rev. A
2017-12-04
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
1255194-HO
5.2.3 User documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.2.4 Parameters and BITE access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.2.5 Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.2.6 Situation display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.3 RST screen layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.3.1 RST keyboard and mouse actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.3.2 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.3.3 Adjust text size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.3.4 Situation perspective control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.3.5 RST menu navigation and search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.4 Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.5 Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.6 Radar Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.6.1 Starting transceiver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.6.2 Stopping transceiver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.6.3 Creating sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.6.4 Creating ET2 tracking zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.6.5 Backup/restore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.6.5.1 Creating/restoring backup of configuration data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6 Software installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.1 Resetting IP address on transceiver to default (169.254.1.50) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.2 Replacing transceiver software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7 BITE errors and warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
8 Technical terms and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
9 Abbreviations and acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
10 Annex A - Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Page 7/62
Rev. A
2017-12-04
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
1255194-HO
1 Introduction
1.1 Purpose
The SCANTER 1002 Radar System is optimized to ensure a high level of situation-
al awareness on land platforms in all weather conditions.
The purpose of this manual is to provide a functional description of the radar sys-
tem and the transceiver hardware interface.
The manual also provides a guide to the Radar Service Tool software application
used to control and monitor the system.
1.2 Warnings and safety instructions
The following outlines basic warnings and safety instructions when working on the
radar system. Further warnings and safety instructions can be found in doc. no.
970637-HT: “Warnings and Safety Instructions for Terma Radar Antenna Sys-
tems”.

Page 8/62
Rev. A
2017-12-04
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
1255194-HO
In no event, Terma A/S shall be held liable for any direct, indirect, punitive, incidental or consequential damages what-
so-ever arising out of or connected with the use or misuse of its products.
Only maintenance for authorized personnel.
This radar produces low power non-ionising electromagnetic radiation. Radiation is normally
not dangerous for the human body, however precautions should be taken, and a safety
distance of 1 meter when operating should be kept.
Always disconnect power before maintaining the radar. The rotating antenna may cause
injury.
Part of the equipment may have hot surfaces. Precautions should be made.
MAINTENANCE OF THE RADAR SYSTEM
WARNING
SAFETY
FIRST
WARNINGS,
CAUTIONS AND
SAFETY
INSTRUCTIONS
AUTHORIZED
PERSONNEL
ONLY
CAUTION
CAUTION
High voltage may be present at several points of the equipment. Observe and follow all
electrical safety precautions. These voltages may cause injury or even death.
When maintaining The radar, radar and instruments must be connected to the same electrical
protective ground.
Always use ESD (Electrostatic Sensitive Device) precautionary procedures when handling
ESD marked modules. The equipment contains components sensitive to damage by
electrostatic discharge. Wrist strap connected to earth bonding point must always be used
when handling unshielded electronics. Modules must be stored in static shielding packaging
(EIA-541). Module repair must be done on a ESD workstation, by qualified personnel.
Equipment weighs about 35 kilograms and to avoid injury, use proper lifting technique, 2
person lifting or lifting aids.
WARNING

Page 9/62
Rev. A
2017-12-04
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
1255194-HO
1.2.1 Microwave radiation safety margins
Additional safety margins in respect of microwave radiation can be obtained by
increasing distances to the radiating antennas.
As a rule of thumb, the power density is inversely proportional to the square of the
distance from the radiating source. Thus, increasing thedistance with a factorof 10
will reduce the power density with a factor of 100.
However, this is only true in the far fields distance.
Furthermore, sector transmission is normally implemented, stopping transmission
for the parts of the antenna rotation not covering the ground surface. Also, power
sectors can be defined in which the transmitted power is reduced.
For additional safety, the SCANTER 1002 transmitter is closed down when anten-
na rotation is stopped.
Further information is available in doc. no. 721099-RK.
1.2.2 Physical safety
Becarefuland useextreme cautionwhen removingandlifting heavyobjects as this
can cause physical injuries.
For rotating machinery in normal operation, the hazard zone is inside the cover of
the radar and is not accessible for any operator.
1.3 References
• According to the ICNIRP guideline, the limit for the incident power density
level for the general public is 10 W/m2in the frequency band from 1-300
GHz and over any 6 minute period. The SCANTER 1002 radar operates
within this frequency range. The corresponding level for occupational expo-
sure is 50 W/m2.
721002-DP SCANTER 1002 GSR Radar - Product Specification
357641-HO SCANTER Radar Service Tool - Operator’s Manual
357641-HI SCANTER Radar Service Tool - Installation Manual
721089-RA SCANTER 1000 Series Transceiver Core Software Open
Source Licenses
721089-SC SCANTER 1000 Series Transceiver Core SW GPL Source Code
721099-RK SCANTER 1000 Series Antenna Power Density Analysis
970637-HT Warnings and Safety Instructions for Terma Radar Antenna Sys-
tems

