GW Instek AFG-3000 Series User manual

RF &Communication Trainer
GRF-1300A
STUDENT BOOK
USER MANUAL and TEXT BOOK
GW INSTEK PART NO. 82RF-1300AM01
ISO-9001 CERTIFIED MANUFACTURER

This manual contains proprietary information, which is protected by copyright. All rights are reserved.
No part of this manual may be photocopied, reproduced or translated to another language without
prior written consent of Good Will Corporation.
The information in this manual was correct at the time of printing. However, Good Will continues to
improve its products and therefore reserves the right to change the specifications, equipment, and
maintenance procedures at any time without notice.
Good Will Instrument Co., Ltd.
No. 7-1, Jhongsing Rd., Tucheng Dist., New Taipei City 236, Taiwan.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents
SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS ................................................................ 2
ABOUT THIS BOOK ....................................................................... 5
INTRODUCTION to the GRF-1300A ............................................... 6
Package Contents .................................................................................................... 8
Product Specifications and Function........................................................................ 8
Usage Instructions .................................................................................................. 9
OVERVIEW of the TIME and FREQUENCY DOMAIN.................... 16
Observation from a different perspective................................................................16
AN INTRODUCTION to SPECTRUM ANALYZERS ........................ 24
Broadband Receiver ................................................................................................24
Attenuator ..............................................................................................................25
Resolution Bandwidth Filter....................................................................................25
Detector .................................................................................................................27
Video Bandwidth Filter ...........................................................................................27
RF COMMUNICATION and SIGNALS EXPERIMENTS .................. 31
Experiment 1: Basic Operation of a Spectrum Analyzer...........................................32
Experiment 2: Measuring a Baseband Waveform.....................................................36
Experiment 3: Different Baseband Waveforms and their Harmonic Measurement...40
Experiment 4: Measurement of the RF Carrier.........................................................47
Experiment 5: AM Signal Measurement ..................................................................60
Experiment 6: FM signal measurement ...................................................................70
Experiment 7: Using a Spectrum Analyzer in Communication Systems ...................81
Experiment 8: Measurement of communication products .......................................88
Experiment 9: Production Line Applications ...........................................................91
Experiment 10: Mixer ..............................................................................................96
TEST for LEARNING OUTCOMES .............................................. 108
APPENDIX.................................................................................. 117
dBm Conversion Table ..........................................................................................117
The relationship between dB and dBc ...................................................................118
Resistor Values in π-type Resistance Attenuators..................................................119
Resistor Values in T-type Resistance Attenuators..................................................120
Modulation Index and Sideband Amplitude Comparison Table .............................121
Declaration of Conformity.....................................................................................122
1

GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials
SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
This chapter contains important safety instructions that
should be followed when operating and storing the GRF-1300A.
Read the following before any operation to ensure your safety
and to keep the GRF-1300A in the best condition.
Safety Symbols
These safety symbols may appear in this manual or on the instrument.
WARNING Warning: Identifies conditions or practices that could result in injury
or loss of life.
CAUTION Caution: Identifies conditions or practices that could result in
damage to the GRF-1300A or to other objects or property.
DANGER High Voltage
Attention: Refer to the Manual
Protective Conductor Terminal
Earth (Ground) Terminal
Do not dispose electronic equipment as unsorted municipal waste.
Please use a separate collection facility or contact the supplier from
which this instrument was purchased.
Safety Guidelines
General
Guideline
CAUTION
•Do not place heavy objects on the device.
•Do not place flammable objects on the device.
•Avoid severe impact or rough handling that may damage the
device.
•Avoid discharges of static electricity on or near the device.
•Use only mating connectors, not bare wires, for the terminals.
•The device should only be disassembled by a qualified technician.
2

