Adaptec AHA-3980 User manual

Creating and Managing Arrays
Stock Number: 510685-00, Rev. A Page: Front Cover
Print Spec Number: 493069-00
Current Date: 3/3/99 ECN Date: 3/28/95
User’s Guide
Creating and Managing Arrays
Using the RAID Array Software for the AHA-3980/3985

Creating and Managing Arrays
Stock Number: 510685-00, Rev. A Page: Back Cover
Print Spec Number: 493069-00
Current Date: 3/3/99 ECN Date: 3/28/95
Adaptec, Inc.
691 South Milpitas Boulevard
Milpitas, CA 95035
Copyright © 1995, Adaptec, Inc.
All rights reserved. Adaptec and the
Adaptec logo are trademarks of Adaptec,
Inc. which may be registered in some
jurisdictions.
Printed in Singapore
STOCK NO.: 510685-00, Rev. A JK 3/95

Creating and Managing Arrays
Stock Number: 510685-00, Rev. A Page: i
Print Spec Number: 493069-00
Current Date: 3/3/99 ECN Date: 3/28/95
R
▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ Creating and Managing Arrays
Using the RAID Array Software
for the AHA-3980/3985

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Creating and Managing Arrays
Stock Number: 510685-00, Rev. A Page: ii
Print Spec Number: 493069-00
Current Date: 3/3/99 ECN Date: 3/28/95
Copyright
Copyright © 1995 Adaptec, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the
prior written consent of Adaptec, Inc., 691 South Milpitas Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035.
Trademarks
Adaptec, AHA, and the Adaptec logo are trademarks of Adaptec, Inc., which may be
registered in some jurisdictions. All other trademarks are owned by their respective
owners.
Changes
The material in this document is for information only and is subject to change with-
out notice. While reasonable efforts have been made in the preparation of this docu-
ment to assure its accuracy, Adaptec, Inc., assumes no liability resulting from errors
or omissions in this document, or from the use of the information contained herein.
Adaptec reserves theright to make changes in the product design without reservation
and without notification to its users.
Adaptec Technical Support
If you have questions about installing or using the host adapter, check this user’s
guide first—you will find answers to most of your questions here. If you need further
assistance, please contact us. We offer the following support and information services:
■For technical support (answers to technical questions, information about the
Adaptec BBS, FTP and WWW Servers, and access to the Interactive Fax system),
call 800-959-SCSI (7274) or 408-945-2550, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. To speak
with a product support representative, call 408-934-SCSI (7274), M–F: 6:00 a.m. to
5:00 p.m., Pacific Time.
■For sales information, call 800-959-SCSI (7274) or 408-945-2550, M–F: 6:00 a.m. to
5:00 p.m., Pacific Time.
■The Adaptec Electronic Bulletin Board Service (BBS) provides information on
software upgrades, answers to common questions, and other topics. The BBS is
available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, at 408-945-7727; 1200/2400/9600/14,400/
28,800 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit, no parity.
■The Adaptec FTP and WWW Servers provide information on software upgrades,
product literature, answers to common questions, and other topics. The FTP and
WWW Servers are available from the Internet 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, at
ftp.adaptec.com and http://www.adaptec.com.
■The Adaptec Interactive Fax system provides answers to common questions,
product literature, and current information about Adaptec products and services.
The Adaptec Interactive Fax system is available 23 hours a day, 7 days a week. The
Fax system is out of service 1 hour each day. You can call this service directly at
408-957-7150.
■To order Adaptec software and SCSI cables, call 800-442-SCSI (7274) or
408-957-SCSI (7274), M–F: 6:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Pacific Time.
■To request additional documentation for Adaptec products, call 800-934-2766 or
510-732-3829, M–F: 6:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Pacific Time.

