D-Link DGS-3208F User manual

DGS-3208F
Gigabit Ethernet Switch
User’s Guide
Second Edition (October 2004)
6DGS3208F.02
Printed In Taiwan
RECYCLABLE

TABLE OF CONTENTS
0ABOUT THIS GUIDE......................................................................................................................................................... V
TERMS.........................................................................................................................................................................................V
OVERVIEW OF THIS USER’S GUIDE ..............................................................................................................................................V
1INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................................. 1
GIGABIT ETHERNET TECHNOLOGY.............................................................................................................................................. 1
SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY........................................................................................................................................................... 1
FEATURES ................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Ports........................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
Performance features.............................................................................................................................................................. 2
Management............................................................................................................................................................................ 3
2UNPACKING AND SETUP................................................................................................................................................. 4
UNPACKING................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
SETUP.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
DESKTOP OR SHELF INSTALLATION ............................................................................................................................................. 4
RACK INSTALLATION................................................................................................................................................................... 5
POWER ON................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Power Failure ......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
3IDENTIFYING EXTERNAL COMPONENTS.................................................................................................................. 7
FRONT PANEL.............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
REAR PANEL ............................................................................................................................................................................... 7
SIDE PANELS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 8
LED INDICATORS........................................................................................................................................................................ 8
4CONNECTING THE SWITCH......................................................................................................................................... 10
PC TO SWITCH........................................................................................................................................................................... 10
SWITCH TO SWITCH (OTHER DEVICES)....................................................................................................................................... 10
5SWITCH MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS......................................................................................................................... 12
LOCAL CONSOLE MANAGEMENT............................................................................................................................................... 12
Console port (RS-232 DCE).................................................................................................................................................. 12
IP Addresses and SNMP Community Names ........................................................................................................................ 12
Traps ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
MIBs...................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Packet Forwarding................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Aging Time............................................................................................................................................................................ 14
Spanning Tree Algorithm...................................................................................................................................................... 15
STA Operation Levels............................................................................................................................................................ 15
On the Bridge Level ............................................................................................................................................................................... 15
On the Port Level ................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
User-Changeable Parameters............................................................................................................................................... 16
Illustration of STA................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Port Trunking........................................................................................................................................................................ 18
VLANs & MAC-based Broadcast Domains........................................................................................................................... 19
MAC-Based Broadcast Domains........................................................................................................................................... 19
IEEE 802.1Q VLANs............................................................................................................................................................. 20
802.1Q VLAN Segmentation ................................................................................................................................................................. 20
Sharing Resources Across 802.1Q VLANs............................................................................................................................................ 20
802.1Q VLANs Spanning Multiple Switches......................................................................................................................................... 21

