Hanna Instruments C 216 User manual

1
Instruction Manual
C 216 & C 226
Multiparameter Bench
Photometers
for
Pool & Spa Applications
www.hannainst.com
These Instruments are in
Compliance with the CE Directives

2
Dear Customer,
Thank you for choosing a Hanna product. Please read this instruction
manual carefully before using the meter. This manual will provide you
with the necessary information for the correct use of the instrument. If
you need additional technical information, do not hesitate to e-mail
us at [email protected]. These instruments are in compliance with
directives.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION ........... 3
GENERAL DESCRIPTION ................... 3
ABBREVIATIONS ............................. 4
SIGNIFICANCE OF POOL AND SPA
TESTING ......................................... 5
SPECIFICATIONS ........................... 10
PRECISION AND ACCURACY ............ 10
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION ............. 11
FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION ............ 13
GUIDE TO DISPLAY CODES ............. 14
TIPS FOR AN ACCURATE
MEASUREMENT ............................ 17
PARAMETERS REFERENCE TABLES .. 19
OPERATIONAL GUIDE .................... 20
ALKALINITY ................................... 22
BROMINE ..................................... 24
CALCIUM HARDNESS ..................... 26
FREE CHLORINE ............................ 28
TOTAL CHLORINE .......................... 30
FREE COPPER ............................... 32
TOTAL COPPER .............................. 34
CYANURIC ACID ............................ 36
IRON ........................................... 38
OZONE ......................................... 40
pH ............................................... 44
INTERFACE WITH PC ..................... 46
STANDARD METHODS ................... 48
BATTERY REPLACEMENT ................ 48
ACCESSORIES ............................... 49
CE DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY .... 50
WARRANTY ................................... 51
HANNA LITERATURE ...................... 51
All rights are reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part is prohibited without
the written consent of the copyright owner, Hanna Instruments Inc.,
Woonsocket, Rhode Island, 02895 , USA.

3
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Please examine this product carefully. Make sure that the instrument
is not damaged. If any damage occured during shipment, please
notify your Dealer.
Each Meter is supplied complete with:
• Four Sample Cuvets and Caps
• Two 9V Batteries
• One pair of scissors
• Instruction Manual
• Rigid carrying case
Note: Save all packing material until you are sure that the instrument
works correctly. Any defective item must be returned in its
original packing with the supplied accessories.

4
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
C 99 & C 200 Series is a line of 17 different bench, microprocessor-
based photometers to measure more than 50 different parameters in
water and wastewater. These multipurpose meters are manufactured
to measure the most important parameters of the application they
have been especially designed for:
C 99 Laboratories, with COD C 200 Laboratories
C 203 Aquaculture C 205 Boilers & Cooling Towers
C 206 Environmental Testing C 207 Industrial Wastewater
C 208 Water Conditioning C 209 Education
C 210 Pulp & Paper Mills C 211 Chemical Manufacturers
C 212 Power Plant Utilities C 213 Municipal Wastewater
C 214 Wastewater Treatment Applic. C 215 Nutrient Analyses C 216
Pool & Spa Applic. C 218 Environmental Applic.
C 226 Pool & Spa Applic.
All meters use an exclusive positive-locking system to ensure that the
cuvet is in the same position every time it is placed into the measurement
cell.
The reagents are in liquid or powder form and are supplied in bottles
or in packets. The amount of reagent is precisely dosed to ensure the
maximum repeatability.
Display codes aid the user in routine operations.
The meters have an auto-shut off feature that will turn off the
instrument after 10 minutes of non-use.
The C 99 & C 200 Series can be connected to a personal computer via
the HI 920010 three wire RS 232 cable. The HI 92000 Hanna
Windows®Compatible Software aids the user to manage all test data.
°C: degree Celsius
EPA: US Environmental Protection Agency
°F: degree Fahrenheit
g/L: grams per liter. g/L is equivalent to ppt (part per
thoushand)
mg/L: milligrams per liter. mg/L is equivalent to ppm (part per
million)
mL: milliliter
µg/L: micrograms per liter. µg/L is equivalent to ppb (part per
billion)
ABBREVIATIONS

