Ibm 1800 Manual

Systems Reference Library

IBM

1

BOO

Operating

Procedures

This

publication

is

a guide

for

operators

using

the

mM

1800

System

console

and

data

processing

input/output

devices.

It

covers

in

detail

operator

duties

normally

encountered

when

using

the

system

console

or

operating

the

data

processing

input/output

devices.

No

specific

programming

system

is

assumed.

Functions

of

the

system

console

keys,

lights,

and

switches

are

included in

this

publication,

as

well

as

descriptions

of

the

operator

keys

and

lights,

manual

controls,

setup

procedures,

and

principles

of

operation

for

the

data

processing

input/output

devices.

Procedures

for

clearing

conditions

that

require

operator

intervention

are

given.

File No.

1800-01

Form

GA26-5753-1

Preface

This publication

is

intended for use

as

a guide for operators

using the data processing (DP)

input/output

(I/O) devices

attached

to

the

IBM

1800 System.

It

is

for operators who

have had only a minimum amount

of

training on stored-

program computer systems. This publication covers in de-

tail the usual duties

of

an operator in conjunction with the

DP

I/O devices and the

IBM

1800 System.

The practices and techniques given are approved methods

based on the preference

of

IBM

and the practices

of

many

experienced operators. The user must remember, however,

that the employer has the prerogative

of

determining the

operator's procedures and responsibilities.

This publication contains a section on the processor-

controller and each DP I/O device. Each section

is

designed

as

a stand-alone unit containing the pertinent operator

information necessary for each device. Pictorial illustrations

are included for their value in clarifying procedures.

Second

Edition

(January 1970)

This

is

a major revision

of

and makes obsolete, GA26-S7S3-0 and Technical Newsletter

GN26-0237. The format

of

this manual has been changed and the entire manual has been

rewritten. No major technical changes have been made.

Manuals referred to in this publication that have a form number with a four digit prefix

are identical in content

to

the same manual without the initial prefix character. (e.g.

GA26-xxxx

is

the same in content

as

A26-xxxx.)

The illustrations in this manual have a code number in the lower corner. This

is

a pub-

lishing controi number and

is

not reiated

to

the subject matter.

Copies

of

this and other

IBM

publications can be obtained through

IBM

Branch Offices.

A form

is

provided at the back

of

this publication for your comments.

This manual was prepared by the

IBM

Systems Development Division, Product Publica-

tions, Department G24, San Jose, California 95114.

ii

I

Contents

THE ROLE

OF

THE OPERATOR Clearing a Parity Check Condition 49

THE PROGRAM AND RUN BOOK Clearing a

Forms

Check Condition

49

OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES

IBM

1627 PLOTTER

52

INTRODUCTION 2 Operator Controls,

Left

Panel .

52

Input/Output

Control 2 OperatorControls, Right Panel 53

DATA CHANNEL CONTROL 2 Installing a Roll

of

Graph Paper

53

DIRECT PROGRAM CONTROL . 3 Installing a Sheet

of

Graph

Paper

54

INPUT/OUTPUT

INTERRUPTS.

3 Assembling

the

Pen

. 55

Checking

Plotter

Operation 55

IBM

1801/1802

PROCESSOR-CONTROLLER . 6 Program

Checkout

Routine

56

Processor-Controller Console 6

Pushbutton Switches and Lights,

Top

Row 8

IBM

1816 PRINTER-KEYBOARD AND

IBM

1053 PRINTER

58

Pushbutton Switches,

Bottom

Row 9 PRINTER

58

Rotary Switches 10 KEYBOARD

58

Toggle Switches

11

Operator

Controls, Keyboard

58

Status Indicators

11

OperatorControls, 1053 Printer

59

Data Flow Indicators 12 Manual Controls, Printer

60

Main Storage Display (Single Instruction Operations)

13

Print Element and

Ribbon

Controls -61

Main Storage Display (Single Cycle Operations) .

