Commodore 128 User manual

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COMMODORE 128
H PROGRAMMER'S
REFERENCE GUIDE
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Bantam Computer Books
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COMMODORE 128
PROGRAMMER'S
REFERENCE GUIDE
COMMODORE BUSINESS MACHINES, INC.
BANTAM BOOKS
TORONTO • NEW YORK • LONDON • SYDNEY • AUCKLAND

LJ
COMMODORE 128 PROGRAMMER'S REFERENCE GUIDE
A Bantam Book I February 1986
Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 are registered trademarks of Commodore
Electronics. Ltd.
CPIM and CPIM Plus Version 3.0 are registered trademarks of Digital Research
Inc.
Perfect is a registered trademark of Perfect Software.
TouchTone is a registered trademark of AT&T.
WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro International Corporation.
Grateful acknowledgment is made for permission to reprint two bars of Invention
13 (Inventio 13) by Johann Sebastian Bach. Sheet music copyright © C. F. Peters,
Corp., New York.
Book design by Ann Gold.
Cover design by Jo Ellen Temple.
All rights reserved.
Copyright © 1986 by Commodore Capital, Inc.
This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by
mimeograph or any other means, without permission.
For information address: Bantam Books, Inc.
ISBN 0-553-34292-4
Published simultaneously in the United States and Canada
Bantam Books are published by Bantam Books, Inc. Its trademark, consisting of
the words "Bantam Books" and the portrayal of a rooster, is Registered in U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office and in other countries. Marca Registrada. Bantam
Books, Inc., 666 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10103.
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
HL 098765432
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CONTENTS
Chapter 1
r-» Introduction 1
! )
' ' Chapter 2
BASIC Building Blocks and BASIC 7.0 Encyclopedia 11
R
! ! Chapter 3
One Step Beyond Simple BASIC 91
I I Chapter 4
Commodore 128 Graphics Programming 109
j j Chapter 5
1 ' Machine Language on the Commodore 128 123
p Chapter 6
) How to Enter Machine Language Programs Into the
Commodore 128 181
j j Chapter 7
Mixing Machine Language and BASIC 197
jTj Chapter 8
f i The Power Behind Commodore 128 Graphics 207
n Chapter 9
f [ Sprites 265
n Chapter 10
j Programming the 80-Column (8563) Chip 291
Chapter 11
p Sound and Music on the Commodore 128 335
Chapter 12
n Input/Output Guide 371

Chapter 13
The Commodore 128 Operating System 401
Chapter 14
CP/M 3.0 on the Commodore 128 477
Chapter 15
The Commodore 128 and Commodore 64 Memory Maps 501
Chapter 16
C128 Hardware Specifications 555
Appendixes 643
Glossary 731
Index 739
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H ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Written by Larry Greenley
n and
! Fred Bowen
■ ! BilHerd
Dave Haynie
P Terry Ryan
I Von Ertwine
Kim Eckert
r-i Mario Eisenbacher
• | Norman McVey
The authors are deeply indebted to the many people who have contributed to the
!) preparation of this book. Special thanks go to Jim Gracely of Commodore Publications,
1 l who reviewed the entire manuscript for technical accuracy and provided important
corrections, clarifications, and user-oriented suggestions, and to Steve Beats and Dave
H Middleton of Commodore Software Engineering for their programming assistance and
! | expertise.
f—i We also want to recognize the contributions of Frank Palaia of Commodore Hardware
f j Design, who provided expertise in the operation of the Z80 hardware, and of Dave
DiOrio of Commodore Integrated Circuit Design, who provided insight into the design
of the Memory Management Unit and the C128 VIC chip enhancements.
[ \ For their extensive technical reviews of the manuscript, we wish to thank Bob Albright,
Pete Bowman, Steve Lam and Tony Porrazza of Commodore Engineering. We also
j-j thank Dan Baker, Dave Street and Carolyn Scheppner of Commodore Software Techni-
z j cal Support for providing an always available source of technical assistance. In addition,
we want to acknowledge the valuable contributions of members of Commodore Soft-
^ ware Quality Assurance, especially Mike Colligon, Karen Mackenzie, Pat McAllister,
j \ Greg Rapp, Dave Resavy, and Stacy English.
1 \
We also thank Carol Sullivan and Donald Bein for carefully proofreading various
rj sections of the text, Michelle Dreisbach for typing the manuscript, Marion Dooley for
I \ preparing the art, Jo-Ellen Temple for the cover design, and Nancy Zwack for overall
coordination assistance.
Finally, we would like to acknowledge the unflagging support and guidance provided by
senior Commodore executives Paul Goheen, Harry McCabe and Bob Kenney.