5
SIGNIFICANCE OF
POOL AND SPA TESTING
A major family leisure pursuit is the enjoyment of Swimming Pool and
Spa facilities world-wide. A basic necessity of Pool water treatment, to
ensure such enjoyment, is to maintain the water in a safe and pleasant
condition for the bathers.
In order to achieve such an objective, swimming pool water requires
testing on daily, and sometimes hourly bases for disinfection residuals
and pH. Equally important, Calcium Hardness and Alkalinity parameters
should be monitored on weekly bases to ensure the pool water is
maintained in a balanced condition, thus to avoid system failure because
of corrosion or scale formation.
DISINFECTION RESIDUAL AND pH CONTROL
In terms of swimming pool treatment, disinfection or sanitizing basically
means to rid the pool of bather pollution, destroy bacteria, and control
nuisance organisms like algae, which may occur in the pool, filtration
equipment, and piping.
There are a number of techniques used, namely, chlorine, bromine and
ozone dosing systems, of which chlorine is the most common.
Chlorine
Chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent that destroys mostly organic pollutants,
bacteria and can combine with nitrogen containing compounds, forming
chloramines. Only a part of the original quantity dosed chlorine, remains
active and continues its disinfecting action.
From the free chlorine you can distinguish combined chlorine, as that
part which combines with nitrogen containing compound and that is less
efficient as a disinfectant. The addition of these two parts gives total
chlorine. A pool manager needs to aim perfection where free equals
total chlorine, and thus to maintain the combined chlorine concentration
near zero. The presence of chloramines is not desired because of the
distinctive ‘swimming pool’ smell caused by combined chlorines like di-
chloramines. Beside this unpleasant odour it does irritate the eyes and
the mucous membranes.
Commercially chlorine for disinfection may be available as a gas (Cl2), a
liquid like sodium hypochlorite or bleach (NaOCl) or in a solid state like
calcium hypochlorite, chloro-hydantoins or chloro-cyanuric acid
compounds.
These compounds, once dissolved in water do establish equilibrium

6
between the hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the hypochlorite ions (OCl-).
Although both forms are considered free chlorine, it is the hypochlorous
acid that provides the strongest disinfecting and oxidising characteristic
of chlorine solutions.
The amount of hypochlorous acid in chlorinated water dependends upon
the pH value of the solution. Changes in pH value will effect the HOCl
equilibrium in relation to the hydrogen and hypochlorite ion.
As depicted by the curve below, HOCl decreases and OCl-increases as pH
increases. At a low pH, almost all the free chlorine is in the molecular
form HOCl and at a pH of around 7.5, the ratio between HOCl and OCl-is
50:50. Since the ionic form OCl-is a slow acting sanitizer while the
molecular HOCl is a fast acting, it is important to measure regularly the
pH. As a general rule a pH of about 7.2 is recommended to maintain fast
acting disinfection conditions.
Bromine
In many countries bromine sanitizing has been introduced as an
alternative for chlorine, although it is a less strong sanitizer. The advantage
of bromine is its stability at higher temperatures (advantageous for hot
well pools), and its maintained disinfection power at higher pH. Further
it does hardly react with nitrogen compounds, reducing the unpleasant
odour, and eye irritation problems. The main disadvantage of bromine is
the slower acting disinfecting power, making it less suitable for larger
pools.
Ozone
Ozone is a very strong oxidizing agent that does destroy most difficult to
oxidize organic compounds and chloramines. It thus allows the pool
manager to remove very efficiently combined chlorine without refreshing

7
frequently large amounts of pool water. In general its application is found
just before water passes through the filter units. Its sanitizing power is
not pH related.
Mainly because of its strong oxidizing power the return water may contain
only trace concentrations of ozone. It has to be mentioned that ozone is
very unstable and there is anyway the need for low-level chlorination to
ensure sanitizing throughout the whole pool.
THE WATER BALANCE AND LANGELIER INDEX (LI)
The pool water characteristics need to be maintained in a balanced
condition to avoid system failure. Measuring the water balance is
extremely important to predict if the water is corrosive, scaling or balanced.
A saturation index developed by Dr. Wilfred Langelier is widely used to
predict the balance of swimming pool waters. It is an estimation of the
solutions ability to dissolve or precipitate calcium carbonate deposits. A
certain level of this precipitation (filming) is desired to insulate pipes
and boilers from contact with water. When no protective filming is formed,
water is considered to be corrosive. On the other hand scaling does cause
failure because of incrustation problems.
In the treatment and monitoring of pool water, the pool manager must
ensure that related parameters as alkalinity, hardness and pH are duly
taken into consideration.
Calcium Hardness
The presents of calcium in the system is desired to ensure filming on
those places where the temperature is relatively high, like in boilers and
pipes transporting warm water. Scaling must be avoided because it
reduces heat transfer and pump capacity. Beside the calcium carbonate
deposits in the pipes, high scaling values do cause cloudy water.
It is recommended to maintain the calcium hardness value within the
range from 200 to 400 ppm as calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Alkalinity
Alkalinity is the measure of the total concentration of alkaline substances,
mostly bicarbonates, dissolved in the water. The higher the alkalinity the
more resistant the water is to pH change, the alkalinity buffers the water.
At the same time, high alkaline water is a major contributor to scaling
problems like incrustation in filtration equipment, pumps, and piping.
It is recommended to maintain the alkalinity value within the range
from 80 to 125 ppm as calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
pH
The pH of the water is an important factor since at lower pH the corrosion