13

Inserting

Forms

. 61

Main Storage Load

13

Changing

the

Ribbon

62

Changing

the

Print Element

63

IBM

1054 PAPER TAPE READER 16 Setting Margins . 64

PAPER TAPE INITIAL PROGRAM LOAD . 16 Clearing a

Not

Ready Condition

64

Operator Controls 16 Clearing an Overprint Condition 64

Identifying Start

of

Tape 17 Clearing Double Key Errors

64

Loading Punched Tape . 17 Example

of

Keyboard Operation

64

Loading a Tape Loop 18

IBM

1810 DISK STORAGE 66

Splicing Paper

Tape.

19 OperatorControls 66

Clearing Error Conditions 19 Removing a Disk

Cartridge.

67

IBM

1055 PAPER TAPE

PUNCH.

22 Inserting a Disk Cartridge 68

Operator Controls 22 Clearing a Write Select Error Condition 68

Loading Blank Tape 23 Disk Cartridge Handling 68

Removing Punched Tape 24

IBM

2841 STORAGE CONTROL AND 2311 DISK

Emptying

the

Chad Box 24 STORAGE DRIVE .

70

Clearing a

Not

Ready Condition 25 2841 STORAGE CONTROL

70

2311 DISK STORAGE DRIVE

70

IBM

1442 CARD READ

PUNCH.

28 OperatorControls, 2841

70

CARD READING 28 OperatorControls, 2311 71

CARD PUNCHING . 28 Removing a Disk Pack 72

CARD

FEED.

28 Loading a Disk Pack 73

INITIAL PROGRAM LOAD 28 Disk Pack

Handling.

74

Operator Controls

29

Readying

the

1442 . 30

IBM

2401 MAGNETIC TAPE UNIT 76

Initiating Last Card Sequence

30

WRITING AND READING MAGNETIC

TAPE.

76

Clearing Card Jams . 31 FILE PROTECTION DEVICE 76

Clearing Error Conditions 32 OperatorControls 77

Operating

the

Power Window 78

IBM

1443 PRINTER 38 Loading Magnetic

Tape.

79

CARRIAGE.

38 Unloading Magnetic Tape

80

Operator Controls 39 Placing Tape Markers

on

Magnetic Tape

80

Manual Controls, Left Side

40

Cleaning

the

Tape Transport 81

Manual Controls,

Front

41 Magnetic Tape Handling 82

Manual Controls, Right Side

42

APPENDIX

A.

CARRIAGE CONTROL TAPE 83

Inserting a Control Tape

42

Inserting

Forms

.

43

Marking a Tape for Punching (Six Lines Per Inch) 84

Switching

the

Six-to-Eight Line Drive 45 Marking a

Tape

for Punching (Eight Lines Per Inch) 85

Removing

or

Inserting a Typebar

46

Punching a

Tape.

85

Replacing a

Ribbon.

48

APPENDIX

B.

SAFETY.

87

Clearing a Sync Check Condition

49

INDEX 88

Contents

iii

List of Illustrations

Figure Figure I

1 Processor-Controller Console 7

17

1627 Pen and Paper Motions

52

2 Console Pushbutton Switches and Lights,

18

1627 Switches, Left Panel

..

52

Top

Row.

8

19

1627 Switches, Right Panel 53

3 Console Pushbutton Switches and Lights, 20 1816 Keyboard Keys and Lights

59

Bottom

Row.

9

21

1053 Printer Keys

60

4 Console Rotary Switches 10 22 Printer Manual Controls

60

5 Console Toggle Switches

11

23 Print Element and Ribbon Controls 61

6 Status Indicators

11

24 2315 Disk Cartridge. 66

7 Data Flow Indicators 12

25

1810 Keys and Lights 66

8 1054 Operator Controls 16 26 1316 Disk Pack . 70

9 1055 Operator Controls 22

27

2841 Switch .

71

10 1442 Card Path . 28 28 2311 Switches and Lights

71

11

1442 Keys and Lights 29 29 2401 Tape Feed Path 76

12 1443 Printing Schematic 38 30 File Protection Ring 76

13 1443 Keys, Switches, and Lights 39

31

2401 Keys and Lights 77

14 1443 Manual Controls, Left Side

40

32 2401 Tape Transport Models 2

or

3 81

15

1443 Manual Controls,

Front

41 33 2401 Tape Transport

Modell.

