Emerson Rosemount 2110 User manual

Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005
www.rosemount.com
Rosemount 2110
Compact Vibrating Fork Liquid Level Switch
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 1 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 2 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

www.rosemount.com
Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005 Rosemount 2110
IMPORTANT NOTICE
Read this manual before working with the product. For personal and system safety, and
for optimum product performance, make sure you thoroughly understand the contents
before installing, using, or maintaining this product.
The United States has two toll-free assistance numbers and one International number.
Customer Central
1-800-999-9307 (7:00 a.m. to 7:00 P.M. CST)
International
1-[phone]
National Response Center
1-800-654-7768 (24 hours a day)
Equipment service needs
CAUTION
The products described in this document are NOT designed for nuclear-qualified
applications. Using non-nuclear qualified products in applications that require nuclear-
qualified hardware or products may cause inaccurate readings.
For information on Emerson Process Management nuclear-qualified products, contact
your local Emerson Process Management Sales Representative.
CAUTION
Rosemount pursues a policy of continuous development and product improvement. The
specification in this document may therefore be changed without notice. To the best of our
knowledge, the information contained in this document is accurate and Rosemount
cannot be held responsible for any errors, omissions or other misinformation contained
herein. No part of this document may be photocopied or reproduced without the prior
written consent of Rosemount.
2110 Compact Vibrating Fork
Liquid Level Switch
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 1 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005
Rosemount 2110
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 2 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

www.rosemount.com
Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005 Rosemount 2110
Table of Contents
SECTION 1
Introduction
Switch Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Short Fork Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Rosemount 2110 Application and Mounting Examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Overfill Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3
Pump Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3
High and Low Level Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3
Leak Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3
Pump Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3
Hygienic Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3
Application Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
Handling the 2110. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
Rosemount Identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6
Installation Considerations and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-7
Switchpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8
Service Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-9
Warranty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-9
SECTION 2
Installation
Safety Messages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Mechanical Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Correct Fork Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
Pipe Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
Vessel Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
Cover Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3
Electrical Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4
Mode Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4
LED Indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5
Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-6
Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 1 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005
Rosemount 2110
TOC-2
SECTION 3
Troubleshooting
Magnetic Test Point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
Troubleshooting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
Spare Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
APPENDIX A
Reference Data
Physical Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Mechanical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Performance Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2
Functional Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2
Electrical. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
Dimensional Drawing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5
Ordering Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6
Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-7
APPENDIX B
Product Certifications
L.V. Directive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) Directive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
Overfill Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
Approved Manufacturing Locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 2 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

www.rosemount.com
Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005 Rosemount 2110
SECTION 1INTRODUCTION
Switch Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 1-2
Rosemount 2110 Application and Mounting Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 1-2
Application Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 1-4
Handling the 2110 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 1-4
Installation Considerations and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 1-7
Rosemount Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 1-6
Service Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 1-9
Procedures and instructions in this manual may require special precautions to ensure the
safety of the personnel performing the operations. Information that raises potential safety
issues is indicated by a caution symbol ( ). The external hot surface symbol ( ) is used
when a surface is hot and care must be taken to award possible burns. If there is a risk of an
electrical shock the ( ) symbol is used. Refer to the safety messages listed at the
beginning of each section before performing an operation preceded by this symbol.
Failure to follow these installation guidelines could result in death or serious
injury.
• Protection afforded by compliance to EN61010-1 (2001) may be impaired if the
equipment is not used as specified.
• The Rosemount 2110 is a liquid level switch. It must be installed, connected,
commissioned, operated and maintained by suitably qualified personnel only,
observing any national and local requirements that may apply.
• Ensure the wiring is suitable for the electrical current and the insulation is suitable for
the voltage, temperature and environment.
External Surface may be hot.
• Care must be taken to avoid possible burns.
Process leaks could result in death or serious injury.
• Do not remove the level switch while in operation. Removing while in operation may
cause process fluid leaks.
Electrical shock could cause death or serious injury.
• If the level switch is installed in a high voltage environment and a fault condition or
installation error occurs, high voltage may be present on switch leads and terminals.