8
rate increases. If the alkalinity values are sufficiently high it will not be
difficult to control the pH. Most pools managers do prefer to keep the pH
between 7.2 and 7.4, that does ensure low corrosion rates and a sufficient
activity of chlorine.
Langelier Index (LI)
The Langelier Index is a powerful tool to calculate the water balance,
and to predict corrosion or scaling problems. Theoretically, a LI of zero
indicates perfect water condition for swimming pools. If LI>0, scaling
and staining of the water is present, and if LI<0 the water is corrosive
and highly irritating. A tolerance of ±0.4 is normally acceptable.
The Langelier formula is expressed as:
LI = pH + TF + HF + AF – 12.5
where:
LI = Langelier Index (also called Saturation Index)
pH = pH of the water
TF = temperature factor
HF = hardness factor, log(Ca Hardness, ppm as CaCO3)
AF = alkalinity factor, log(Alkalinity, ppm as CaCO3)
To calculate the exact Langelier Index of your water please use theWATER
INDEX reference tables at the end of this chapter to find the Temperature,
Hardness and Alkalinity factors.
Recommendations
For most pools, water is balanced if:
• The pH value is maintained within the recommended ranges of
pH 7.2 - 7.6
• Ideally the Alkalinity should be maintained within a range of
80 - 125 ppm
• The Calcium Hardness should be maintained within a range of
200 - 400 ppm.
To calculate your water balance three tests are required, measure the
Calcium Hardness, the Alkalinity and the pH of the pool water. Find the
Hardness and Alkalinity Factor in the WATER INDEX reference tables
below.
The water temperature is in general controlled between 24oC (76oF) and
34oC (94oF) to ensure pleasant bather comfort. The Temperature Factor
in this temperature range has minor importance; therefore an average
value of 0.7 may be used.....
A simple calculation classifies your water in corrosive, scaling, acceptable
or ideal balanced, with treatment recommendations:
Water Balance = pH + TF + HF + AF

9
Water Balance
11.0 – 12.0
12.1 – 12.3
12.4 – 12.6
12.7 – 12.9
13.0 – 14.0
Condition of Water
Corrosive
Acceptable Balance
Ideal Balance
Acceptable Balance
Scale forming
Recommendation
Increase pH and/or Alkalinity
Retest water frequently
Retest water frequently
Reduce pH and/or alkalinity
WATER INDEX REFERENCE TABLES
Pool water conditions
Temperature 30°C
pH 7.2
Alkalinity 80 mg/L
Hardness 230 mg/L
Factor value
(nearest values)
TF = 0.7
pH = 7.2
AF = 1.9
HF = 2.4
°C
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
50
°F
32
39
46
54
60
68
75
82
90
97
104
122
TF
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
mg/L
(as CaCO3)
5
25
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
1000
HF
0.7
1.4
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.0
mg/L
(as CaCO3)
5
25
50
75
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
1000
AF
0.7
1.4
1.7
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.0
Temperature Calcium Hardness Alkalinity
EXAMPLE:
Water Balance = pH + TF + HF + AF
= 7.2 + 0.7 + 2.4 + 1.9 = 12.2
Conclusion: the water is acceptable balanced but there is some risk
that the water becomes corrosive; frequently testing is recommended.
The Hanna C216 and C226 are the ideal instruments to meet your
monitoring requirements….

10
SPECIFICATIONS
Light Life Life of the instrument
Light Detector Silicon Photocell
Environment 0 to 50°C (32 to 122°F);
max 90% RH non-condensing
Power Supply 2 x 9 V batteries / 12 to 20 VDC through
voltage adapter (optional)
Auto-Shut off After 10' of non-use
Dimensions 230 x 165 x 70 mm (9.0 x 6.5 x 2.8")
Weight 640 g (22.6 oz.)
For specifications related to each single parameter (e.g. range, precision,
etc.), refer to the related measurement section.
PRECISION AND ACCURACY
Precision is how closely repeated measurements agree with each other.
Precision is usually expressed as standard deviation (SD).
Accuracy is defined as the nearness of a test result to the true value.
Although good precision suggests good accuracy, precise results can be
inaccurate. The figure explains these definitions.
For each parameter, the precision is expressed in the related measurement
section as standard deviation at a specific concentration value of the
analite. The standard deviation is obtained with a single instrument using
a representative lot of reagent.