VLANs Over 802.1Q-compliant Switches..................................................................................................................................... 22
Port-Based VLANs ................................................................................................................................................................ 22
BROADCAST STORMS ................................................................................................................................................................ 23
Segmenting Broadcast Domains ........................................................................................................................................... 23
Eliminating Broadcast Storms............................................................................................................................................... 23
6USING THE CONSOLE INTERFACE............................................................................................................................ 25
SETTING UP A CONSOLE ........................................................................................................................................................... 25
CONNECTING TO THE SWITCH USING TELNET............................................................................................................................ 26
CONSOLE USAGE CONVENTIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 26
FIRST TIME CONNECTING TO THE SWITCH................................................................................................................................26
Steps to Create Administrator or Normal User Access......................................................................................................... 27
Administrator and Normal User Privileges........................................................................................................................... 28
Save Changes........................................................................................................................................................................ 28
LOGIN ON THE SWITCH CONSOLE BY REGISTERED USERS ....................................................................................................... 29
Add/Modify User Account..................................................................................................................................................... 29
View/Delete User Account..................................................................................................................................................... 31
SETTING UP THE SWITCH .......................................................................................................................................................... 31
System Configuration............................................................................................................................................................ 31
Configure IP Address............................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Configure Console.................................................................................................................................................................................. 33
Configure Switch.................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Configure Ports....................................................................................................................................................................................... 35
Configure Port Mirroring ....................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Configure Spanning Tree Protocol......................................................................................................................................................... 38
Configure Filtering and Forwarding Table............................................................................................................................................. 40
Configure Static Forwarding Table................................................................................................................................................ 41
Configure MAC Address Filtering.................................................................................................................................................. 42
Configure Static Multicast Forwarding.......................................................................................................................................... 43
Configure IGMP Filtering...................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Configure 802.1Q IGMP.................................................................................................................................................................. 44
Configure Port-based IGMP........................................................................................................................................................... 46
Configure VLAN.................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
Configure MAC-based Broadcast Domains................................................................................................................................. 47
Configure Port-based VLANs......................................................................................................................................................... 50
Configure 802.1Q VLAN ................................................................................................................................................................. 51
Configure GMRP.............................................................................................................................................................................. 54
Configure Trunk.................................................................................................................................................................... 55
Update Firmware and Configuration Files........................................................................................................................... 56
System Utilities...................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Ping Test................................................................................................................................................................................................. 58
Save Settings to TFTP Server................................................................................................................................................................. 59
Save Switch History to TFTP Server...................................................................................................................................................... 59
Clear Address Table ............................................................................................................................................................................... 60
SNMP Manager Configuration ............................................................................................................................................. 60
SWITCH MONITORING................................................................................................................................................................ 61
Network Monitoring.............................................................................................................................................................. 61
Traffic Statistics...................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
Statistics Overview........................................................................................................................................................................... 62
Port Traffic Statistics........................................................................................................................................................................ 63
Port Packet Error Statistics............................................................................................................................................................. 63
Port Packet Analysis Statistics....................................................................................................................................................... 64
Browse Address Table............................................................................................................................................................................ 65
Browse IGMP Status.............................................................................................................................................................................. 66
Browse GVRP Status ............................................................................................................................................................................. 67
Browse GMRP Status............................................................................................................................................................................. 68
Switch History........................................................................................................................................................................................ 68
RESETTING THE SWITCH ............................................................................................................................................................ 69
Restart System....................................................................................................................................................................... 69
Factory Reset......................................................................................................................................................................... 70
Logout ................................................................................................................................................................................... 70

7WEB-BASED NETWORK MANAGEMENT.................................................................................................................. 71
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................................... 71
GETTING STARTED .................................................................................................................................................................... 71
MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................................................................................................... 71
Configuration........................................................................................................................................................................ 72
Basic Setup............................................................................................................................................................................................. 72
TCP/IP Setup.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
Advanced................................................................................................................................................................................................ 74
Ports Setup ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 74
Port Mirror ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 76
Trap Manager ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 76
SNMP Manager...................................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Download ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 78
Console................................................................................................................................................................................................... 79
Save........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 80
Reset....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 80
Bridge.................................................................................................................................................................................... 81
Configure Spanning Tree Protocol......................................................................................................................................................... 81
Switch STP........................................................................................................................................................................................ 81
Port STP............................................................................................................................................................................................ 83
Configure Filtering and Forwarding Table............................................................................................................................................. 83
Address Setup.................................................................................................................................................................................. 83
Custom FDB...................................................................................................................................................................................... 84
Filter Table........................................................................................................................................................................................ 86
802.1Q VLAN Multicast FDB.......................................................................................................................................................... 87
Configure IGMP Filtering...................................................................................................................................................................... 88
IGMP Setup....................................................................................................................................................................................... 88
IGMP 802.1Q VLAN Setup............................................................................................................................................................. 89
IGMP Port Based VLAN Setup....................................................................................................................................................... 90
Configure VLAN.................................................................................................................................................................... 91
Mode Setup ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 91
Mac-based .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 91
Port Based VLAN Setup ........................................................................................................................................................................ 93
802.1Q VLAN Configuration................................................................................................................................................................. 94
Port VID Setup.................................................................................................................................................................................. 94
Ingress Filtering Check.................................................................................................................................................................... 94
802.1Q VLAN Setup........................................................................................................................................................................ 95
GVRP Configuration........................................................................................................................................................................ 96
GMRP Configuration........................................................................................................................................................................ 96
GMRP Configuration ............................................................................................................................................................................. 97
Device GMRP Configuration .......................................................................................................................................................... 97
802.1Q VLAN Multicast FDB.......................................................................................................................................................... 97
Trunk..................................................................................................................................................................................... 98
Port Trunking ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 99
Monitor.................................................................................................................................................................................. 99
Traffic Statistics.................................................................................................................................................................................... 100
Overview.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 100
Traffic............................................................................................................................................................................................... 101
Utilization......................................................................................................................................................................................... 102
Errors ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 102
Analysis ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 103
Browse Address Table.......................................................................................................................................................................... 105
Search By MAC.............................................................................................................................................................................. 105
Search By Port................................................................................................................................................................................ 105
Search By VLAN ............................................................................................................................................................................ 106
Search By None............................................................................................................................................................................. 106
IGMP Status......................................................................................................................................................................................... 107
Browse GVRP Status ........................................................................................................................................................................... 108
Browse GMRP Status........................................................................................................................................................................... 108
History Log........................................................................................................................................................................................... 109
User..................................................................................................................................................................................... 109
Add/Modify.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 110
Utilities................................................................................................................................................................................ 110