Safety Instructions
(Measurement categories) EN 61010-1:2010 specifies the measurement categories and
their requirements as follows. The device falls under category I.
•Measurement category IV is for measurement performed at the source of a low-voltage
installation.
•Measurement category III is for measurement performed in a building installation.
•Measurement category II is for measurement performed on circuits directly connected
to a low voltage installation.
•Measurement category I is for measurements performed on circuits not directly
connected to Mains.
Power Supply
WARNING
•AC Input voltage: 100 ~ 240V AC, 50 ~ 60Hz.
•Connect the protective grounding conductor of the AC power cord
to an earth ground to prevent electric shock.
Fuse
WARNING
•Fuse type: 1A/250V.
•Only qualified technicians should replace the fuse.
•To ensure fire protection, replace the fuse only with the specified
type and rating.
•Disconnect the power cord and all test leads before replacing the
fuse.
•Make sure the cause of the fuse blowout is fixed before replacing
the fuse.
Cleaning the
GRF-1300A
•Disconnect the power cord before cleaning the device.
•Use a soft cloth dampened in a solution of mild detergent and
water. Do not spray any liquid into the device.
•Do not use chemicals containing harsh products such as benzene,
toluene, xylene, and acetone.
Operation
environment
•Location: Indoor, no direct sunlight, dust free, almost non-
conductive pollution (Note below) and avoid strong magnetic
fields.
•Relative Humidity: < 80%
•Altitude: < 2000m
•Temperature: 0°C to 40°C
(Pollution Degree) EN 61010-1:2010 specifies pollution degrees and their requirements as
follows. The device falls under degree 2.
Pollution refers to “addition of foreign matter, solid, liquid, or gaseous (ionized gases),
that may produce a reduction of dielectric strength or surface resistivity”.
•Pollution degree 1: No pollution or only dry, non-conductive pollution occurs. The
pollution has no influence.
•Pollution degree 2: Normally only non-conductive pollution occurs. Occasionally,
however, a temporary conductivity caused by condensation must be expected.
•Pollution degree 3: Conductive pollution occurs, or dry, non-conductive pollution
occurs which becomes conductive due to condensation which is expected. In such
conditions, equipment is normally protected against exposure to direct sunlight,
precipitation, and full wind pressure, but neither temperature nor humidity is
controlled.
Storage
environment
•Location: Indoor
•Relative Humidity: < 70%
•Temperature: -10°C to 70°C
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GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials
Disposal
Do not dispose this device as unsorted municipal waste. Please use a
separate collection facility or contact the supplier from which this
instrument was purchased. Please make sure discarded electrical
waste is properly recycled to reduce environmental impact.
Power cord for the United Kingdom
When using the device in the United Kingdom, make sure the power cord meets the following safety
instructions.
NOTE: This lead/appliance must only be wired by competent persons
WARNING: THIS APPLIANCE MUST BE EARTHED
IMPORTANT: The wires in this lead are coloured in accordance with the following code:
Green/ Yellow: Earth
Blue: Neutral
Brown: Live (Phase)
As the colours of the wires in main leads may not correspond with the coloured marking identified in
your plug/appliance, proceed as follows:
The wire which is coloured Green & Yellow must be connected to the Earth terminal marked with either
the letter E, the earth symbol or coloured Green/Green & Yellow.
The wire which is coloured Blue must be connected to the terminal which is marked with the letter N or
coloured Blue or Black.
The wire which is coloured Brown must be connected to the terminal marked with the letter L or P or
coloured Brown or Red.
If in doubt, consult the instructions provided with the equipment or contact the supplier.
This cable/appliance should be protected by a suitably rated and approved HBC mains fuse: refer to the
rating information on the equipment and/or user instructions for details. As a guide, a cable of 0.75mm2
should be protected by a 3A or 5A fuse. Larger conductors would normally require 13A types,
depending on the connection method used.
Any exposed wiring from a cable, plug or connection that is engaged in a live socket is extremely
hazardous. If a cable or plug is deemed hazardous, turn off the mains power and remove the cable, any
fuses and fuse assemblies. All hazardous wiring must be immediately destroyed and replaced in
accordance to the above standard.
4