Page 10/62
Rev. A
2017-12-04
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
1255194-HO
(Intentionally left blank)

Page 11/62
Rev. A
2017-12-04
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
1255194-HO
2 SCANTER 1002 Radar System
The SCANTER 1002 Ground Surveillance Radar (GSR) is designed to perform
ground surveillance of high-sensitivity areas and critical infrastructure.
The SCANTER 1002 radar is a Ku-band, 2D, fully coherent pulse compression
radar, based on Solid State transmitter technology with digital software-defined
functionality.
Both the radar transmitter and receiver, the signal processing electronics, the
embedded tracker and the antenna are enclosed inside a radome, giving an
extremely compact and portable system.
SCANTER 1002 meets the requirements for professional GSR, where detection of
slow and fast-moving targets in adverse weather conditions is required.
Terma’s proven pulse compression technology, Frequency Diversity (FD) com-
bined with the unique discrimination between stationary and slowly moving targets
gives a truly high-end surveillance radar system.
SCANTER 1002 uses Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA) transmitter technology,
which ensures long service life and high availability.
A receiver with low noise and superior dynamic range provides high resolution and
detailed radar images, in all weather conditions, with no need for operator interven-
tion. Combined with the advanced moving target filtering software, the system is
able to discriminate a walking or crawling man from the background clutter, even in
rain.
An embedded tracker (ET2) using Interacting Multiple Model technology and Multi
Hypothesis Tracking is integrated in the radar unit to detect and track agile and
small targets in severe weather conditions. The tracker is also used to detect large
vessels. Information to track surface targets is obtained from a combination of nor-
mal radar and Doppler-processed signals.
Fig. 2.1 Simplified system components schematics
Radar Service
Tool
Power IP network

Page 12/62
Rev. A
2017-12-04
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
1255194-HO
Communication interface to the transceiver is established via a standard IP net-
work (LAN or WAN), which provides network radar video, plots, tracks, control, etc.
Service information is obtained via the IP network.
TheSCANTERServiceDisplay(RadarServiceTool) providesaneasyinterfacefor
controlling the radar and gives detailed status and diagnostics information from the
Built-in Test Equipment (BITE). It also provides access to powerful radar imaging
and tracking information.
2.1 System components
The SCANTER 1002 Radar System is mounted in an enclosure consisting of a
radome and a sun cover (see Fig. 2.2 (p. 12)). The system consists of the following
main assemblies and modules:
• Antenna system including antenna radiating the RF power (and subsequently
receiving the radar echoes), and antenna motor including azimuth encoder,
rotary joint and waveguide filter
• Transceiver including power supply module (PSU Module), transceiver module
(TR Module), processing and control module (PC Module), Motor Controller
Module, bottom plate with internal/external interfaces, and top plate holding
antenna system and GPS antenna
The antenna is a parabolic reflector with a horizontally polarized pencil beam.
It has a beam width of <4 degrees in azimuth, and thegain of the beam is >= 32 dBi.
Fig. 2.2 SCANTER 1002 Radar System
Radome
Sun
cover

Page 13/62
Rev. A
2017-12-04
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
1255194-HO
2.2 SCANTER 1002 product features
The SCANTER 1002 technology and product features are listed in the tables
below.
Fig. 2.3 SCANTER 1002 product features
2.2.1 Embedded tracker (ET2)
SCANTER 1002 is equipped with anembedded tracker (ET2), which automatically
identifies moving objects in the radar image. The tracker assigns to each object a
uniqueidentity;determinestheposition,speedand courseof theobject;follows the
track of the object by predicting its position from scan to scan, and makes this infor-
mation available in the radar image.
• Software-defined functionality
• Frequency diversity
• Full coherency and pulse compression
• Transmitter power level control in sectors
• Environment adaptation
• Control / profiles / BITE
Featuring
GSR Ground Surveillance, full coherency and frequency diversity
Frequency
Programmable frequencies between 17.1–17.3 GHz
4 sub-bands
Transmitter
8 W SSPA
Receiver
Digital sampling on IF in 12 bits at 200 MHz
Range cell size: 6 m (3 m at instrumented range ≤ 6 km)
External Interfaces
IP network radar signals
Control and monitoring via IP network / serial connection ports
Design
Encapsulated, integrated unit architecture
Maintenance
Remote access to radar video, control and monitoring
BITE for fault management and diagnosis
Antenna
Parabolic reflector
Standards
CE, IEC, UL-60950