• Use extreme caution when making contact with the leads and terminals.
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 1 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005
Rosemount 2110
1-2
Switch Overview
The Rosemount 2110 is a liquid point level switch based on the vibrating short fork
technology. It is a compact switch with a rugged stainless steel body and forks for use in a
wide range of liquid applications. Economical 3/4-in. or 1-in. threaded mounting in pipes or
tanks or hygienic mounting for food industry use. Direct load switching suits all supplies or
PNP output for direct interface to PLCs. For use in safe area only.
Short Fork Technology
The natural frequency (~1300Hz) of the fork is chosen to avoid interference from plant
vibration which may cause false switching. This also gives short fork length for minimal
intrusion into vessel and pipe. Using Short Fork Technology, the Rosemount 2110 is
designed for use in virtually all liquid applications. Extensive research has maximized the
operational effectiveness of the fork design making it suitable for almost all liquids, including
coating liquids (avoid bridging of forks), aerated liquids, and slurries.
Rosemount 2110 Application and Mounting Examples
For most liquids including coating and aerated liquids and slurries, the function is virtually
unaffected by flow, turbulence, bubbles, foam, vibration, solid particles, build-up or
properties of the liquid.
For use in safe area and process temperatures up to 302°F (150°C).
Mount in any position in the tank or pipe. Mounting is by 3/4-in. or 1-in. threaded or hygienic
fitting.
Any substitution of non-recognized parts may jeopardize safety, repair, e.g. Substitution
of components, etc., may also jeopardize safety and is under no circumstances allowed.
2110clear_rev.tif
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 2 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005 Rosemount 2110
1-3
Overfill Protection
Spillage caused by overfilling can be hazardous to people and the
environment, resulting in lost product, and clean up costs. The 2110 is a
limit level switch used to signal overfill at any time.
Pump Protection
Short forks mean minimum intrusion wetside and allow simple low cost
installation at any angle into your pipes or vessels. With the fork projecting
only 2-in. (50 mm) (dependant on connection type), the 2110 can be
installed in even small diameter pipes. By selecting the option of direct load
switching electronics, the 2110 is ideal for reliable pump control and can be
used to protect against pumps running dry.
High and Low Level Alarm
Maximum and minimum level detection in tanks containing many different
types of liquids are an ideal application for the 2110. The robust 2110
operates continuously at temperatures up to 302°F (150°C) and operating
pressure up to 1450 psig (100 barg) making it perfect for use as a high or
low level alarm. It is common practice to fit an independent high level alarm
switch to provide extra back up to the level switch in case of failure.
Leak Detection
Flanges, gaskets, seals, corrosive liquids – they all have the potential to
leak at the most inconvenient times. Many users site tanks and vessels
above trays or in containments to prevent any liquids from escaping. A
level switch can quickly and accurately detect any leakage and thereby
eliminating cost.
Pump Control
Many processes have batching and header tanks, and there is usually the
need to control a pump to maintain levels between set points. These tanks
are often manufactured from thin wall materials and cannot support the
weight of heavy instrumentation.
Hygienic Applications
With the option of highly polished forks providing a surface finish (Ra)
better than 0.8 µm, the 2110 meets the principle design criteria of the most
stringent hygienic requirements used in food and beverage, and
pharmaceutical applications. Manufactured in stainless steel the 2110 is
robust enough to easily withstand steam cleaning (CIP) routines at
temperatures up to 302°F (150°C).
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 3 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005
Rosemount 2110
1-4
Application Considerations
• Ensure liquid is inside the temperature and pressure ranges (see specifications).
• Check that the liquid is inside recommended viscosity range 0.2 to 10,000 cP.
• Examples of products with too high of viscosity is chocolate syrup, ketchup, peanut
butter and bitumen. The switch will still detect these products but the drain time can be
very long.
• Check that the liquid density is above 37.5 lb/ft3(600 kg/m3).
• Examples of products with too low of density is acetone, pentane and hexane.