82

16

1443 Manual Controls,

Front

. 42 A-I Carriage Control Tape 83

iv

List

of

Illustrations

The

IBM

1800 Data Acquisition and Control System was

developed to meet the needs for real-time data acquisition,

analysis, and control. Real-time applications normally require

continuous on-line communication between the system and

some process or operation occuring outside the computer

system. These real-time applications, with continuous

operation, require little operator intervention once started.

In many installations, however, the real-time control

system does not utilize all the computer time. Through

time-sharing, idle computer time can be used to perform

background jobs such

as

data processing

or

scientific com-

putations.

It

is

in this area

that

the operator exhibits his

abilities.

In most installations,

the

tasks

of

the operator are

divorced from those

of

the programmer, system analyst,

and keypunch operator. In some installations, however,

one individual performs more than one

of

these tasks. The

subjects treated in this manual will help the operator learn

to operate the data processing

input/output

devices and

processor-controller console used in an 1800 system instal-

lation.

In most cases, the operator works directly with the

machine. In data processing applications, he must under

stand that he cannot allow the machine to remain idle.

The operator should not

attempt

to supply data which

should have been provided by the programmer. In such

cases, the operator should terminate the

job

and return it

to the programmer for correction. This action minimizes

or eliminates idle computer time.

The Program and Run Book

The system analyst initiates the first steps in developing a

program.

He

analyzes the information supplied

by

the user,

decides upon the most efficient means

of

instructing the

computer

to

process the information, and divides the

problem into segments. Each

pr~blem

segment

is

then

solved by the programmer, who lists the specific steps

required

to

instruct the

computer

to

solve

that

segment.

The programmer writes the instructions for the computer

in

a special programming language. This list

of

instructions

is

called a program.

The program

is

then punched into

IBM

cards (called a

source program deck) by keypunch operators. The com-

The Role

of

the Operator

puter cannot execute a source program because a source

program

is

in a programming language and

not

in machine

language. The source deck

is

then translated during a com·

puter run by a program called an assembler or a compiler,

which produces an object program in machine language.

For simplicity,

we

will refer

to

the

executable program

as

the

"program."

An executable program may be in cards

as

a program deck, or it may be on a disk.

The programmer also supplies a series

of

instructions and

notes (called a run book), which gives the operator specific

information regarding the particular program. The program

deck and the run

book

are delivered to the operator, who

depends on the run book to tell him what he must know to

proceed with the processing operation. For example, the

programmer includes error messages in his program to

describe errors that would occur because

of

incorrect input

data or an incorrect operational procedure. The operator

refers to the run book to determine what corrective action

to take when an error occurs. The run

book

also tells him

which program deck or disk

to

use, which forms to use

in

the printer, and how to continue with the processing when

departures from conventional procedures are necessary.

To this

extent

the operator works with the programmer.

the

run book, which has been prepared by the programmer

for each specific program,

is

used by the operator

as

one

of

his tools while running the program through the computer.

The operator uses

the

program and the machine to complete

the processing

of

data.

He

does not explore all

of

the factors

that determine the structure

of

the program.

Operator Responsibilities

During

the

processing

of

data, the operator

is

responsible

for

all

on-line and off-line system components. On-line

devices attach to the system and operate according to

instructions in the program. At times it

is

desirable to make

one or more

of

these components temporarily unavailable

to

the system (while preventive maintenance

is

being per-

formed, for example). While the component

is

unavailable

to the system, it

is

considered to be off-line. Equipment

that

is

never attached to a particular computer system

is

also termed off-line. Keypunches, sorters, collators, and

reproducers are typical examples

of

off-line equipment.