Introduction to the GRF-1300A
ABOUT THIS BOOK
This textbook was developed in conjunction with the GRF-
1300A RF & Communication Trainer and the GSP-730 3GHz
spectrum analyzer as an RF communications education system.
It not only offers detailed examples, but also the practical
knowledge necessary for RF measurements, such as spectrum
analyzer principals, as well as AM and FM communication
systems.
For you to easily understand the contents of this textbook,
we have included as many pictures and diagrams as possible to
strengthen your comprehension.
This book is divided into a teacher version and two student
versions. All experiment results are included in the teacher
edition. In addition, chapters with an asterisk (*) indicate
additional text for advanced reading not present in the student
addition. Students will not be affected by the omission of the
additional text. To further help students, the student edition
will contain a “Notes” section in these missing areas.
5

GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials
INTRODUCTION to the GRF-1300A
The GRF-1300A is a well designed training kit capable of
producing a 3MHz baseband signal and a carrier signal up to
900MHz. The GRF-1300A is also able to perform AM and FM
RF circuit experiments as well. The practical exercises in the
training kit meet the needs of most general RF courses. The
GRF-1300A consists of three modules, namely: a baseband
module, an RF Synthesizer/FM module and an AM module.
The baseband module can simulate a baseband signal and
includes sine, square or triangle waveforms. Its output
frequency and amplitude are adjustable. During experiments
the three kinds of waveforms can be arbitrarily switched back
and forth to meet the signaling requirements of each of the
different experiments.
The RF Synthesizer/FM module is used to generate an
adjustable carrier frequency as well as perform frequency
modulation. This module covers some of the focus points in the
RF circuit theory. This will be highlighted in practical
experiments in later chapters. FM waveforms can also be
produced by using this module together with the baseband
module. The GSP-730 spectrum analyzer can be used to observe
the various characteristics of an FM waveform.
The AM module and baseband module can be used
together to perform amplitude modulation experiments. The
GSP-730 Spectrum Analyzer can be used to observe the various
characteristics of an AM waveform.
The mixer can convert the RF signal into an intermediate
frequency signal or it can do the opposite and convert the
intermediate frequency signal into an RF frequency signal in
order to transmit or process the carried message, respectively.
This experiment system can be connected to a computer via
the USB interface. The interface can be used to turn individual
circuits on or off so that students can perform diagnostic
experiments.
Students can learn the fundamental aspects of RF theory
through a variety of experiments. Understanding RF theory has
been made easier by breaking the RF circuits into fundamental
6

Introduction to the GRF-1300A
functions. This allows students to see in detail how the theory
relates to the practical aspects of the RF circuitry.
This system is a collection of different functions: signal
generation, frequency modulation, amplitude modulation,
communication and other functions. Connecting different
modules together can create a number of different RF circuit
experiments. Specific experiments will be highlighted in later
chapters. The GRF-1300A RF & Communication Trainer is
designed to modulate an audio signal with a carrier waveform.
The system takes into account the difficulties arising from RF
circuit theory and knowledge. It focuses on these theories and
sets up experiments to understand the theoretical aspects of RF
circuitry – This also has the added benefit of increasing a
student’s interest to learn RF circuits.
Figure A-1.
The GRF-1300A
control panel
Figure A-2.
Reference
platform: GSP-
730 Spectrum
Analyzer
7

GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials
Package Contents
This package contains the GRF-1300A unit, RF cable – 3 *
10cm, 1*20cm,RF cable 2* 80cm, a user manual CD, a student
book, an antenna, a power cord and so on.
Title Photo No Note
GRF-1300A
1
RF wire 3 100mm
RF wire 1 200mm
RF wire
2 800mm
Antenna 2 800-1000MHz
AC power cord 1 100-240V～50-60Hz
CD
1 User manual and
software
Adapter
1 N-SMA Adapter
Student
Textbook
1 RF & Communication
Trainer
Product Specifications and Function
Function Item Spec.
Waveforms Sine, Square, Triangle
Frequency Range
0.1~3MHz
(Triangle-0.1~1MHz)
Step: 10kHz
Amplitude ≥1.5Vpp
≥0.75Vpp into 50Ω
Base Band
Harmonics Distortion ≤-30dBc
Frequency Accuracy ±0.15MHz
Adjustable Range ≥45MHz (870M~920M)
Step: 1MHz
RF/FM Analysis
Power Range ≥-15dBm
FM Max Frequency
Deviation >3MHz
AM Peak Difference ≥-18dBm
Mixer LO+IF≥-35dBm
8

Introduction to the GRF-1300A
LO-IF≥-35dBm
Mixer+modulation ≥-60dBm
Bandpass Filter Frequency Centre:
2.4GHz Bandwidth:±20MHz
Communication Turn circuits on or off by remote command for
the diagnostic experiments.
Usage Instructions
1. For safety purposes, please connect the unit to the correct AC
power source: 100V~240V,
50-60Hz.
Make sure the ground terminal is properly earthed to prevent
electric shock.
2. The power socket and USB port are on the rear panel. The
power switch is on the upper
left-hand side of the device.
USB port
AC socket
Power switch
Procedure
3. When using several modules together at the same time,
connect each module with the appropriate RF cable.
Figure A-3.
Connection
diagram between
different modules
4. The UP and DOWN buttons on the Baseband module can be
9

GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials
used to adjust the frequency of the baseband signal. The
baseband module is adjustable in 10kHz steps.
•WAVE Select is used to select three different baseband
waveforms. When the waveform is selected, the
corresponding LED light will be lit up.
•The Reset button is used to reset the GRF-1300A. When
reset, the GRF-1300A will output a 0.10MHz sine wave
baseband signal and a carrier signal with a frequency
880MHz.
•The output port is used to output the set baseband signal.
•The four-digit display is used to display the frequency of
the output baseband signal.
•TP4 (test point 4) is used to used to monitor the output
signal from the output port.
•The potentiometer knob is used to adjust the voltage of the
output baseband signal. Turn clockwise to increase the
amplitude and turn anticlockwise to decrease its
amplitude.
Figure A-4.
Baseband module
5. The UP and DOWN buttons on the RF Synthesizer / FM
module can be used to adjust the frequency of the carrier. The
carrier can be adjusted in 1MHz steps.
10

Introduction to the GRF-1300A
•The Four-digit display is used to display the frequency of
the carrier signal.
•FM in port and RF / FM Output port are used to receive
the FM signal and output the carrier signal respectively.
•TP2, TP3 and TP1 are used to monitor for breaks in the
circuit. For the position of each test point, please see Figure
A-7.
Figure A-5. RF
Synthesizer/FM
module
6. The AM module is used for amplitude modulation. The AM
in port and RF in port are used to input the modulating signal
and the carrier signal respectively. The AM output port
outputs the amplitude modulated waveform.
Figure A-6.
AM module
The mixer can convert the RF signal into an intermediate
frequency signal or it can do the opposite and convert the
intermediate frequency signal into an RF frequency signal in
order to transmit or process the carried message, respectively.
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GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials
7. There are five test points (Tp1, Tp2, Tp3, Tp4, Tp5) on the
panel. These five test points are set at different points in the
circuit path of the connected modules. Their specific locations
are as shown in the Figure below. They are turned on or off
by their corresponding relays (B1, B2, B3, B4, B5). An
oscilloscope can be used to detect/determine the status of the
circuitry at these test points.
Figure A-7.
Circuit location of
each test point