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Creating and Managing Arrays
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▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ Contents
1 Introduction
Adaptec Arrays 1-1
Array Types 1-1
Number of Disks in an Array 1-3
Mixing Disks from Different Manufacturers
or with Different Capacities 1-4
Mixing Disks on Different RAID Adapter Channels 1-4
The Adaptec Array Software 1-4
The Adaptec CI/O Software 1-5
System Requirements 1-5
Using This Guide 1-6
Conventions 1-7
2 Understanding the Administrator Utility
Starting the Administrator Utility 2-1
Exiting the Administrator Utility 2-2
The Main and System Menus 2-2
Main Menu 2-3
System Menu 2-4
Selecting Menu Options 2-4
Gray Menu Options 2-5
Getting Help 2-5
3 Setting Up the Initial Arrays
Creating the Initial Arrays 3-1
Installing the Array Utilities in the sys:system Directory 3-6
The startup.ncf and autoexec.ncf Files 3-7
4 Formatting Arrays
Choosing the Formatting Method 4-1
Choosing the Data Block Size 4-2

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Formatting the Array 4-2
Canceling Formatting 4-4
5 Monitoring Array Performance
Obtaining Array Information 5-1
Displaying Overview Information 5-2
Displaying Performance Statistics 5-3
Changing the Data Sampling Rate 5-3
Resetting the Temporary Statistics to Zero 5-4
Saving the Statistics in the Log File 5-4
Determining Who Receives Messages 5-5
Setting the Repeat Interval for Error Messages 5-7
The Log File 5-7
6 Managing Arrays
Verifying Arrays 6-1
Assigning a Priority 6-2
Verifying an Array Immediately 6-2
Verifying an Array at a Scheduled Time 6-3
Canceling a Verification 6-3
Changing the Priority of a Verification in Progress 6-4
Testing Spare Disks 6-4
Reconstructing Data on a Replacement Disk 6-4
Reconstructing the Data Immediately 6-5
Reconstructing the Data at a Scheduled Time 6-6
Canceling Reconstruction 6-6
Changing the Priority for Reconstructing Data 6-6
Reactivating an Off-line Array 6-7
Reactivating a Spare Disk 6-7
Scheduling Tasks 6-8
Scheduling a Task 6-8
Changing the Schedule 6-9
Deleting a Scheduled Task 6-9
Using the Hardware Functions 6-10
Identifying the Allocation of Host Adapter Drives 6-10
Locating a Drive 6-11
Pausing Host Adapter Activity When Replacing Disks 6-12

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7 Changing Array Configurations
Adding an Array 7-1
Modifying an Array 7-4
Changing the RAID Level 7-4
Selecting Different Disks for the Array 7-5
Adding a Spare Disk 7-5
Deleting or Changing a Spare Disk 7-6
Converting between RAID 0 CVT
and RAID 5 CVT Formats 7-7
Canceling a Conversion 7-8
Changing the Priority of a Conversion in Progress 7-8
Deleting Arrays 7-9
Deleting a Single Array in Multiple-array Systems 7-9
Deleting the Only Array or All Arrays 7-9
8 Working from a Remote Workstation
Standard Adaptec CI/O Features 8-1
Adaptec CI/O Features When Working
with the Administrator Utility 8-2
Enabling a Remote Workstation to Receive
Administrator Utility Data 8-3
Remotely Accessing the Administrator Utility 8-4
A Error Messages
B Glossary of Array Software
NetWare Drivers B-1
NetWare Loadable Modules B-2
Other Files B-3
C Menu Reference
Index

