Flow vision FC 01- CA User manual

Flow Meter | FC 0 1- CA
USER MANUAL
M_FC01-CA_1121_e

Flow Meter | FC 0 1- CA
2
Equipment installation, connection and adjustment by qualified personnel only!
Please follow these instructions carefully. Failure to comply, or misuse of this equipment, could result
in serious damage both to the equipment itself and to the installation. FlowVision is unable to accept
responsibility for customer or third party liability, warranty claims or damage caused by incorrect
installation or improper handling resulting form non-observance of these instructions.
The instructions cover software version 2.87.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
3
FC
0 1- CA | Flow Meter
Table of Contents
1 Description....................................................... 6
1.1 Measuring procedure .......................................................6
1.1.1 Calorimetric measuring procedure .......................................6
1.1.2 Physical principles of gas measurement...................................7
1.1.3 Standard and operating volume flow .....................................7
1.1.4 Measurements in compressed-air systems.................................8
1.1.4.1 Consumption measurements....................................8
1.1.4.2 Leakage measurements .......................................8
1.2 System description .........................................................9
1.2.1 User interfaces .....................................................10
2 Installation .......................................................12
2.1 Installation of calorimetric monitoring heads ....................................12
2.1.1 Selection of material .................................................12
2.1.2 Mechanical installation ...............................................13
2.1.2.1 Thread-mounted monitoring head CST-11 ........................13
2.1.2.2 Insertion head CSP for sensor adapter TP or ball valve BV ......... 14
2.1.2.2.1 Sensor adapter TP .................................15
2.1.2.2.2 Ball valve BV .....................................15
2.1.2.3 Push-in monitoring head CSF-11 AM1 ...........................16
2.1.3 Mounting instructions for monitoring head CST ............................17
2.1.3.1 Depth of immersion .......................................... 17
2.1.4
Mounting instructions for monitoring head CSP with sensor adapter TP or ball valve BV 18
2.1.5 Mounting instructions for push-on monitoring head CSF.....................18
2.1.5.1 Standard velocity profiles .....................................20
2.1.6 Point of installation and steadying zones ................................21
2.1.7 Condensate deposits ................................................22
2.1.8 Electrical connection.................................................22
2.2 Installation of electronic control unit FC01-CA...................................23
2.2.1 Mechanical installation ...............................................23
2.2.1.1 Rail-mounted version FC01-CA-U1... (fig. 15) .....................23
2.2.1.2 Surface mounted version FC01-CA-FH-U1... (fig. 16)................24
2.2.1.3 Front panel mounted housing FC01-CA-ST-U1... (fig. 17) ............25
2.2.2 Electrical connection ................................................26
2.2.2.1 Circuit diagram FC01-CA (relay outputs) .........................29
2.2.2.2 Circuit diagram FC01-CA (transistor outputs (NPN))................30
2.2.2.3 Electrical connection - frequency output (version FC01-CA-U1T4) ....31

TABLE OF CONTENTS
4
Flow Meter | FC
0 1- CA
3 Operating system ................................................ 33
4 Operation and main menu ......................................... 35
4.1 Switch-on performance .....................................................35
4.2 Measuring cycle ..........................................................35
4.2.1 Operating data .....................................................36
4.2.1.1 Measured value(s)...........................................36
4.2.1.2 Peak values (menu option: PEAK VALUE MIN / PEAK VALUE MAX ) . . . 38
4.2.1.3 Low flow suppression (menu option: ZERO SUPP.) ................38
4.2.1.4 Last error (menu option: LAST ERROR ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.2.1.5 Main menu.................................................39
5 Configuration (menu option: CONFIGURATION)....................... 40
5.1 Selection of monitoring head (menu option: SENSOR SELECT) .....................40
5.2 Pressure range (menu option: PRESS. RANGE) .................................41
5.3 Volume flow measuring mode (menu option: OPERAT. MODE) ......................41
5.4 Gas selection (menu option: GAS SELECT).....................................42
5.5 Limit switch combinations (menu option: LIMIT SWITCHES) ........................42
5.6 Flow rate unit (menu option: FLOW UNIT) ......................................43
5.7 Medium temperature unit (menu option: TEMP. UNIT) .............................43
5.8 Display (menu option: DISPLAY SELECT).......................................44
5.9 Bargraph (menu option: BARGRAPH)..........................................45
5.10 Frequency output (menu option: FREQUENCY OUTPUT) ..............................46
5.11 Analogue output - flow rate (menu option: ANA OUT FLOW).......................47
5.12 Analogue output - medium temperature (menu option: ANA OUT TEMP.) ............47
5.13 Quitting the configuration menu .............................................47
5.14 Configuration menu .......................................................49
5.15 Configuration submenu ....................................................50
6 Parameter selection (menu option: PARAMETERS) .................... 53
6.1 Measuring time (menu option: MEAS. TIME) ....................................53
6.2 Limit switch 1 - switch-on value (menu option: LS1 ON = ......)
Limit switch 1 - switch-off value (menu option: LS1 OFF = ......) ....................53
6.3 Limit switch 2 - switch-on value (menu option: LS2 ON = ......)
Limit switch 2 - switch-off value (menu option: LS2 OFF = ......) ....................54
6.4 Scaling factor (menu option: FLOWSCALE) .....................................54
6.5 Quitting the parameter selection menu.........................................55
6.6 Parameter selection menu ..................................................56