• Check for risk of build-up on the forks.
• Avoid situations where drying and coating products may create excessive build-up.
• Ensure no risk of bridging the forks.
• Examples of products that can create bridging of forks are dense paper slurries and
bitumen.
• Check if solid content in liquid
• Problems may occur if product coats and dries causing caking
• As a guideline maximum solid particle diameter in the liquid is 0.2-in. (5 mm)
• Extra consideration is needed when dealing with particles bigger than 0.2-in. (5 mm),
consult factory
Handling the 2110
Figure 1-1. Do not hold the 2110 by forks.
2110/2110_19aa, 2110_19aa.eps
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 4 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005 Rosemount 2110
1-5
Figure 1-2. Do not alter the 2110 in any way.
2110/2110_27aa.eps
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 5 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005
Rosemount 2110
1-6
Rosemount Identification
Figure 1-3. Load Switching Models: ac/dc Figure 1-4. PNP solid state output Models:
dc low voltage
2110 Vibrating Fork Level Switch
Direct load switching type
www.rosemount.com
Model Fitting
IP66/67
I: 20...500mA
-40...80°C amb
T : -40...150°C op
: 21...264V AC (50/60Hz) /DC
LED
20mA...500mA
<3mA
(1Hz)
(on)
Hi -Alarm Lo -Alarm
NC NC
2131
31 2 1
23
N
0V
L1
+V
L1
+V
N
0V
1312
MAGNETIC
TEST
POINT
211002RNA 2-in.
Tri-Clamp
LED
<500mA
(1Hz)
(on)
Hi -Alarm Lo -Alarm
2332
32 2 3
23
+V 0V
PLC 0V+VPLC
112 3
Sig
Sig
Low Voltage PNP type
www.rosemount.com
Model Fitting
MAGNETIC
TEST
POINT
IP66/67
I: <500mA
-40...80°C amb
T : -40...150°C op
: 18...60V DC
2110 Vibrating Fork Level Switch
211010ANA 3/4-in.
BSPT
2110/2110_57aa, 2110_58aa.eps
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 6 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005 Rosemount 2110
1-7
Installation Considerations and Recommendations
Before you install the Rosemount 2110 Level Switch, consider specific installation
recommendations and mounting requirements.
• Install in any orientation in tank containing liquid.
• Always install in the normally “on” state
• For high level recommendation is Dry = on (see “Function” on page 2-6).
• For low level recommendation is Wet = on (see “Function” on page 2-6).
• Always ensure the system is tested by using the local magnetic test point during
commissioning (see “Magnetic Test Point” on page 3-1).
• Ensure sufficient room for mounting and electrical connection (see “Dimensional
Drawing” on page A-5).
• Ensure that the forks do not come into contact with the tank wall or any internal fittings
or obstructions.
• Ensure the forks does not come into contact with the tank wall of any internal fitting.
• Avoid installing the 2110 where it will be exposed to liquid entering the tank at the fill
point.
• Avoid heavy splashing on fork
• Avoid product buildup
• Ensure no risk of bridging the forks.
• Ensure there is sufficient distance between build-up on the tank wall and the fork.
• Ensure installation does not create tank crevices around the forks where liquid may
connect (important in high viscosity and high density liquids).
• Extra consideration is needed if the plant vibration is close to the 1300 Hz operating
frequency of the 2110.
• Ensure sufficient clearance for the fork so highly viscous liquids quickly flow off the
forks.
• Extra consideration is needed if the plant vibration is close to the 1300 Hz operating
frequency of the 2110.
Figure 1-5. Example of OK and not OK build-up on tank wall.
2110/2110_25aa, 2110_26aa.eps
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 7 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005
Rosemount 2110
1-8
Switchpoint
2120/fig12.eps
Switchpoint (H20) (SP)
Switching hysteresis (HY)
±0.039-in. (±1 mm)
±0.039-in. (±1 mm)
0.5-in. (13 mm)
0.5-in. (13 mm)
0.5-in. (13 mm)
In the top diagram a lower
density media will give
switchpoint closer to the
connection. A higher density
media will give switchpoint
closer to fork tip.