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1-1
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Introduction
Adaptec array software lets you set up and manage RAID disk arrays
on NetWare systems that use Adaptec AHA-3980 or AHA-3985
RAID adapters. A disk array is a group of disks that appears to the
system as a single virtual disk. This is accomplished through soft-
ware. RAID (redundant arrays of independent disks) refers to disk
arrays in which part of the array storage capacity may be used to
store redundant information. The redundant information lets you
restore user data if a disk in the array fails.
A virtual disk is functionally identical to a physical disk. Depending
on the array type, however, the virtual disk has advantages in cost,
performance, reliability, or a combination of these. This chapter
explains the different array types and introduces the Adaptec array
software that lets you create them.
Adaptec Arrays
An Adaptec array is an array that was set up using Adaptec’s array
software (see The Adaptec Array Software on page 1-4). Adaptec’s
array software lets you create up to four nonbootable arrays of SCSI
disks, offering several array types.
Array Types
Array types are defined by their RAID level, a number from 0
through 6 (a higher RAID level does not indicate a higher level of
performance or reliability). Adaptec array software lets you create
RAID 0, 1, 1/0, and 5 arrays, those proven to be the most useful for
NetWare RAID applications.

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RAID 0 (Striped Disks)
In a RAID 0 array, data is distributed, or striped, across the disks in
the array. The array appears to the server as one large disk with a cap-
acity approximately equal to the combined capacity of the physical
disks. Because multiple reads and writes can be handled in parallel,
the input/output performance of the array is much better than that
of a single physical disk.
No redundant data is stored in RAID 0 arrays, so they are not true
RAID applications. If one disk fails, the entire array fails and all array
data is lost. The reliability of a RAID 0 array, therefore, is less than that
of any single disk in the array. The term RAID 0 is widely used for
these arrays, however, because they are conceptually similar to true
RAID applications.
RAID 1, RAID 1/0 (Mirrored Disks)
In RAID 1 and RAID 1/0 arrays, commonly called mirrored arrays,
disks are paired, with both disks in a pair containing the same data.
When data is written to a mirrored array, it is written twice—once to
each disk in the pair. A RAID 1 array has only one set of paired disks.
A RAID 1/0 array has multiple pairs, across which data is striped.
A mirrored array has good performance. In RAID 1 arrays, the read
performance can be much better than that of a single disk, while the
write performance is slightly worse. In RAID 1/0 arrays, both read
performance and write performance are better than those of a single
disk.
A mirrored array is also highly reliable, because both disks in a pair
must fail for the array to fail. In an array with five pairs of mirrored
disks, for example, the array can maintain its integrity if even five
disks fail—as long as each pair has one good disk.
The main disadvantage of a mirrored array is its cost. Because all
disks must have a twin, you must use twice the number of disks that
actually contribute to the array capacity. In an eight-disk array, for
example, you have only four disks of usable capacity.
RAID 5
A RAID 5 array is similar to a RAID 0 array; however, it contains
redundant information in the form of parity data, which is calcu-
lated block by block for all user data. The parity data is interspersed
across all disks in the array, occupying the equivalent capacity of
about one disk. If one disk in the array fails, the data on the failed

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disk can be reconstructed from the parity data and user data on the
remaining disks. Two disks must fail for the entire array to fail.
The read performance of a RAID 5 array is excellent—comparable to
that of a RAID 0 array. Write performance is lower than that of a
RAID 0 array, because write operations involve calculating and writ-
ing new parity data as well as writing the new user data.
RAID 0 CVT and RAID 5 CVT
RAID 0 CVT and RAID 5 CVT arrays are identical to RAID 0 and
RAID 5 arrays, but you can convert from a RAID 0 CVT array to a
RAID 5 CVT array and back again without loss of data and without
reformatting. The CVT formats allow you to use the more reliable
RAID 5 format for normal use, then switch to RAID 0, which has
higher write performance, for large data transfers (for example,
restoring data from tape). Once the data is transferred, you can con-
vert back to the RAID 5 CVT format.
Note:
For more information on RAID levels, see The RAIDBook:
A Source Book for RAID Technology, published by the RAID
Advisory Board (Lino Lakes, Minnesota: September 1994).
Number of Disks in an Array
The following table shows the number of SCSI disks allowed in each
type of Adaptec array.
In addition to the main disks, you can specify for mirrored and
RAID 5 arrays up to two spare disks (RAID 0 arrays do not have
RAID Level Minimum No. of Disks Maximum No. of Disks
RAID 0 (striped) 2 8
RAID 0 CVT 3 8
Mirrored:
RAID 1 2 2
RAID 1/01
1 The number of drives in a RAID 1/0 array must be even.
416
RAID 5 3 8
RAID 5 CVT 3 8