TABLE OF CONTENTS
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FC
0 1- CA | Flow Meter
7 Low flow suppression .............................................57
7.1 Low flow suppression ......................................................57
7.2 Zero adjustment...........................................................57
8 Errors .......................................................... 58
8.1 Test and diagnosis.........................................................58
8.1.1 Priority group I ..........................................................58
8.1.2 Priority group II ..........................................................58
8.1.3 Priority group III .........................................................58
8.2 Potential errors ...........................................................59
9 Technical data ....................................................61
9.1 Ambient conditions ........................................................61
9.2 Electrical characteristics ....................................................61
9.2.1 Power supply.......................................................61
9.2.1.1 DC voltage supply ...........................................61
9.3 Analogue outputs .........................................................62
9.3.1 Voltage output V1 - 5 V FS ............................................63
9.3.2 Voltage output V2 - 10 V FS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
9.3.3 Current output C1 - 20 mA FS .........................................63
9.4 Signal outputs ............................................................64
9.4.1 Relay outputs R2 (SPDT) .............................................64
9.4.2 Transistor outputs (DC)...............................................65
9.5 Metrological data .........................................................66
9.5.1 Flow rate measurement...............................................66
9.5.1.1 Monitoring head CSP with sensor adapter type TP-.. ...............66
9.5.1.2 Monitoring heads CST and CSF-… .............................67
9.5.2 Temperature measurement: ...........................................68
9.5.3 Electronic control unit FC01-CA........................................68
9.6 Maintenance .............................................................68
9.7 Sensor interface ..........................................................69
9.7.1 Electrical data of the terminal for calorimetric monitoring heads ..............69
10 Accessories .................................................... 70
Appendix ..........................................................71
Appendix 1 - Performance of the digital and analogue outputs during the operating
and error modes ..................................................71
Appendix 2 - Menu structure of the FC01-CA (operator dialog) ........................73

Flow Meter | FC 0 1- CA
6
DESCRIPTION
1 Description
Flow Meter FC01-CA is suitable for compressed-air and other gas flow measurements under
various pressure conditions. It operates on the calorimetric principle and is to be used together
with monitoring heads CS_...
These quantities are made available to the user as analogue electrical signals, physically isolated, as
current or voltage output and may be monitored by means of a limit monitor.
As relay outputs or transistor outputs the digital signals enable the user to integrate the FC01-CA
into a control and monitoring system.
The transistor outputs enable the user to additionally process fault, status and volume pulse indi-
cations in the control system.
1.1 Measuring procedure
1.1.1 Calorimetric measuring procedure
The calorimetric measuring procedure is based on the physics of heat dissipation, i.e. a body with
a temperature higher than its surroundings supplies a medium flowing past that body with energy
in the form of heat. The amount energy supplied is a function of temperature difference ∆ϑ and mass
flow.
Flow Meter FC01-CA operates on the CTD (Constant-Temperature-Difference) method:
The temperature difference ∆ϑ between the two sensors is kept constant and the mass flow is
determined by measuring the calorific power.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a CTD method based sensor. Two temperature-sensitive resistors
(sensor elements RS and RM) are immersed in the medium. Sensor RM assumes the temperature of
the medium ϑM whilst heater resistor RH heats element RS to temperature ϑS. As a function of the
medium, the temperature differential ∆ϑ = ϑS - ϑM is preselected as a reference variable by the
CTD control and is kept constant. The required calorific power is a function of mass flow so that
the control variable y of the control can be used for evaluation.
RM
RS
RH
m
Kp
Kp
S
M
Kp
−
+
-x xd
w
y
Kp,Tn
UI
IH
y
m: mass flow
w: reference variable ()
x: actual value ( S-M)
xd: system deviation
y:control variable
IH: heater current
control loop
medium
Δϑ
ϑ
ϑ
ϑ ϑ fig. 1