The Role

of

the Operator

Introduction

The

IBM

1800 Data Acquisition and Control System

handles a wide variety

of

real-time applications such

as

process control

and

data acquisition. Each system

is

individually tailored with modular building blocks

that

are easily integrated

to

meet specific system requirements.

Components

of

the 1800 system are functionally sep-

arated

into·four

categories:

Processor~ontroller,

data

processing

input/output

(DP I/O), communications

input/output,

and process

input/output.

Processor-

controller

is

the name given

to

the

computer

subsys'-

tern which includes

the

central processing

unit

(CPU),

main storage,

and

I/O channel controls.

The 1800 system offers a wide variety

of

highly flexible

input/output

(I/O)

devices:

IBM

1053 Printer

IBM

1054

Paper Tape Reader

IBM

1055 Paper Tape

Punch

IBM

1442

Card Read Punch

IBM

1443 Printer

IBM

1627 Plotter

IBM

1810 Disk Storage

IBM

1816 Printer-Keyboard

IBM

2311 Disk Storage Drive (via

IBM

2841 Storage

Control)

IBM

2401 Magnetic Tape Unit

This manual describes oniy the data processing

ILO

devices in the preceding list and the processor-controller

(1801/1802).

In addition

to

these data processing I/O devices, the

1800 system offers communications devices such

as

2790

Adapters, System

360

Adapter, and Communications

Adapters

as

well as process I/O devices. These devices

are described in

IBM

1800 Functional Characten'stics,

Form

GA26-5918. Operator information for 2790 com-

ponents can be found in IBM 2790Data Communica-

tions System Components Description,

Form

GA27-3015.

INPUT/OUTPUT CONTROL

Data processing (DP) I/O operations involve the transfer

of

information

to

or

from main storage

and

DP I/O devices.

I/O device operation

is

regulated

by

a control (adapter)

function. All DP I/O deVices, except

the

1810 and

2311,

require an adapter

and/or

controls in

the

processor-controller.

The

1810

contains its own adapter(s). The 2311 operates via

a 2841 Storage Controi which

is

in

turn

controlled by a

selector channel located in an

IBM

1826 Data Adapter Unit.

In all cases, the control function provides the logical and

buffering capabilities necessary

to

operate

the

associated

device.

The 1800 system uses two methods

to

control I/O

devices:

Data channel control (cycle steal)

Direct program control

2

IBM

1800 Operating Procedures

Data Channel Control

High-speed I/O devices, such

as

magnetic tape units and disk

storage devices, must be able

to

control transmission

of

data

to

and from main storage

on

a cycle-steal basis. The complex

of

registers, data paths, and control required for this function

is

called a data channel.

Data channels

give

the processor-controller the ability to

delay the execution

of

a program while an I/O device com-

municates with main storage. For example, if an input

device requires a main storage cycle

to

store data, the data

channel with its cycle stealing capability makes it possible

to

delay the program during execution

of

an instruction and

store the data word

without

changing the logical condition

of

the processor-controller. After the data

is

stored, the

processor-controller continues executing the program which

was delayed

by

the cycle stealing.

I

When several data channels require main storage cycles

at the same time, the sequence

of

transmission

is

handled

automatically according to priorities previously established

by the user.

The following DP I/O devices are under data channel

control:

IBM

1442 Card Read Punch

IBM

1443 Printer

IBM

1810 Disk Storage

IBM

2311 Disk Storage Drive (via 2841 Storage Control

and selector channel)

IBM

2401 Magnetic Tape Unit

Direct Program Control

Direct program control transfers individual words

of

data

between processor-controller main storage and the I/O

device at a rate controlled by the program and maximum

speed

of

the I/O device. The processor-controller program

is

interrupted for each word transfer and must branch to a

routine which services the I/O device. Therefore, the logical

condition

of

the processor-controller

is

changed.