Page 14/62
Rev. A
2017-12-04
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
1255194-HO
The embedded tracker detects and tracks any moving object. It gives the operator
an overview of moving objects, which the normal radar video alone cannot provide.
The tracker combines the information from thedifferent Doppler filter channels with
the scan-to-scan movements in the normal video to achieve separation of small
moving targets from ground clutter.
2.2.2 Physical appearance of SCANTER 1002
Fig. 2.4 Transceiver dimensions (model)
Weight: 35 kg installed
~ 50 kg packed for transportation
H x W x D 850 x 500 x 500 mm installed
~ 1090 x 800 x 600 mm packed for transportation

Page 15/62
Rev. A
2017-12-04
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
1255194-HO
3 Functional Description
The SCANTER 1002 Radar System is an integrated unit containing both the radar
transceiver, power supply, embedded computer and antenna with motor and
encoder. The system is enclosed in a radome and a sun cover, which provide envi-
ronmental protection and passive cooling.
The transceiver utilizes frequency modulation (chirping or frequency sweeping)
and pulse compression to increase the range resolution as well as the S/N (signal-
to-noise) ratio. This allows for transmission of long frequency-modulated chirps
with low peak power, and the ability of high range resolution and probability of
detection.
The system uses Digital FrequencySynthesis to generate chirps within the four fre-
quency bands, which can be selected by the application. The signal is generated
in the PC module, which contains the SCANTER 1002 transceiver processing sec-
tion. The receiver will automatically tune to the transmitted frequency bands and
pass the received signal to the PC Module which will sample the signal, demodu-
late it, perform pulse compression and post-processing. This will generate radar
video used for plot extraction and tracking.
Fig. 3.1 Transceiver block diagram
PC Module
Map interface

Page 16/62
Rev. A
2017-12-04
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
1255194-HO
3.1 Software-defined functionality
Multiple types of SCANTER radars utilize identical core software, which enables a
highlevelof testability, ensuresdeploymentflexibility andmakes iteasy to addnew
functionality.
A variety of radar signal processing techniques are available. Multiple functions,
such as automatic adaptation to weather scenarios, etc. are performed simultane-
ously. This, in combination with the use of multiple, identical and powerful common-
platform processing modules, leads to the concept “software-defined functionality”.
Theentireprocessingstructureis definedbysoftwareandfunctions relevantforthe
individual application and can be invoked as appropriate. It is also possible to
switch between different modes of operation by modifying both the synthesized
transmit waveforms and receive signal processing tasks, even on the fly. All set-
tings can be specified in a profile, making configuration easy.
In summary, the radar transceiver is configured to the application scenario, and
adaptation to the environment is highly automated.
3.2 SSPA - Solid State Power Amplifier
The SSPA - Solid State Power Amplifier - for SCANTER 1002 is part of the TR
Module in the transceiver. It is designed using state-of-the-art MMIC (Monolithic
Microwave Integrated Circuit) GaAs high-power amplifiers (HPA). The SSPA
amplifies the signal to be transmitted and produces 8 watt of Ku-band microwave
power.
The power sector mode feature allows the SSPA output power to be adjustable in
azimuth sectors or turned off. This is achieved by sector wise attenuating the input
signal into the SSOA from the transmitter.
3.3 Frequency diversity
One of the most difficult challenges for a GSR system is to separate a small target
from background clutter. In SCANTER 1002 this is achieved by a combination of
transmission diversity and intelligent signal processing.
The effect of the Terma SCANTER frequency diversity is to reduce fluctuation of
the echo from desirable targets, thereby enhancing targets relative to clutter. In
combination with coherent pulse compression and interference filtering, the radar
images become clear and well-suited for tracking.
A prerequisite for the frequency diversity is the ability of the transmitter to change
frequency instantaneously from chirpto chirp. The transmitter and receiver support
four sub-bands and can freely jump between these frequencies according to pre-
defined profiles.
The advantage of using frequency diversity is that the noise and clutter will be dif-
ferentinthefrequencybands,whiletheechofromthetargetremainsconstant.This
means that the clutter can be cancelled by integrating echoes from different time
intervals and different frequencies.
Full benefit from the frequency diversity is obtainable only if dynamic characteris-
tics are adapted to actual weather and complex clutter situations.

Page 17/62
Rev. A
2017-12-04
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
1255194-HO
The sensitivity is therefore matched to the actual clutter levels, providing optimum
detection at all ranges and in all directions.
Furthermore, receivers and the processing chain have sufficient dynamic range
and all components provide sufficient resolution to handle the variety of signals
coming from small and large targets at all ranges. This contributes substantially to
the quality of the of the radar images. In addition, high resolution improves discrim-
ination of clutter from wanted targets, thereby allowing the processing to separate
targets from clutter.
3.4 Full coherency
SCANTER 1002 is fully coherent utilizing amplitude and phase information during
transmission and reception. A common, phase stable reference oscillator is used
for transmission and reception. Coherency enables pulse compression and allows
the receiver to compare the phases of the received echoes from chirp to chirp and
thereby detect if targets are moving or not, utilizing the Doppler shift.
In order to detect moving targets, SCANTER 1002 also includes Doppler process-
ing. This improves detection of targets moving radial (moving in range) and with a
radial speed different from clutter.
Fig. 3.2 Coherency principle
3.5 Pulse compression
A compact solid-state radar with low power consumption, SCANTER 1002 has a
limited peak power. In order to illuminate a target with sufficient energy for detec-
tion, it has to transmit long pulses. Unless some clever processing is used, this
would lead to a significant loss of range resolution. The SCANTER 1002 transceiv-
er utilizes frequency modulation (chirping or frequency sweeping) and pulse com-
pression to increase the range resolution as well as the signal-to-noise ratio.
When closely separated targets reflect these chirps, the frequency content of the
echoes from different targets at a given time will be different, as illustrated in
Fig. 3.3 (p. 18).