Save Settings to TFTP Server............................................................................................................................................................... 110
Save Switch History to TFTP Server.................................................................................................................................................... 111
Clear Address Table ............................................................................................................................................................................. 112
Help..................................................................................................................................................................................... 112
8TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS.................................................................................................................................. 113
9INDEX................................................................................................................................................................................ 115

Gigabit Ethernet Switch User’s Guide
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0 ABOUT THIS GUIDE
This user’s guide tells you how to install your DGS-3208F stand-alone Switch, how to connect it to your
Gigabit Ethernet network, and how to set its configuration using either the built-in console interface or Web-
based management.
Terms
For simplicity, this documentation uses the terms “Switch” (first letter upper case) to refer to the DGS-3208F
Gigabit Ethernet Switch, and “switch” (first letter lower case) to refer to all Ethernet switches, including the
DGS-3208F.
Overview of this User’s Guide
♦Chapter 1, “Introduction.” Describes the Switch and its features.
♦Chapter 2, “Unpacking and Setup.” Helps you get started with the basic installation of the Switch.
♦Chapter 3, “Identifying External Components.” Describes the front panel, rear panel, side panels, and
LED indicators of the Switch.
♦Chapter 4, “Connecting the Switch.” Tells how you can connect the DGS-3208F to your Gigabit Ethernet
network.
♦Chapter 5, “Switch Management Concepts.” Talks about local console management via the RS-232 DCE
console port and other aspects about how to manage the Switch.
♦Chapter 6, “Using the Console Interface.” Tells how to use the built-in console interface to change, set,
and monitor Switch performance and security.
♦Chapter 7, “Web-Based Network Management.” Tells how to manage the Switch through an Internet
browser.
♦Appendix A, “Technical Specifications.” Lists the technical specifications of the DGS-3208F.

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1
1 INTRODUCTION
This section describes the features of the DGS-3208F, as well as giving some background information about
Gigabit Ethernet and switching technology.
Gigabit Ethernet Technology
Gigabit Ethernet is an extension of IEEE 802.3 Ethernet utilizing the same packet structure, format, and
support for CSMA/CD protocol, full duplex, flow control, and management objects, but with a tenfold increase
in theoretical throughput over 100-Mbps Fast Ethernet and a hundredfold increase over 10-Mbps Ethernet.
Since it is compatible with all 10-Mbps and 100-Mbps Ethernet environments, Gigabit Ethernet provides a
straightforward upgrade without wasting a company’s existing investment in hardware, software, and trained
personnel.
The increased speed and extra bandwidth offered by Gigabit Ethernet is essential to coping with the network
bottlenecks that frequently develop as computers and their busses get faster and more users use applications
that generate more traffic. Upgrading key components, such as your backbone and servers to Gigabit Ethernet
can greatly improve network response times as well as significantly speed up the traffic between your subnets.
Gigabit Ethernet enables fast fiber-optic and copper connections to support video conferencing, complex
imaging, and similar data-intensive applications. Likewise, since data transfers occur 10 times faster than
Fast Ethernet, servers outfitted with Gigabit Ethernet NIC’s are able to perform 10 times the number of
operations in the same amount of time.
In addition, the phenomenal bandwidth delivered by Gigabit Ethernet is the most cost-effective method to
take advantage of today and tomorrow’s rapidly improving switching and routing internetworking
technologies. And with expected advances in the coming years in silicon technology and digital signal
processing that will enable Gigabit Ethernet to eventually operate over unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cabling,
outfitting your network with a powerful 1000-Mbps-capable backbone/server connection creates a flexible
foundation for the next generation of network technology products.
Switching Technology
Another key development pushing the limits of Ethernet technology is in the field of switching technology. A
switch bridges Ethernet packets at the MAC address level of the Ethernet protocol transmitting among
connected Ethernet or fast Ethernet LAN segments.
Switching is a cost-effective way of increasing the total network capacity available to users on a local area
network. A switch increases capacity and decreases network loading by making it possible for a local area
network to be divided into different segments which don’t compete with each other for network transmission
capacity, giving a decreased load on each.
The switch acts as a high-speed selective bridge between the individual segments. Traffic that needs to go
from one segment to another is automatically forwarded by the switch, without interfering with any other