The following DP I/O devices are under direct program

control:

IBM

1053 Printer

IBM

1054 Paper Tape Reader

IBM

1055 Paper Tape Punch

IBM

1627 Plotter

IBM

1816 Printer-Keyboard

Input/Output Interrupts

Interrupt

is

described

as

an automatic branch in the normal

program sequence based upon an external condition.

Input/output

interrupts are initiated by such conditions

as:

1.

Termination

of

an I/O operation by certain error

conditions.

2.

Completion

of

the programmed instruction.

3. Operator intervention at the I/O devices.

4. I/O unit operating under direct program control

requires service.

Input/output

interrupts enable the processor-controller

to

provide appropriate programmed responses

to

conditions

that

occur in I/O devices.

Input/output

interrupts are assigned a priority sequence

similar

to

the data channels. This priority sequence arrange-

ment allows most efficient use

of

all I/O devices.

Introduction 3

I

This page left blank intentionally.

4

IBM

1800 Operating Procedures

1801/1802

Processor-Controller

IBM

1801/1802

Processor-Controller- 5

IBM 1801/1802 Processor Controller

The

IBM 1801 and 1802 Processor-Controllers are

stored

program

computers,

composed

of

a central processing unit

(CPU), main storage,

and

channel

control

circuits.

Either

the

1801

or

1802

may

be used in

the

1800 sys-

tem.

The

1802 includes circuitry

and

control

for

connection

and operation

of

the

IBM

2401 Magnetic Tape Unit. The

1801 has

no

standard

provisions for magnetic tape units.

Each

processor-controller is available

with

five

main

storage capacities: 4,096; 8,192; 16,384; 24,576;

or

32,768

words.

Total

system

main

storage

capacity

can

be

expanded

in

8,192

word

increments

to

65,536 words

with

the addi-

tion

of

an IBM 1803 Core Storage Unit. In systems

with

main storage capacities above 32,768 words, 24,576 words

are

located

in

the

processor-controller.

The

remaining main

storage words are

located

in

the

1803 Core Storage Unit.

Standard

features

of

the processor-controller include three

hardware

index

registers, 12 levels

of

priority

interrupt

(expandable

to

24

by

special feature),

three

data channels

(expandable

to

15

by

special feature), three interval timers,

an

operations

monitor,

and

an

operator's

console.

The processor-controller contains a binary stored-program

CPU. Within its basic design, the CPU has

interrupt

and

cycle-stealing capabilities which are used in controlling the

various

I/O

devices

to

be

attached

to

the using system.

Index registers

and

indirect addressing are provided

to

facilitate address modification

and

programming.

A complete

instruction

set with powerful

options

gives

the

computer

very high performance for tasks normally

encountered

in

data

acquisition

and

process

control

appli-

cations.

PROCESSOR-CONTROLLER CONSOLE

The

processor-controller console (Figure

1)

provides

the

means for

manual

control

of

the processor-controller during

debugging

or

operation

phases.

The

basic operating features

and

controls

provide

the

facility

to:

1.

Start

or

stop

instruction

execution.

2. Address main storage.

3. Set

up

and

store

data

or instructions.

4.

Communicate

with the program via sense or program

select switches.

5. Control the cycling rate in the run. single main storage

6 IBM 180e Operating Procedures

cycle, single

instruction,

or

single

step

modes.

6.

Interrupt

the

program manually.

7.

Trace each instruction.

8. Reset all

control

circuitry

and

main storage.

9.

Turn

power

on

and

off.

10. Indicate basic machine conditions

and

status.

11. Display main storage words

and

register data.

12. Write

or

clear storage

protect

bits.

13. Clear main storage.

14. Allow program

execution

with an internal error such

as

invalid

operation,

parity,

or

storage

protect.