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INTRODUCTION
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COMMODORE 128
The Commodore 128 Personal Computer is a versatile, multimode computer. The lj
Commodore 128 is the successor to the commercially successful Commodore 64 com
puter. The principal features of the Commodore 128 are: \ I
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128K bytes of RAM, optionally expandable to 256K or 640K
80-column horizontal screen display - 11
Hardware and software compatibility with Commodore 64 \J
CP/M 3.0 operation
Enhanced BASIC language /
b
As this Guide shows, the Commodore 128 has many other new or expanded
capabilities and features. Those listed above, however, are the most significant when ]
assessing the Commodore 128's capabilities against those of the Commodore 64 and (
other microcomputers.
The Commodore 128 is actually three computers in one, with the following three
primary operating modes: j I
■ C128Mode
■ C64Mode ] j
■ CP/M Mode U
Two of these primary modes (C128 and CP/M) can operate using either a 40- or j j
80-column screen display. Following is a summary of the major features of each of the
three primary operating modes.
CI28MODE , ,
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In C128 Mode, the Commodore 128 Personal Computer provides the capabilities and
memory needed to run sophisticated applications, such as word processing, spreadsheets, \
and database programs. [j
C128 Mode features include:
" 1
8502 processor running at 1.02 or 2.04 MHz J
New, enhanced C128 Kernal
Built-in machine language monitor , I
Commodore BASIC 7.0 language, with over 140 commands and functions \ j
Special new BASIC 7.0 commands that provide better, quicker and easier ways
to create complex graphics, animation, sound and music programs
40-column text and bit map screen output using VIC II chip j J
80-column text screen output using 8563 chip LJ

INTRODUCTION
NOTE: The 40- and 80-column screen displays can be used either singly
or simultaneously with two monitors.
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Sound (three voices) using SID chip
A 92-key keyboard that includes a full numeric keypad and ESCAPE, TAB,
ALT, CAPS LOCK, HELP, LINE FEED, 40/80 DISPLAY, and NO SCROLL
keys
Access to the full capabilities of the new peripheral devices from Commodore
(1571 fast disk drive, 1902 dual 40/80-column RGBI monitor, etc.)
Access to all standard Commodore serial peripherals
RAM expansion to 256 or 640K with optional RAM expansion modules
C64 MODE
In C64 Mode, the Commodore 128 retains all the capabilities of the Commodore 64,
thus allowing you to use the wide range of available Commodore 64 software.
C64 Mode features include:
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8502 processor running at 1.02 MHz
Standard C64 Kernal
BASIC 2.0 language
64K of RAM
40-column output using VIC II chip
Sound (three voices) using SID chip
Standard Commodore 64 keyboard layout except for function keys
All standard Commodore 64 keyboard functions
Access to all Commodore 64 graphics, color and sound capabilities, used
as on a Commodore 64
Compatibility with standard Commodore 64 peripherals, including user port and
serial devices, Datassette, joysticks, composite video monitors, arid RF
(TV) output devices
NOTE: The 1571 disk drive will function in C64 Mode, but only
at standard 1541 speed. C64 compatibility requirements make it impossi
ble for the 1571 to operate in C64 Mode at fast speed.

COMMODORE 128
CP/M MODE u
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In CP/M Mode, an onboard Z80 microprocessor gives you access to the capabilities of U
Digital Research's CP/M Version 3.0, plus a number of new capabilities added by Commodore.
CP/M Mode features include: < ,
Integral Z80 processor running at 2.04 MHz *-J
Disk-based CP/M 3.0 System
128K bytes of RAM (in 64K banks) ) ]
40-column screen output using VIC II chip U
80-column screen output using 8563 chip
Access to the full keyboard, including the numeric keypad and special keys /
Access to the new fast serial disk drive (1571) and the standard serial peripherals jj
Ability to redefine almost any key
Ability to emulate several terminals (Lear-Siegler ADM31, ADM3A)
Support for various MFM disk formats (IBM, Kaypro, Epson, Osborne) }
RAM expansion to 256 or 640K RAM with optional RAM expansion modules ^
The incorporation of CP/M 3.0 (also called CP/M Plus) into the Commodore 128 H
makes thousands of popular commercial and public domain software programs available (J
to the user.
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HARDWARE COMPONENTS U
The Commodore 128 Personal Computer incorporates the following major hardware [J
components:
PROCESSORS [I
8502: Main processor in C128, C64 Modes; I/O support for CP/M; 6502 software-
compatible; runs at 1.02 or 2.04 MHz \ j
Z80: CP/M Mode only; runs at 2.04 MHz U
MEMORY I
ROM: 64K standard (C64 Kernal plus BASIC; C128 Kernal plus BASIC, character ^
ROMs and CP/M BIOS); one 32K slot available for software
RAM: 128K in two 64K banks; 16K display RAM for 8563 video chip; 2K X 4 Color RAM j t
VIDEO
8564: 40-column video (separate versions for NTSC and PAL TV standards) j
8563: 80-column video *->