Page 18/62
Rev. A
2017-12-04
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
1255194-HO
Fig. 3.3 Pulse compression principle
3.6 Power sector transmission
In order to avoid interference from strong echoes from large stationary targets like
buildings,mountainsor shipsuperstructure andtoreduce therisk ofinterferingwith
other Ku-band systems, a power sector mode is available. This feature allows defi-
nition of up to 16 individual user defined sectors where the transmitted power can
be controlled. Each sector is defined as either:
The sectors are aligned relative to north.
Prohibit sectors take precedence over transmit sectors.
For the transmit sectors the power may be attenuated by up to 16 dB in each sec-
tor, thus providing a mode with low RF emission.
3.7 Environment adaptation
A false alarm is an erroneous radar target detection caused by clutter, noise or oth-
er interfering signals exceeding the detection threshold. In general, it is an indica-
tion of the presence of a radar target when there is no valid target.
Land suppressor adjusts the sensitivity to the stationary surroundings. Scan inte-
gration of SCD - Sea Clutter Discrimination - increases the suppression of clutter
and detection of slow-moving targets.
CFAR – Constant False Alarm Rate – and other adaptation techniques provide
automatic adjustments such as false alarm rate. CFAR provides a flat noise floor -
also based on proprietary algorithms.
Antenna
Transmitter
Receiver /
Processing
Power
Power
Antenna
Transmitter
Receiver /
Processing
PowerPower
PowerPower
AB
AB
Echo
Chirp with
frequency sweep
Equivalent
compressed power
• Prohibit sector
•Transmitsector
• Reduced power sector

Page 19/62
Rev. A
2017-12-04
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
1255194-HO
3.8 Controlling and using the radar
3.8.1 Remote control
The radar can be controlled and monitored remotely in the following ways:
3.8.2 Profiles
Profilesarepredefinedparametersetsusedto setoptimaltransceiverperformance
accordingtovarying weatherconditions or specificoperationaldemands. Thus, the
16 available profiles allow the operator to adjust the radar system transmission
mode and/or receiver processing in a fast and reliable way.
The profiles eliminate the risk of maladjustment of the radar and reduce the oper-
ator need to acquire detailed knowledge about radar characteristics and meaning
as such.
At any time, the operator may set a specific radar parameter, e.g. pulse width, to
override the definition of the profile.
The profiles are selectable via the Service Display (Radar Service Tool) or per
remote IP network.
3.8.3 Built-in Test Equipment (BITE)
Continuous status monitoring of a significant number of parameters/signals on
each module is performed in real time by the housekeeping system. The status of
the parameters/signals is internally assessed to initiate appropriate actions auto-
matically to maintain operation to the extent possible if an error is detected.
The BITE reporting, see Fig. 3.4 (p. 19), clearly describes the actual event or error
andrelates it to aspecific module, i.e. noneed for translationof code numbers.The
details of these reports will allow identification to the level of the Line Replaceable
Unit (LRU) at fault.
Fig. 3.4 Built-In Test Equipment (BITE)
At power up, the following diagnostic tests are performed:
• In the Radar Service Tool application, a software package connects to the
transceiver via an IP network connection. From the software package all
parameters, settings, BITE measurements and errors can be accessed.
• Via an open IP network protocol, all parameters, settings, BITE measure-
ments and errors can be accessed.
BITE MeasurementsBITE StatusBITE Errors & Warnings
Built In Test Equipment (BITE)

Page 20/62
Rev. A
2017-12-04
SCANTER 1002 Radar System
User’s Manual
1255194-HO
The BITE monitors the system during standby and operation andreports the follow-
ing:
If parameters exceed specifications, warnings or error messages are automatically
issued to the various human user interfaces available.
• Module presence test
• Data link test
• Memory test of all RAM circuits.
BITE errors/warnings: Signal activity and processes
Internal supply voltages
Internal voltages and temperatures
Status from motor.
BITE status: Displays transceiver components status
BITE measurements: Temperatures
Internal power supplies.