FC 0 1- CA | Flow Meter
7
DESCRIPTION
Major benefits of this method are:
– Fast response, particularly to sudden flow standstill.
– Medium temperature measurement, providing optimum temperature compensation.
– Increased safety because the sensor cannot be overheated during flow standstill.
The flow rate is determined by mass flow.
1.1.2 Physical principles of gas measurement
With the exception of Coriolis meters and calorimetric flow meters, flow meters used for gas meas-
urement are pure volume flow meters that require density ρ to determine mass flow Q from the
volume flow measured:
Q = V x ρ
Coriolis meters are used for higher mass flow quantities and higher densities only, where density
is directly proportional to pressure and inversely proportional to temperature (related to absolute
Kelvin scale).
The quantity required in general practice is mass flow as it indicates the exact gas quan-
tity, whereas volume flow only defines the volume the gas has adopted during the measurement
procedure.
1.1.3 Standard and operating volume flow
Standard volume flow
The calorimetric measuring procedure measures the existing standard volume flow or mass flow
without requiring additional pressure and/or temperature measurements. Like velocity changes,
pressure fluctuations cause fluctuations in standard volume flow which are indicated as such. The
standard volume flow indicated relates to 1,013 mbar/ 14.89 PSI and a temperature of 0 °C.
Operating volume flow
The standard volume flow value is converted into operating volume flow by means of the “ideal
gas equation”:
with P being pressure, V the volume and T the temperature (related to the absolute Kelvin scale).
The pressure to be set on the electronic control unit FC01-CA and the current temperature measured
are taken into account and used as a basis. Calculating operating volume flow is only reasonable when
pressure is known and constant.
The assigned velocity rates (averaged on the pipe section) are converted from standard conditions
to operating conditions the same way as volume flow.
P x V
T= Konstant

Flow Meter | FC 0 1- CA
DESCRIPTION
8
1.1.4 Measurements in compressed-air systems
The easy-to-fit modular insertion system allows the FC01-CA with insertion head CSP-.. to be insert-
ed in 6 different sensor adapters for diameters 1/2“, 3/4“, 1“, 1 1/4“, 1 1/2“ and 2“. This enables to
systematically monitor the entire compressed-air system for leakages by providing the appropriate
number of sensor adapters and only a few measuring systems. After elimination of the leakages the
measuring system can be used for consumption measurements on other measuring locations, e.g.
before main loads or in larger pipes of the compressed-air system. The measuring range covering
approx. 0 ... 50 Nm3/h to approx. 0 ... 480 Nm3/h allows the measurement of nearly all common flow
rates as a function of pipe diameter.
Measurements in larger pipe diameters are possible by using the push-in monitoring head
CSF-11AM1.
1.1.4.1 Consumption measurements
The FC01-CA with CS_- monitoring head is suitable for compressed air and other gases. Its elec-
tronic control unit comprises two freely scalable linearised analogue outputs, i.e. one for tempera-
ture, the other for mass flow, standard flow or operating volume flow. A pulse output and totalizer
for consumption measurements are other added features. It also provides limit value monitoring of
flow and temperature, ensuring reliable operation of the load.
1.1.4.2 Leakage measurements
When monitoring compressed-air flow at some selected points during a production-free
period, you will realise that even in carefully maintained compressed-air systems there is still
compressed air consumed. Reliably detecting even the smallest of such leakage losses can be
facilitated by means of the adjustable zero suppression of the FC01-CA. If the system is permanently
monitored for leakage flow, leakages caused by valves left open etc. and new leakage points can
easily be detected.
The FC01-CA also allows the detection of leakages on duty by comparing two equal loads with each
other. The difference measured can be directly assigned to the leakage flow.
Note:
q Please see the applicable drawing for mounting instructions and dimensions, if necessary.