I

ADDRESS

REGISTER

I REGISTER

8 REGISTER I

D REGISTER

A

REGISTER

, I

DATA

REGISTER

ARITH

CTL

@

INTR

SERV

@)

0

@)

0

@

16

@)

0

@)

0

@

0

@

0

@

0

@)

0

@)

SHIFT

ADD ARITH ZERO BRANCH

STORPROT

PTYBIT

CTL

SIGN REM

BIT

@

@)

@

@) @) @)

CS

AUX

OP

CODE

STOR PROT

PTY

CHECK

SERV STOR

CHECK

@) @)

@

@) @)

@)

CLOCK I "'" I

nM'"

I 2 3 4 5 6 @ @@

@@

@@@@

@ @

@@

@

@)

INTERRUPT

LEVELS

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

II

12

13

14

15

@

@)

@ @ @ @ @ @ @

@@

@

@@@

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

CHECK TRACE

CE

@

@)

@ @

@)

@ @ @ @ @

@"~'

@

I@I~

I@"'@

I

~

~I

i @I@@i

o~

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

II

12

13

14

15

@)

@ @

@@

@ @

@@

@)@@@

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

II

12

13 14

15

@

@)

@ @)@

@)

@)@)

@)

@)@)@)

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10

II

12

13

14

15

@)

@ @

@)@)

@ @ @)@)@)@) @

@)@@)

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

II

12

13

14

15

@)

@

@) @)

@

@) @)

@)@

@)@)

@)

@)@)@)

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

II

12

13

14

15

@)

~

@)

@)i

@)

@)@)@)

DATA

ACQUISITION

AND

CONTROL

SYSTEM

EMERGENC

PULL

DISPLAY

ADDRESS REGISTER

'&

CARO

SAR

~

r--

CAR

I

\

/~CAR2

CAR

14

_____

~

CAR

3

CAR

13

--

CAR

4

CAR

12

--------

~

CAR

5

"'"

~//

\\~'~'

CARIO~

~CAR

7

CAR

9 CAR 8

1

DISPLAY

DATA REGISTER

::;=r!f:;'

,----11

@)@)@~I@~@@I@@@@I@@@@II

I

@)I~

A A --.-..

.-

SENSE PROGRAM OPERATIONS DISABLE CHECK WRITE STOR

MONITOR

INTERRUPT

STOP PROT

BITS

o I 2 3 4 5 6 7

ON

YES

Q ; ; ; ; Q Q

~

A

~

MODE SW

OFF

NO

RUN~SIW/CS

TRACE~

SJ

LOAD

_____

SSC

DISP

LAY

--------

-------

SS

DrEJDBD

DBB

Figure

1.

Processor-Controller Console

IBM 1801/1802 Processor-Controller 7

r-Ilt'IJnllTTAI\I

t'InI!TI"'LJr"t'

I\I\In

I

Ir"'LJTt'

TAn

nAIr"

Ir:-::

.•..

_.-.

'l'

r-V~IIUV

I I

VIV

~VVI

I

"'IlL.."

J-\IVLJ

L..IUIII",

I

VI

IlVVV

\I

I~UIC

"-I

The Clear

STaR

(Sturage) Switch has four

functions

as

shown in Table

1.

These four functions are

enabled

by

first

holding

CLEAR

STOR

down

and

then pressing

START.

This dual

action

requirement

prevellts accidental clearing

of

main storage.

Note

in

Table 1

that

each clear storage

function

is

dependent

on

the

positions

of

two console switches:

the

mode

switch

and

write storage

protect

bits switch.

The

processor-controller cycles

completely

through

all

main storage addresses during

execution

of

each clear storage

function.

The PROG (Program) Load Switch

is

used

to

load

the

first

1442

card

or

1054

tape

record

into

main storage. This first

card

or

tape

record

must

contain

instructions

that

initiate

the loading

of

the remaining cards or tape records.