Gigabit Ethernet Switch User’s Guide
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segments. This allows the total network capacity to be multiplied, while still maintaining the same network
cabling and adapter cards.
Switching LAN technology is a marked improvement over the previous generation of network bridges, which
were characterized by higher latencies. Routers have also been used to segment local area networks, but the
cost of a router and the setup and maintenance required make routers relatively impractical. Today’s switches
are an ideal solution to most kinds of local area network congestion problems.
Features
The DGS-3208F Gigabit Ethernet Switch was designed for easy installation and high performance in an
environment where traffic on the network and the number of users increase continuously.
Switch features include:
Ports
♦Eight 1000BASE-SX (SC-type fiber transceiver) Gigabit Ethernet ports.
♦RS-232 DCE console port for diagnosing the Switch via a connection to a PC and console/out-of-band
management.
Performance features
♦Store and forward switching scheme capability to support rate adaptation and protocol conversion.
♦Full duplex to allow two communicating stations to transmit and receive at the same time.
♦Data forwarding rate 1,488,100 pps per port at 100% of wire-speed for 1000-Mbps speed.
♦Data filtering rate eliminates all error packets, runts, etc. at 1,488,100 pps per port at 100% of wire-
speed for 1000-Mbps speed.
♦12K active MAC address entry table per device with automatic learning and aging.
♦16 MB packet buffer per device.
♦Supports broadcast storm rate filtering.
♦Supports IGMP snooping.
♦Supports port mirroring.
♦Supports GVRP.
♦Supports GMRP (802.1P).
♦Supports 802.1P priority (tag mode).
♦Supports static filtering (based on MAC Address)
♦Supports port-based VLAN (overlapping VLANs are excluded).
♦Supports IEEE 802.1Q VLAN.

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♦Supports Link Aggregation Capability.
Management
♦RS-232 console port for out-of-band management via a PC.
♦IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree Algorithm Protocol for creation of alternative backup paths and prevention
of indefinite network loops.
♦Fully configurable either in-band or out-of-band control via SNMP based software.
♦Flash memory for software upgrade. This can be done in-band via BOOTP/TFTP. Out-of-band console
can also initiate a download request.
♦Built-in SNMP management: Bridge MIB (RFC 1493), RMON MIB (RFC 1757), MIB-II (RFC 1213),
VLAN MIB (802.1Q), 802.1D MIB, and D-Link proprietary MIB.

Gigabit Ethernet Switch User’s Guide
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2
2 UNPACKING AND SETUP
This chapter provides unpacking and setup information for the Switch.
Unpacking
Open the shipping carton of the Switch and carefully unpack its contents. The carton should contain the
following items:
♦One DGS-3208F Gigabit Ethernet Switch
♦Accessory pack: 2 mounting brackets and screws
♦Four rubber feet with adhesive backing
♦One AC power cord
♦Thisuser’sguide on CD-ROM
If any item is found missing or damaged, please contact your local D-Link reseller for replacement.
Setup
The setup of the Switch can be performed using the following steps:
♦The surface must support at least 5 kg.
♦The power outlet should be within 1.82 meters (6 feet) of the device.
♦Visually inspect the power cord and see that it is secured fully to the AC power connector.
♦Make sure that there is proper heat dissipation from and adequate ventilation around the Switch. Do
not place heavy objects on the Switch.
Desktop or Shelf Installation
When installing the Switch on a desktop or shelf, the rubber feet included with the device must be first
attached. Attach these cushioning feet on the bottom at each corner of the device. Allow enough ventilation
space between the device and the objects around it.