FC 0 1- CA | Flow Meter
DESCRIPTION
9
1.2 System description
The system comprises the following hardware functional modules:
1 Input voltage DC supply (terminal XV)
2 User interfaces: 2.1 signal outputs 2-way or 4-way signal outputs (terminal XAH)
2.2 analogue output 1 and 2 (terminal XAO)
3 Keyboard and display: keypads
liquid crystal display
4 Sensor interface: calorimetric monitoring head type CS x_ (terminal XSK)
5 Microcontroller system: signal processing and monitoring
1Input voltage:2.1User interface 1:2.2User interface 2:3Keyboard/Display:4Sensor interface:5Controller system:Userinterface 2
Power supply DC/DC
Keyboard and DisplayMicrocontrollersystemUserinterface 112.12.2453DC 19 … 32 Vrelay outputs:2 limit valuestransistor outputs:2 limit values +1 error indication +1 busy signal or frequency output (software selected)analogue outputscurrent or voltagekeypadsLC display2 x 16 digitscalorimetric monitoring head type CSx_signal processingI/O - controllingmonitoringparameter memorySensorinterfacecalorimetricmonitoringhead CSx_fig. 2

Flow Meter | FC 0 1- CA
10
DESCRIPTION
The power supply is physically isolated between power supply input and system power supply
output. This also applies to the analogue outputs which are physically isolated from each other
as well as from the other electronics and the signal outputs. The signal output channels are
also separate and electrically isolated from the central electronic unit.
There is no electrical isolation between monitoring head and central electronic unit.
Connection of the monitoring heads is by means of precut cable links.
Cables and user interface connections are shown in para. 2.2.2 and circuit diagram 2.2.2.1/ 2.2.2.2.
System configuration and parameter setting are by means of the keyboard if default values need to
be changed. (paras. 5 and 6)
This mainly applies to monitoring head selection, signal outputs (switch point setting) and analogue
outputs (zero point setting and scaling).
1.2.1 User interfaces
Signal outputs: 1. R2 - Relays outputs (2 limit values)
(optional) Two-channel physical isolation
Contct Form: Single pole double throw (SPDT)
The channels may be assigned in menu “CONFIGURATION”, either
individually or in pairs, to the physical quantities of temperature or
flow. The switch on and off values can be set as desired in menu
“PARAMETERS” (yet within the measuring range) for each contact.
Please see para. 9.4.1 for electrical connection.
2. Transistor outputs (2 setpoints + 2 status outputs or 2 setpoints +
1 status output + 1 frequency output)
Four-channel physical isolation, transistor output - collector/emitter
freely connectable
Channel 1: common error signal
Channel 2: busy signal or frequency output
Channels 3 and 4: Both channels may be assigned individually or in
pairs to the physical quantities of temperature or flow. The switch on
or off values of each transistor output can be set as desired.
Please see para. 9.4.2 for electrical connection.
Analogue outputs: Two-channel physical isolation, current or voltage output
Please see the ordering number to find out whether it is a current or
voltage output.
Output quantities: 0/1 - 5 V FS (option V1)
0/2 - 10 V FS (option V2)
0/4 - 20 mA FS (option C1)
These FS (full scale) output quantities apply to both channels as standard.
20% zero elevation and FS value can be programmed. (See para. 5.11)
Shield connections are ungrounded.
The shields of the signal cables should be applied on one side only.

FC 0 1- CA | Flow Meter
DESCRIPTION
11
Power supply: DC 24 V supply
Internal switch mode power supply with physical isolation of the
primary and secondary side.
Noise emission on the connection cable is limited by circuit design
and filter.
A PTC resistor provides protection from overcurrent. The element
automatically resets upon removal of the disturbance or after
disconnection of the supply voltage of the FC01-CA for approx. 1 s
(e.g. remove terminal XV).
Please see para. 9.2.1 for technical characteristics.