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 8 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005 Rosemount 2110
1-9
Service Support
To expedite the return process outside of the United States, contact the nearest Rosemount
representative.
Within the United States, call the Rosemount National Response Center using the
1-800-654-RSMT (7768) toll-free number. This center, available 24 hours a day, will assist
you with any needed information or materials.
The center will ask for product model and serial numbers, and will provide a Return Material
Authorization (RMA) number. The center will also ask for the process material to which the
product was last exposed.
Rosemount National Response Center representatives will explain the additional
information and procedures necessary to return goods exposed to hazardous substance
can avoid injury if they are informed of and understand the hazard. If the product being
returned was exposed to a hazardous substance as defined by OSHA, a copy of the
required Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for each hazardous substance identified must
be included with the returned goods.
Warranty
Emerson Process Management will replace a faulty or failed 2110 with a new unit provided
that the fault or failure is reported either directly or via an accredited representative, within 1
year from the date of supply, and the product has been installed and used in accordance
with Emerson Process Management instruction manual 00809-0100-4029. Emerson
Process Management reserves the right to examine such product and to refuse replacement
at its discretion if the above conditions are not met.
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 9 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005
Rosemount 2110
1-10
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 10 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

www.rosemount.com
Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005 Rosemount 2110
SECTION 2INSTALLATION
Safety Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 2-1
Mechanical Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 2-1
Correct Fork Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 2-2
Electrical Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . page 2-4
Safety Messages
Procedures and instructions in this manual may require special precautions to ensure the
safety of the personnel performing the operations. Information that raises potential safety
issues is indicated by a caution symbol ( ). The external hot surface symbol ( )is used
when a surface is hot and care must be taken to award possible burns. If there is a risk of an
electrical shock the ( )symbol is used. Refer to the safety messages listed at the
beginning of each section before performing an operation preceded by this symbol.
Mechanical Installation
Figure 2-1. Sealing Figure 2-2. Tighten the Switch
Gasket
BSPP (G1)
NPT, BSPT (R)
Seal (supplied in
02100-1020-0001) Tri-Clamp
PTFE (Teflon)
2110/2110_28aa, 2110_29aa.eps
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 1 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005
Rosemount 2110
2-2
Correct Fork Alignment
Ensure correct fork alignment.
Pipe Installation
Vessel Installation
2110/14aa.eps
Alignment groove
2110/24aa, 2110_16aa.eps
2110/2110_34aa.tif
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 2 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005 Rosemount 2110
2-3
Cover Orientation
2110/2110_36aa.eps
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 3 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM

Reference Manual
00809-0100-4029, Rev AA
July 2005
Rosemount 2110
2-4
Electrical Installation
Mode Selection
Mode Selection by customer wiring.
Code 0 1
Load Switching: ac/dc
Direct load switching: ac/dc PNP Output: dc NP for PLC/SPS connection: dc
DRY = ON: High level alarm PE (Ground) PE (Ground)
WET = ON: Low level alarm PE (Ground) PE (Ground)
Maximum inrush current: 5A (Over current protected)
I Maximum continuous: 500 mA
I Minimum continuous: 20mA Supply current: 3mA nominal
Voltage drop: 6.5V @ 24V dc /
5.0V @ 240 V ac Voltage drop: <3V
I Load off: <3mA I Load off: <0.5mA
1
3
R
2A(T)
21-264V ac 50/60Hz
21-264V dc
L1
+V N
0V
1
3
R
2A
(T)
2
0V +V (18-60V dc)
PLC
Input
1
R
2A
(T)
21-264V ac 50/60Hz
21-264V dc
L1
+V N
0V
21
3
R2A
(T)
2
0V +V
(18-60V dc)
PLC
Input
R = External Load
(must be wired) = External Load
4029 Rev AA Book.book Page 4 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 8:09 AM