INTRODUCTION
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SOUND
658/: SID Chip
INPUT/OUTPUT
6526: Joystick ports/keyboard scan/cassette
6526: User and serial ports
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
8921: PLA (C64 plus C128 mapping modes)
8922: MMU (Custom gate array)
For details on these and other hardware components see Chapter 16, Commodore
128 Hardware Specifications.
COMPATIBILITY WITH
COMMODORE 64
The Commodore 128 system is designed as an upgrade to the Commodore 64. Accord
ingly, one of the major features of the Commodore 128 design is hardware and software
compatibility with the Commodore 64 when operating in C64 Mode. This means that in
C64 Mode the Commodore 128 is capable of running Commodore 64 application
software. Also, the Commodore 128 in C64 Mode supports Commodore 64 peripherals
except the CP/M 2.2 cartridge. (NOTE: The Commodore 128's built-in CP/M 3.0
capability supersedes that provided by the external cartridge. This cartridge should not
be used with the Commodore 128 in any mode.)
The C128 Mode is designed as a compatible superset to the C64. Specifically, all
Kernal functions provided by the Commodore 64 are provided in the C128 Kernal.
These functions are also provided at the same locations in the jump table of the C128
Kernal to provide compatibility with existing programs. Zero page and other system
variables are maintained at the same addresses they occupy in C64 Mode. This simpli
fies interfacing for many programs.
Providing Commodore 64 compatibility means that the new features of the Com
modore 128 cannot be accessed in C64 Mode. For example, compatibility and memory
constraints preclude modifying the C64 Mode Kernal to support the 1571 fast serial disk
drive. As noted previously, C64 Mode sees this drive as a standard serial disk drive. For
the same reason, C64 Mode does not have an 80-column screen editor, and C64 Mode
BASIC 2.0 cannot use the second 64K bank of memory.

COMMODORE 128
SWITCHING FROM MODE TO MODE
As mentioned before, in the C128 and CP/M Modes the Commodore 128 can provide
both 40-column and 80-column screen displays. This means that the Commodore 128
actually has five operating modes, as follows:
C128 Mode with 80-column display
C128 Mode with 40-column display
C64 Mode (40-column display only)
CP/M Mode with 80-column display
CP/M Mode with 40-column display
Figure 1-1 summarizes the methods used to switch from mode to mode.
FROM
TO
CI28
40 COL
CI28
80 COL
OFF
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
Check that
40/80 key
is UP.
Make sure
that:
a)NoCP/M
system
disk is
in drive
b)No C64
cartridge
is in ex
pansion
port
Turn com
puter ON.
Press
40/80 key
DOWN.
Turn com
puter ON.
C128
40 COL
1.
2.
1.
2.
Press
ESC key;
release.
Press X
key.
OR
Press
40/80 key
DOWN.
Press
RESET
button.
C128
80 COL
1.
2.
1.
2.
Press ESC
key;
release.
Press X
key.
OR
Check that
40/80 key
is UP.
Press
RESET
button.
C64
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Check that
40/80 key
is UP.
Turn com
puter OFF,
then ON.
Remove
cartridge
if present
Press
40/80 key
DOWN.
Turn com
puter OFF,
then ON.
Remove
cartridge
if present.
CP/M
40 COL
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
Check that
40/80 key
is UP.
Turn com
puter OFF,
then ON.
Press
40/80 key
DOWN.
Remove
CP/M sys
tem disk
from
drive, if
necessary.
Turn com
puter OFF,
then ON.
CP/M
80 COL
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
Check that
40/80 key
is UP.
Turn com
puter OFF,
then ON.
Check that
40/80 key
is DOWN.
Remove
CP/M sys
tem disk
from
drive, if
necessary.
Turn com
puter OFF,
then ON.
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Figure I-1. Commodore 128 Mode Switching Chart