12
Flow Meter | FC
0 1- CA
INSTALLATION
2 Installation
2.1 Installation of calorimetric monitoring heads
These are general directions for the application of calorimetric measuring heads which from application
to application should be reviewed by the user in accordance with individual requirements.
2.1.1 Selection of material
Stainless steel 1.4571/AISI 316 Ti
The standard monitoring head material is stainless steel 1.4571/AISI 316 Ti, an austenitic, acid-resisting
stainless steel that is commonly used throughout industry. Manufacturers claim it also withstands
oxidizing organic and anorganic acids, and partly even reductive media.
The resistance of this stainless steel should however be verified by the user, particularly when it is
used in medium mixtures that may from time to time be exchanged with cleansing agents. Its chemical
resistance also depends on temperature, flow rate and concentration of the medium.
Stainless steels owe their resistance to rust mainly to their alloy combination with chromium, the
formation of chromic oxide on the steel surface resulting in a passive state. Contamination, deposits
on the surface, or foreign rust may however neutralize the passivity. Therefore care should be taken
to keep the surfaces clean.
Stainless steel heads must not get in contact with steel parts other than stainless steel or with che-
mically dissimilar metals, as this would cause electrolytic corrosion.
Nickel-based alloy (Hastelloy 2.4610)
Hastelloy 2.6410 is a material with a chemical resistance generally exceeding that of stainless steel
and copper-based alloys. They are particularly suitable for alkaline media (pH > 7). They should
however be examined for suitability for each specific application using resistance tables and prag-
matical values.

13
FC
0 1- CA | Flow Meter
INSTALLATION
2.1.2 Mechanical installation
2.1.2.1 Thread-mounted monitoring head CST-11
Application: general industry and installation
Medium: gases
Styles: G1/2A
Materials of the area
exposed to medium: stainless steel 1.4571 /AISI 316 Ti (standard)
nickel based alloy (Hastelloy C4 2.4610)
If installed in fittings or T pieces with appropriate internal thread the max. length of the connection
piece should be 36 mm from the inner pipe wall.
M
S
G1/2A
14
B
36
øA
SW27
G1/2A
øA B
18 10
round plug
fig. 3

INSTALLATION
14
Flow Meter | FC
0 1- CA
2.1.2.2 Insertion head CSP for sensor adapter TP or ball valve BV
Application: general industry and installation
Style: insertion-type for sensor adapter TP-... and ball valve
Installation: sensor adapter TP-.. (fig. 5)
ball valve BV-.. (fig. 6)
Material of the area
exposed to medium: stainless steel 1.4571/AISI 316 Ti, electropolished
O ring viton
ø20
ø18
18.2 14
64
8
ø24
retention slot
O ring
monitoring head CSP-11..
O ring retention pin
union nut
sensor adapter TP-…
fig. 4

INSTALLATION
15
FC
0 1- CA | Flow Meter
G
t
L
t
SW
ødød
27
32
40
50
55
70
SW
50
64
78
94
110
138
11
12
14
15
15
19
tød
16
20
25
32
40
50
DN
Type
TP-01 …
TP-02 …
TP-03 …
TP-04 …
TP-05 …
TP-06 …
15
20
25
32
40
50
G
1/2"
3/4"
1"
11/4"
11/2"
2"
L
t
t
L
SW
øD
DN
15
20
25
32
40
50
27
32
40
50
55
70
SW
50
70
80
100
110
140
15
15
15
15
15
15
tød
16
20
25
32
40
50
Type
TP-01M1-S A
TP-02M1-S A
TP-03M1-S A
TP-04M1-S A
TP-05M1-S A
TP-06M1-S A
LøD
21.3
26.9
33.7
42.4
48.3
60.3
retention pin
GMBH
GMBH
fig. 5
2.1.2.2.1 Sensor adapter TP
The sensor adapter TP-.. is available in 6 pipe diameters from 1/2“ to 2“.
Material of the area exposed to medium:
- brass or
- stainless steel 1.4571/AISI 316 Ti
2.1.2.2.2 Ball valve BV
The ball valve is available in 4 nominal diameters from 1“ to 2“.
The ball valve ensures the sensors are fully immersed in the medium.
The monitoring head may also be replaced in pressurised pipe systems on duty.
GMBH
41
50
54
70
SW
88
100
110
131
21
24
24
28
tød
25
32
40
50
DN
Ty p
BV-03M3
BV-04M3
BV-05M3
BV-06M3
25
32
40
50
G
1"
11/4"
11/2"
2"
L
59
65
77
85
H
115
115
150
150
A
H
ød
G
t
SW
A
L
fig. 6