T
P1
TP3 TP2
TP4
B1
B3B2
B4
8. Install the GRF-1300A driver onto the PC.
•Connect the GRF-1300A to the PC. Below are the steps for
installing the software. Add the install software to the
install directory. Click next and a window as shown below
appears.
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Introduction to the GRF-1300A
Figure A-8.
Software
installation
•Next, click on the “Continue Anyway” button to continue
the installation until the installation procedure is complete.
Figure A-9.
Installation
procedure is
complete
•After the software installation is complete, users can
perform a system error check by sending commands to the
GRF-1300A using Hyper Terminal.
13

GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials
Figure A-10.
Operation
interface for
HyperTerminal
14

Introduction to the GRF-1300A
15
9. Below is a table listing each instruction and a description of
each function.
Instruction Function
*IDN? Returns the manufacturer, model name and
serial number.
RF? Returns the value on the digital display of the
FM/RF module.
AF? Returns the value on the digital display on
baseband module.
WAVE? Returns the waveform type on the baseband
module.
Bn? (n is the relay
number for the
corresponding test
point)
Returns the state (open or closed) of the
currently selected relay.
WAVE:0 The waveform to sine.
WAVE:1 Set the waveform to triangle.
WAVE:2 Set the waveform to square.
Bn:0 ( ‘n’ is the relay
number. I.e., B1:0)
Set the relay of corresponding no. to OFF.
Bn:1 ( ‘n’ is the relay
number. I.e., B3:1)
Set the relay of corresponding no. to ON.
AF:N(N is setting
frequency)
Set the AF frequency to N.
RF:N(N is setting
frequency)
Set the RF frequency to N.

GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials
OVERVIEW of the TIME and
FREQUENCY DOMAIN
Observation from a different perspective
When a signal is said to be in the time domain, it means that
the signal is expressed as a function of time. For example, if we
describe a sine wave signal that repeats once each microsecond
(μsec, 10-6), it means that the period of the signal is 1
microsecond. Usually we use an oscilloscope to measure these
signal characteristics in the time domain. In addition, when we
talk about the rise and fall time of a square waveform, we also
can observe that in the time domain. Phase delay is also
measured in the time domain. Oscilloscopes are well-known
electrical signal measurement instruments that perform
measurements in the time domain.
1μsec sine wave Square wave with the same period
However, when we observe a sine wave and a square wave
with the same amplitude and period, is there a way to describe
the difference between them? Frequency domain measurements
just provide a different view point.
First we will explain what frequency domain means.
Frequency domain means to observe the frequency composition
of a si
g
nal. If we add a sine wave si
g
nal that has a 1 microsecond
period to a spectrum analyzer, we will see an obvious signal on
the scale at 1 megahertz (MHz). We know that frequency is the
inverse of period. Therefore, a sine wave with a period of
microsecond has a frequency of 1MHz. You can measure voltage
16

Overview of the Time and Frequency Domain
from an oscilloscope and power (dBm) from a spectrum
analyzer. Voltage and power can be converted from one to the
other, so both of them can be used to display the strength of a
signal. Here we introduce a basic concept first. Each frequency
point in the spectrum represents a sinusoidal wave (could be a
sine or cosine) of a single frequency.
What about a square wave? We will now explain how a
square waveform and sine waveform are different to each other
in the frequency domain. If we input a square wave with a
period of 1 microsecond into a spectrum analyzer, its waveform
performance (we usually to say its spectrum or frequency
distribution) is as follows.
If we compare it with a sine wave spectrum, we can observe
that in addition to the point at the1MHz scale, other signal
points also appear at higher frequencies and with decreased
amplitudes. Therefore it shows that a square wave also includes
a combination of signals that are multiples of the frequency
baseband in addition to the 1MHz base frequency (fundamental
frequency).
We can see a classic relationship between the time domain
and frequency domain in the illustration below. A square wave
signal in the time domain can be decomposed into multiple
basic harmonic waves. The distribution of these harmonic
components can be clearly seen in the frequency domain.
Frequency domain analysis describes the characteristics of a
signal from another viewpoint.
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GRF-1300A User Manual and Teaching Materials
Time domain Frequency domain

18