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INTRODUCTION
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FROM
TO
C64
CP/M
40 COL
CP/M
80 COL
OFF
1. Hold
" O"key
DOWN.
2. Turn com
puter ON.
OR
1. Insert C64
cartridge.
2. Turn com
puter ON.
1. Turn disk
drive ON.
2. Insert
CP/M sys
tem disk
in drive.
3. Check that
40/80 key
is UP.
4. Turn com
puter ON.
1. Turn disk
drive ON.
2. Insert
CP/M sys
tem disk
in drive.
3. Press
40/80 key
DOWN.
4. Turn com
puter ON.
C128
40 COL
1. Type GO
64; press
RETURN.
2. The com
puter re
sponds:
ARE YOU
SURE?
Type Y;
press
RETURN.
1. Turn disk
drive ON.
2. Insert
CP/M sys
tem disk
in drive.
3. Check that
40/80 key
is UP.
4. Type:
BOOT
5. Press
RETURN.
1. Turn disk
drive ON.
2. Insert
CP/M sys
tem disk
in drive.
3. Press
40/80 key
DOWN.
4. Type:
BOOT
5. Press
RETURN.
C128
,80 COL
1. Type GO
64; press
RETURN.
2. The com
puter re
sponds:
ARE YOU
SURE?
Type Y;
press
RETURN.
1. Turn disk
drive ON.
2. Insert
CP/M sys
tem disk
in drive.
3. Check that
40/80 key
is UP.
4. Type:
BOOT
5. Press
RETURN.
1. Turn disk
drive ON.
2. Insert
CP/M sys
tem disk
in drive.
3. Check that
40/80 key
is DOWN.
4. Type:
BOOT.
5. Press
RETURN.
C64
1. Check that
40/80 key
is UP.
2. Turn disk
drive ON.
3. Insert
CP/M sys
tem disk
in drive.
4. Turn com
puter OFF.
1. Press
40/80 key
DOWN.
2. Turn disk
drive ON.
3. Insert
CP/M sys
tem disk
in drive.
4. Turn com
puter OFF.
CP/M
40 COL
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Turn com
puter OFF.
Check that
40/80 key
is UP.
Hold
DOWN
0 key
while
turning
computer
ON.
OR
Turn com
puter OFF.
Insert C64
cartridge.
Turn
power ON.
Insert
CP/M util
ities disk
in drive.
At screen
prompt,
A> type:
DEVICE
CONOUT =
80 COL
Press
RETURN.
CP/M
80 COL
1. Turn com
puter OFF.
2. Check that
40/80 key
is UP.
3. Hold
DOWN
O key
while turn
ing com
puter ON.
OR
1. Turn com
puter OFF.
2. Insert C64
cartridge.
3. Turn
power
ON.
1. Insert
CP/M util
ities disk
in drive.
2. At screen
prompt,
A>type:
DEVICE
CONOUT: =
40 COL
3. Press
RETURN.
Figure l-l. Commodore 128 Mode Switching Chart (continued)

COMMODORE 128
NOTE: If you are using a Commodore 1902 dual monitor, remember to
move the video switch on the monitor from COMPOSITE or SEPA
RATED to RGBI when switching from 40-column to 80-column display;
reverse this step when switching from 80 to 40 columns. Also, when
switching between modes remove any cartridges from the expansion port.
You may also have to remove any disk (e.g., CP/M) from the disk drive.
CP/M 3.0 SYSTEM RELEASES
When you send in your C128 warranty card, your name will be added to a list
which makes you eligible for CP/M system release dates.
HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
This guide is designed to be a reference tool that you can consult whenever you need
detailed technical information on the structure and operation of the Commodore 128
Personal Computer. Since many of the design features of the Commodore 128 can be
viewed from various aspects, it may be necessary to consult several different chapters to
find the information you want. Note that certain groups of chapters form logical sequences
that cover in detail an extended topic like BASIC, graphics, or machine language.
The following chapter summaries should help you pinpoint what chapter or
chapters are most likely to provide the answer to a specific question or problem.
CHAPTER 2. BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS AND BASIC 7.0 ENCYCLOPEDIA—
Defines and describes the structural and operational components of the BASIC
language, including constants, variables and arrays, and numeric and string ex
pressions and operations.
CHAPTER 3. ONE STEP BEYOND SIMPLE BASIC—Provides routines (menu,
keyboard buffer, loading, programming function keys) and techniques ("crunch
ing" or saving memory; debugging and merging programs; relocating BASIC)
that can be incorporated in your own programs. Provides modem-related informa
tion (how to generate TouchTone® frequencies, how to detect telephone ringing,
etc.) plus technical specifications for Commodore Modem/1200 and Modem/300.
CHAPTER 4. COMMODORE 128 GRAPHICS PROGRAMMING—Describes the
general BASIC 7.0 graphics commands (COLOR, GRAPHIC, DRAW, LO
CATE, BOX, CIRCLE, PAINT) and gives annotated examples of use, including
programs. Describes the structure and general function of the color modes and
character and bit map graphics modes that are fundamental to Commodore 128
graphics.