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spares), which are automatically activated when an array disk fails.
A spare must have at least the capacity of the smallest disk in the
array.
Mixing Disks from Different Manufacturers
or with Different Capacities
An array can contain different models of SCSI disks, even disks with
different capacities; for example, an array can include a Quantum
340 MByte disk and a Conner 540 MByte disk. If you mix disks with
different capacities, however, the smallest disk determines the logi-
cal capacity of all other disks in the array (regardless of RAID level).
If a RAID 0 array contains one 340 MByte disk and four 540 MBytes
disks, for example, the capacity of the array is equivalent to about
five 340 MByte disks. To avoid wasted disk capacity, therefore, use
disks of similar size.
Mixing Disks on Different RAID Adapter Channels
An AHA-3980 RAID adapter has two channels: A and B. An
AHA-3985 RAID adapter has three channels: A, B, and C. Each
channel acts as an independent RAID controller, implementing a
separate SCSI bus (for more information on the AHA-3980 or
AHA-3985, see the AHA-3980/3985 User’s Guide). An array can con-
sist of disks on different channels of the same RAID adapter; how-
ever, it cannot include disks from multiple RAID adapters.
The Adaptec Array Software
Adaptec’s array software lets you perform all tasks relating to set-
ting up and managing up to four nonbootable arrays. To perform
these tasks, you use the Administrator utility. This utility lets you
■Create the initial arrays
■Format the arrays
■Add, modify, or delete arrays
■View array information
■Perform routine management tasks such as testing spare disks,
verifying the integrity of arrays, regenerating data on replace-
ment disks, and reactivating off-line arrays and spares

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See Chapter 2 for an overview of the Administrator utility and
Chapters 3 through 8 for detailed instructions.
Note:
Depending on the task, the Administrator utility may
call other utilities, such as the Format utility. This happens
in the background, so you do not need to understand the
other utilities. If you are curious about these utilities, how-
ever, see Appendix B, Glossary of Array Software.
The Adaptec CI/O Software
Adaptec CI/O is a separate software package that lets you monitor
SCSI subsystems, including Adaptec arrays, from a remote worksta-
tion. Adaptec CI/O also lets you remotely access the Administrator
utility, making all Administrator utility functions available at the
remote workstation. For an overview of Adaptec CI/O capabilities,
see Chapter 8, Working from a Remote Workstation. That chapter also
explains how to set up the Adaptec array software for use with
Adaptec CI/O.
AHA-3980 and AHA-3985 RAID adapter kits include Adaptec CI/O
(the single server version). If you purchased the RAID adapter sepa-
rately, you can obtain Adaptec CI/O by calling the sales order line at
the number listed on page ii.
System Requirements
The Adaptec array software must be installed on a NetWare server
that has the following hardware and software:
Hardware
■A PCI-based computer that is PCI Rev. 2.0 compliant, has a
motherboard BIOS that supports PCI bridge technology, and
has a PCI bus master slot available for the AHA-3980 or
AHA-3985 RAID adapter.
■An installed AHA-3980 or AHA-3985 RAID adapter (see
AHA-3980/3985 Quick Installation Guide or AHA-3980/3985
User’s Guide for installation instructions).