INSTALLATION
16
Flow Meter | FC
0 1- CA
2.1.2.3 Push-in monitoring head CSF-11 AM1
Application: general industry and installation
recommended for inner pipe dia. >60 mm
Style: push-in monitoring head
Material of the area exposed to medium:
stainless steel 1.4571/AISI 316 Ti
fig. 7
181
ø18
7204,5 (CSF…L43…)
SW20
circular connector
All dimensions in mm

INSTALLATION
17
FC
0 1- CA | Flow Meter
øi (inside pipe diameter)
1/8 of øi
7 43 (CST-11)
x
x = 43 mm - 1/8 of øi - wall thickness
2.1.3 Mounting instructions for monitoring head CST
Caution!
 
w
      
w
  
p

f
       

d
  
d
        
flow. The sensors are correctly positioned when the
wrench flats (S) are aligned parallel to the pipe.
The sensors must be positioned fully in the flow stream.
The arrow on the housing must point in direction of flow.
MSMSHorizontal pipelines:The two sensors (M) must beMonitoring head should be mounted on the underside.side by side across the direction of flow.fig. 10
fig. 9
2.1.3.1 Depth of immersion
For inside pipe diameters up to 56 mm shaft end should be in line with the inner pipe wall. Preferably
the shaft surface of the monitoring head should project approx. 1-2 mm towards the pipe centre.
For inside pipe diameters more than 56 mm the shoulder of the two sensors (7 mm from the tip)
should be positioned at 1/8 of inside pipe diameter Ø i (see fig. 10).
For sealing use hemp, teflon tape or thread sealing glue.

INSTALLATION
18
Flow Meter | FC
0 1- CA
1/8 of øi
204,5 (CSF…L43…)
x
øi (inside pipe diameter)
x = 204,5 mm - 1/8 of øi - wall thickness
7
Threaded installation bush
2.1.4 Mounting instructions for monitoring head CSP with sensor adapter TP or ball valve BV
The arrow on the housing of the sensor adapter/ball valve must point in direction of flow.
Use hemp, teflon tape or thread sealing glue for sealing pipe connection threads.
Caution!
The monitoring head should only be installed or removed when the pipes are unpressurised.
The safety label must be clearly visible, it should be affixed onto or close to the metering point.
Insert the monitoring head with the O-ring into the sensor adapter and tighten the union nut
(observe correct retention) (see fig. 4). The retention pin ensures correct alignment of the
monitoring head after the union nut has been tightened.
Correct immersion depth of the monitoring head is ensured by the stop provided.
Sealing of the monitoring head in the sensor adapter is ensured by means of the O-ring (see fig. 4).
2.1.5 Mounting instructions for push-in monitoring head CSF
Caution!
The two sensors (M) (see fig. 7) should be screwed into the pipeline far enough to ensure that
they are aligned side by side directly across the direction of flow. The sensors are correctly
positioned when the wrench flats are aligned parallel with the pipeline.
The arrow on the housing must point in direction of flow.
The shoulder of the sensor (7 mm from the tip) must be at the position 1/8 of the inside pipe
diameter Ø i (see fig. 11).
fig. 11

INSTALLATION
19
FC
0 1- CA | Flow Meter
Fit monitoring head with locking set as follows (fig. 12):
- Fix first link of chain (1) into the clip (3) (tightening torque 10 Nm).
- Put chain catch (2) into link and fasten with the tight chain.
Caution!
Check locking system with regard to strength!
The locking chain must be mounted as tightly as possible.
Locking set 01
1chain 4 x 32 DIN 5685 (approx. 1 m)
2catch for chain NG 5
3clip with screws and nuts DN15 to DIN 11850
(tightening torque 10 Nm)
321
fig. 12

INSTALLATION
20
Flow Meter | FC
0 1- CA
2.1.5.1 Standard velocity profiles:
(for pipe radius =1 and for velocity averaged via total pipe cross section = 1)
r
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
0
v
r
1.03
1.02
1.01
1
0.99
0.98
v
-0.77 -0.76 -0.75 -0.74 -0.73 -0.72
V
elocity range at X = 1/8 dia.
r - pipe radius
v - velocity
fig. 8
In pipes with inside pipe diameter more than 56 mm max. accuracy is achieved with an insertion
depth of x = 1/8 inside pipe diameter (see fig. 7).