INTRODUCTION
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CHAPTER 5. MACHINE LANGUAGE ON THE COMMODORE 128—Defines,
with examples, machine language (ML) and associated topics, including the
Kernal; the 8502 registers, binary and hexadecimal numbers, and addressing
modes. Defines, with examples, types of ML instructions (op codes, etc.).
Includes 8502 instruction and addressing table.
CHAPTER 6. HOW TO ENTER MACHINE LANGUAGE PROGRAMS INTO THE
COMMODORE 128—Describes, with examples, how to enter ML programs by
using the built-in Machine Language Monitor or by POKEing decimal op-code
values with a BASIC program. Defines, with examples, the ML Monitor commands.
CHAPTER 7. MIXING MACHINE LANGUAGE AND BASIC—Describes, with
examples, how to combine BASIC and ML instructions in the same program by
using BASIC READ, DATA, POKE and SYS commands. Shows where to place
ML programs in memory.
CHAPTER 8. THE POWER BEHIND COMMODORE 128 GRAPHICS—Describes
the C128 Mode memory banking concept and tells how to manage banked
memory. Defines the use of shadow registers. Describes how screen, color and
character memory are handled in BASIC and machine language, for both character
and bit map modes. Shows how to redefine the character set. Describes use of
split-screen modes. Includes a tabular graphics programming summary.
CHAPTER 9. SPRITES—Describes programming of sprites or MOBs (movable object
blocks). Defines and shows how to use the BASIC 7.0 sprite-related commands
(SPRITE, SPRDEF, MOVSPR, SSHAPE, GSHAPE, SPRSAV). Provides anno
tated examples of use, including programs.
CHAPTER 10. PROGRAMMING THE 80-COLUMN (8563) CHIP—Defines the
8563 registers and describes, with machine language examples, how to program
the 80-column screen in character and bit map modes.
CHAPTER II. SOUND AND MUSIC ON THE COMMODORE 128—Defines the
BASIC 7.0 sound and music commands (SOUND, ENVELOPE, VOL, TEMPO,
PLAY, FILTER). Describes how to code a song in C128 Mode. Defines in detail
the Sound Interface Device (SID) and how to program it in machine language.
CHAPTER 12. INPUT/OUTPUT GUIDE^-Describes software control of peripheral
devices connected through I/O ports, including disk drives, printers, other User
Port and Serial Port devices, the Datassette, and Controller Port devices. Provides
pin-out diagrams and pin descriptions for all ports.
CHAPTER 13. THE COMMODORE 128 OPERATING SYSTEM—Describes, with
examples, the operating system (Kernal), which controls the functioning of the
Commodore 128; includes the Kernal Jump Table, which lists the ROM entry
points used to call the Kernal routines; defines each Kernal routine; defines the
C128 Screen Editor. Describes the Memory Management Unit (MMU), defines
the MMU registers, tells how to select and switch banks in BASIC and ML, and
tells how to predefine memory configurations.
CHAPTER 14. CP/M 3.0 ON THE COMMODORE 128—Summarizes the Commo
dore version of CP/M 3.0. Defines the general system layout and the operating
system components (CCP, BIOS and BDOS). Describes the Commodore enhance
ments to CP/M 3.0. (Additional details on CP/M 3.0 are given in Appendix K.)

10 COMMODORE 128
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CHAPTER 15. COMMODORE 128 AND COMMODORE 64 MEMORY MAPS—
Provides detailed memory maps for C128 and C64 modes. (The Z80 memory
map is shown in Appendix K.) | j
CHAPTER 16. HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS—Includes technical specifications for J
Commodore 128 hardware components (8563, 8564, etc.).
APPENDIXES A through L—Provide additional technical information and/or a more .
convenient grouping of information supplied elsewhere in the Guide (e.g., pinout
diagrams).
GLOSSARY—Provides standard definitions of technical terms.
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