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■A minimum of two SCSI disks for a RAID 0 or mirrored array;
a minimum of three SCSI disks for a RAID 0 CVT, RAID 5, or
RAID 5 CVT array (see Number of Disks in an Array on page 1-3).
Note:
The array disks must be attached to the
AHA-3980 or AHA-3985 host adapter (see AHA-3980/
3985 User’s Guide for instructions on connecting and
configuring the disks).
■A boot disk separate from the array disks. The boot disk may
be any hard disk (for example, IDE, EIDE, or SCSI disk). If a
SCSI disk, it need not be attached to the AHA-3980 or AHA-3985,
although it can be. (For instructions on creating a boot disk, see
AHA-3980/3985 User’s Guide.)
■Two megabytes of hard disk space for the Adaptec array software.
Software
■NetWare 386, version 3.11, 3.12, or 4.xx.
■NetWare CLIB 3.12 or higher.
■MS DOS 5 or higher (MS-DOS 6 recommended).
■The AHA-3980 and AHA-3985 drivers for NetWare (see
AHA-3980/3985 User’s Guide).
If you intend to use Adaptec CI/O, it must be installed on the
remote workstation where you plan to monitor the arrays. See the
Adaptec CI/O documentation to learn the hardware and software
requirements at the remote workstation.
Using This Guide
Begin with Chapter 1 (this chapter) to learn the general features of
arrays and the Adaptec array software. Pay particular attention to
System Requirements on page 1-5.
Next, review Chapter 2 to learn the basics of the Administrator util-
ity. Chapter 2 provides an overview of the major menus in the
Administrator utility. It also explains how to start and exit the util-
ity, how to use the menus, and how to obtain help.

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Once you are familiar with the Administrator utility, follow the
instructions in Chapter 3 to create the arrays on the server. After you
create the arrays, you must format them as described in Chapter 4.
The remaining chapters address Administrator utility functions that
help you manage the arrays. Read these chapters as you need them:
■For information on monitoring arrays, see Chapter 5.
■For information on routine management tasks, such as verify-
ing arrays or reconstructing data, see Chapter 6.
■For information on adding, modifying, or deleting arrays, see
Chapter 7.
■For information on using the Administrator utility at a remote
workstation, see Chapter 8.
If you receive an error message during any operation, see Appendix A.
It lists error messages alphabetically, explains them, and provides
possible solutions to the problem.
Those interested in the files included in the Adaptec array software
can find a glossary of files in Appendix B. For a quick reference of
the menu options in the Administrator utility, see the menu trees in
Appendix C.
Conventions
The following typographic conventions are used in this document:
bold
Used for key names (… press the Enter key …) and for options you are
directed to select (… select Display Array Status…).
Helvetica
Used for entries that you must type exactly as shown (… load
aruadmin…) and for screen prompts and messages (… New
priority:…).
Helvetica italics
Used for program and file names when referenced in the text
(… the
startup.ncf file …).
❒

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Understanding the
Administrator Utility
The Administrator utility is the “cockpit” from which you create
and manage arrays. The Administrator utility lets you
■Create up to four nonbootable arrays on a server
■Monitor array performance
■Perform array tasks, such as verifying array integrity, testing
spare disks, and re-creating data on replacement disks
■Change the arrays on a server—that is, add new arrays, change
existing arrays, and delete arrays
This chapter describes the basics of using the Administrator utility.
It explains how to start and exit the utility and summarizes the
options on the primary menus—the Main and System menus. Sub-
sequent chapters provide detailed instructions for using all options.
Note:
Before you start the Administrator utility, make sure
the
aha3980.dsk driver is installed. See AHA-3980/3985
User’s Guide for instructions.
Starting the Administrator Utility
To start the Administrator utility, follow these steps:
1 If the server is not running, start it.
2 At the server prompt, enter one of the following commands:
–First time you start the Administrator utility: load c:aruadmin
–All other times: load aruadmin

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Exiting the Administrator Utility
To exit the Administrator utility, follow these steps:
1 Press Esc until the following prompt appears:
Do you want to exit the Administrator? (y|n)
2 Type y. You return to the server prompt.
The Main and System Menus
The Administrator utility has two primary menus: the Main menu,
shown in Figure 2-1, and the System menu, shown in Figure 2-2. If
your system has only one array, the Main menu appears when you
start the Administrator utility. If your system has multiple arrays,
the System menu appears when you start the utility.
Main Menu For Array #1
Display Array Status
Verify Functions
Reconstruct Functions
Format Array
Convert RAID Level
Change Array Configuration
Scheduler Functions
Reactivate Off-line Array
Reactivate Spare
Hardware Functions
Figure 2-1. The Main menu appears first if you have only one array
Figure 2-2. The System menu appears first if you have multiple arrays
System Menu
Select Adaptec Array #1
Select Adaptec Array #2
Select Adaptec Array #3
Select Adaptec Array #4
Display Array Status
Change Array Configuration