Gigabit Ethernet Switch User’s Guide
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Figure 2-1. Gigabit Ethernet Switch installed on a Desktop or Shelf
Rack Installation
The DGS-3208F can be mounted in an EIA standard size, 19-inch rack, which can be placed in a wiring closet
with other equipment. To install, attach the mounting brackets on the switch’s front panel (one on each side)
and secure them with the screws provided.
Figure 2- 2A. Attaching the mounting brackets to the Switch
Then, use the screws provided with the equipment rack to mount the Switch in the rack.
Figure 2-2B. Installing the Switch in an equipment rack
Power on
The DGS-3208F Switch can be used with AC power sources 100 ~ 240 VAC, 50 ~ 60 Hz. The Switch’s power
supply will adjust to the local power source automatically and may be turned on without having any or all
LAN segment cables connected.

Gigabit Ethernet Switch User’s Guide
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After the device is powered on, the LED indicators should respond as follows:
♦The Power LED indicator will light while the Switch loads onboard software, and should remain on as
long as the switch has power.
♦The Console LED indicator will remain ON if there is a connection at the RS-232 port, otherwise this
LED indicator is OFF.
Power Failure
As a precaution, the Switch should be unplugged in case of power failure. When power is resumed, plug the
Switch back in.

Gigabit Ethernet Switch User’s Guide
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3
3 IDENTIFYING EXTERNAL COMPONENTS
This chapter describes the front panel, rear panel, side panels, and LED indicators of the Switch
Front Panel
The front panel of the Switch consists of eight 1000BASE-SX (SC-type) multimode fiber ports, an RS-232
communication port, and LED indicators.
Figure 3-1. Front panel view of the DGS-3208F Switch
♦Eight Gigabit Ethernet ports of fixed 1000BASE-SX multimode fiber interface for connections to
workstations, servers, and networking devices through multimode optical fiber cabling.
♦An RS-232 DCE console port is for diagnosing the Switch via a connection to a PC and local console
management.
♦Comprehensive LED indicators display the condition of the Switch and status of the network. A
description of these LED indicators follows (see LED Indicators).
Rear Panel
The rear panel of the Switch consists of an AC power connector. The following shows the rear panel of the
Switch.
Figure 3-2. Rear panel view of the DGS-3208F

Gigabit Ethernet Switch User’s Guide
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♦AC Power Connector This is a three-pronged connector that supports the power cord. Plug in the
female connector of the provided power cord into this connector, and the male into a power outlet.
Supported input voltages range from 100 ~ 240 VAC at 50 ~ 60 Hz.
Side Panels
The Switch’s side panels contain the system fans, two on the right and one on the left. The following shows the
Switch’s right side panel.
Figure 3-3. Right side panel view of the DGS-3208F
♦System Fans These fans are used to dissipate heat. The sides of the system also provide heat vents to
serve the same purpose. Be sure not to block these openings, and to leave adequate space at the rear
and sides of the Switch for proper ventilation. Remember that without proper heat dissipation and air
circulation, system components might overheat, which could lead to system failure.
LED Indicators
The LED indicators of the Switch include Power, Console, Link/ACT, and Full. The following shows the LED
indicators for the Switch along with an explanation of each indicator.
Figure 3-4. The DGS-3208F Switch LED indicators
♦Power After turning on the power, the Power indicator on the front panel should light to indicate the
Switch is loading onboard software. This indicator should then remain on to indicate the ready state of
the Switch.
♦Console This LED indicator is lit when the Switch is being managed via out-of-band/local console
management through the RS-232 console port using a straight-through serial cable. When a secured
connection is established, this LED indicator is lit. Otherwise, it remains dark.

Gigabit Ethernet Switch User’s Guide
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♦Link/ACT These LED indicators are lit when there is a secure connection (or link) to a device at any of
the ports. The LED indicators blink whenever there is reception or transmission (i.e. Activity—ACT) of
data occurring at a port.
♦Full These LED indicators are illuminated when a port is operating in full-duplex mode.