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Note:
For a quick guide to all menu options, see the menu
trees in Appendix C.
Main Menu
The Main menu lists the tasks you can perform for an individual
array:
■Display Array Status: Display information on the array and on
disks included in the array. For details, see Obtaining Array
Information on page 5-1.
■Verify Functions: Verify the data on the array (RAID 5 and mir-
rored arrays only). For details, see Verifying Arrays on page 6-1.
■Reconstruct Functions: Re-create data on a replacement disk.
For details, see Reconstructing Data on a Replacement Disk on
page 6-4.
■Format Array: Format or initialize an array for a specified
RAID level. For details, see Chapter 4, Formatting Arrays.
■Convert RAID Level: Switch between RAID 0 CVT and
RAID 5 CVT formats. For information on why you might do
this, see RAID 0 CVT and RAID 5 CVT on page 1-3. For instruc-
tions, see Converting between RAID 0 CVT and RAID 5 CVT For-
mats on page 7-7.
■Change Array Configuration: Add an array (see Adding an
Array on page 7-1). Change an existing array (see Modifying an
Array on page 7-4). Delete an array (see Deleting Arrays on
page 7-9). Change who receives broadcast messages (see Deter-
mining Who Receives Messages on page 5-5). Change the fre-
quency at which messages repeat (see Setting the Repeat Interval
for Error Messages on page 5-7). Install the Adaptec array utili-
ties in the NetWare
sys:system directory (see Installing the
Array Utilities in the sys:system Directory on page 3-6).
■Scheduler Functions: Schedule the Reconstruct, Verify, and
Spare Test functions to run automatically at a specified time or
regular interval. For details, see Scheduling Tasks on page 6-8.
■Reactivate Off-line Array: Restore to service an array that is off-
line. For details, see Reactivating an Off-line Array on page 6-7.

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■Reactivate Spare: Restore to service a spare disk that has been
down. For details, see Reactivating a Spare Disk on page 6-7.
■Hardware Functions: Perform the following hardware-related
tasks: Display the array that uses a specific drive; blink the
drive light for a drive (helps you find a specific drive); and sus-
pend activity on the host adapter channels used in an array
(for drive boxes that require you to suspend SCSI bus activity
before removing a drive). For details, see Using the Hardware
Functions on page 6-10.
System Menu
If a server has more than one array, the System menu appears when
you start the Administrator utility. The first items in the System
menu are the array names. If you select an array name, the Main
menu for that array appears; this is the same menu described in
Main Menu, the previous section. Select options in the Main menu to
perform tasks related to that array.
The System menu also has the options Display Array Status and
Change Array Configuration. Change Array Configuration has the
same function as the Change Array Configuration option in the
Main menu. Display Array Status is also similar to the Main menu
option, but it allows you to view the status of all arrays on the sys-
tem, not just a selected array.
Selecting Menu Options
Option names in most menus include a hot key—a light blue charac-
ter in color monitors, and a gray characterin monochrome monitors.
To select one of these options, just type the hot key. In the Main
menu in Figure 2-1, for example, the Display Array Status option
has the hot key D; to select this option, type d. In this guide, hot keys
are indicated by an underlined character in the option name.
You can also select a menu option by pressing the ↑ and ↓keys to
highlight the option and then pressing Enter. If an option does not
have a hot key, use this method to select it.
Note:
If you have a monochrome monitor and the highlight
bar is not visible, press Ctrl-B to change to monochrome
mode.