Gigabit Ethernet Switch User’s Guide
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4
4 CONNECTING THE SWITCH
This chapter describes how to connect the DGS-3208F to your Gigabit Ethernet network.
PC to Switch
A PC can be connected to the Switch via a fiber optic cable. The PC should be connected to any of the eight
ports (1x – 8x) of the DGS-3208F.
Figure 4-1. DGS-3208F Switch connected to a PC or Workstation (full-duplex mode is required)
The LED indicators for PC connection are dependent on the LAN card capabilities. If LED indicators are not
illuminated after making a proper connection, check the PC’s LAN card, the cable, Switch conditions, and
connections.
The following is an LED indicator possibility for a PC to Switch connection:
♦The Link/ACT LED indicator lights up upon hookup.
Switch to Switch (other devices)
The Switch can be connected to another switch or other devices (routers, bridges, etc.) via a fiber optic cable.

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Figure 4-2. DGS-3208F Switch to switch connection.

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5
5 SWITCH MANAGEMENT CONCEPTS
Local Console Management
Local console management involves the administration of the DGS-3208F Switch via a direct connection to the
RS-232 DCE console port. From the Main Menu screen of the console program, an Administrator or Normal
User (defined in the next chapter) has privilege and access to manage, control, and monitor the many
functions of the Switch.
The components of the Switch allow them to be part of a manageable network. These components include a
CPU, memory for data storage, other related hardware, and the SNMP agent firmware. Activities on the
Switch can be monitored with these components, while the Switch can be manipulated to carry out specific
tasks.
Out-of-band management for the Switch is accomplished through a locally connected management terminal to
the RS-232 console port. Through this port, a user can set up, monitor, or change the configuration of the
Switch.
The Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) provides the capability for the Switch to operate properly with other
Bridges in a SNMP network supporting the STA. Using the STA, the network will prevent network loop, and
automatically establish and activate a backup path in the event of a path failure.
Console port (RS-232 DCE)
Out-of-band management requires connecting a PC (with a SNMP management platform) to the RS-232 DCE
console port of the Switch. Switch management using terminal emulation/VT100 when connected to the RS-
232 DCE console port is called Local Console Management to differentiate it from management done via
management platforms.
The console port is set for the following configuration:
◊Baud rate: 9,600
◊Parity: none
◊Data width: 8 bits
◊Stop bits 1
IP Addresses and SNMP Community Names
Each Switch has its own IP Address, which is used for communication with an SNMP network manager or
other TCP/IP application (for example BOOTP, TFTP). You can change the default Switch IP Address to meet
the specification of your networking address scheme.

Gigabit Ethernet Switch User’s Guide
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In addition, you can also set in the Switch an IP Address for a gateway or a router. It is useful when the
management station is not located on the same network as the Switch, making it necessary for the Switch to
go through a gateway or router to reach the network manager.
For security, you can set in the Switch a list of IP Addresses of the network managers that you allow to
manage the Switch. You can also change the default Community Name in the Switch and set access rights of
these Community Names.
Traps
Trap managers are special users of the network who are given certain rights and access in overseeing the
maintenance of the network. Trap managers can receive traps sent from the Switch; they must immediately
take certain actions to avoid future failure or breakdown of the network.
Traps are messages that alert you of events that occur on the Switch. The events can be as serious as a reboot
(someone accidentally turned OFF the Switch), or less serious like a port status change. The Switch generates
traps and sends them to the network manager (trap managers). The following lists the types of events that
can take place on the Switch.
◊System resets
◊Errors
◊Status changes
◊Topology changes
◊Operation
You can also specify which network managers may receive traps from the Switch by setting a list of IP
Addresses of the authorized network managers.
The following are trap types a trap manager will receive:
♦Cold Start This trap signifies that the Switch has been powered up and initialized such that software
settings are reconfigured and hardware systems are rebooted. A cold start is different from a factory
reset.
♦Warm Start This trap signifies that the Switch has been rebooted, however the POST (Power On Self-
Test) is skipped.
♦Authentication Failure This trap signifies that an addressee (or manager/user) on the Switch is not
a valid user of the Switch and may have entered an incorrect community name.
♦New Root This trap indicates that the Switch has become the new root of the Spanning Tree, the trap
is sent by a bridge soon after its election as the new root. This implies that upon expiration of the
Topology Change Timer the new root trap is sent out immediately after the Switch’s selection as a new
root.
♦Topology Change A Topology Change trap is sent by the Switch when any of its configured ports
transitions from the Learning state to the Forwarding state, or from the Forwarding state to the
Blocking state. The trap is not sent if a new root trap is sent for the same transition.
♦Link Change Event This trap is sent whenever the link of a port changes from link up to link down or
from link down to link up.