(The

processor-controller

must

be in run

mode

for p,rogram

operation.)

Only

one

input

device can be used for initial

program

load

(IPL)

and

it

must

be in ready status. The first

1442

on

the

system

is

used for IPL. The

1054

is

used for

IPL

if

there

is

no

1442

on

the

system.

The

first

card

or

tape

record

is

read

into

main

storage

beginning at

the

location

specified

by

the

I-register. Normally,

RESET

is

pressed prior

to

pressing

PROG

LOAD. This resets

the I-register

to

0000.

After

RESET

is

pressed,

the

I-register

may

be manually

altered

to

some address

other

than

0000.

This allows

the

first card

or

tape record

to

be placed at

any

location

in main storage.

In

any

case,

the

processor-controller branches

to

location

0000

to

begin

instruction

execution

after

the first card

or

tape record has

been

transferred

to

main storage.

Therefore,

location

0000

should

contain

a valid

instruction.

The

Ready

Light being

on

indicates

that

the

processor-

controller

is

in an operative

condition.

The Power On Switch

is

used

to

turn

on

the

power

supplies

within

the

processor-controHer.

Mode

WSPB

Function

Switch

1.

Store

contents

of

data

entry

switches

in

all

core

storage

locations.

Storage-protect

bits

are

removed

and

parity

is

corrected

as

Run

Yes

required

because

of

bit

removal.

If

all

data

entry

switches

are

off,

only

parity

bits

are

left

in

storage.

2.

Store

contents

of

data

entry

switches

in

each

core

storage

location

that

is

Run

No

unprotected.

Locations

having

protect

bits

are

unchanged.

3.

Clear

storage

protect

bits.

All

other

data

remains

unchanged.

Parity

is

Display

Yes

automatically

corrected

in

each

word:

in

storage.

4.

Search

for

par

ity

errors.

The

P-C

cycles

through

storage

until

stopped

by

the

stop

key

or

a

parity

error.

The

check

Display

No

stop

switch

must be

on

for a

parity

error

to

cause

a

stop.

Table 1. Clear Storage

Functions

The Puwer

Off

Switch

is

used

to

turn

off

the

power supplies

within

the

processor-controller.

The Power On Light being

on

indicates

that

the

processor-

controller

power

supplies are operative.

The

Lamp

Test Switch applies lamp voltage

to

all console

lamps when it

is

pressed.

It

is

used

to

verify

operation

of

all

console lamps.

The

Wait

Light being on indicates

that

the processor-

controiler

is

in the

stopped

or wait state. The Slopped or

POOWNER

1111

LAMP I I 4

F-

4

F===j

:

1.-.

_T_EST-..JI

L;;J

I RUN

II

ALARM I

Figure 2. Console

Pushbutton

Switches and Lights,

Top

Row

8

IBM

1800

Operating Procedures

I

wait state occurs when:

1.

The processor-controller

is

in load or display mode.

2. The processor-controller has been halted

by

a wait

instruction from

the

program.

3. STOP or IMMED STOP has been pressed.

The

Run

Light being

on

indicates

that

the

processor-

controller

is

operating under program control.

The Alarm Light being

on

indicates

that

the

operations

monitor

has

timed

out.

The alarm light remains

on

until

the operations

monitor

switch

is

turned

off. The customer

may install an audible alarm to operate in conjunction with

the alarm light.

Emergency Pull Switch

is

for emergency use only.

If

pulled

out,

all electrical power within

the

processor-

controller

is

turned

off,

including power to

the

blowers

that

cool the electronic circuitry. Repeatedly turning the

blowers

off

in this manner

may

damage some

of

the

circuitry. Therefore, use this switch only in emergencies.

The switch

must

be reset

by

a

customer

engineer.

PUSHBUTTON SWITCHES, BOTTOM ROW (Figure 3)

The Console Interrupt Switch enables the

operator

to

signal

the program by causing an interrupt. Normally, the

program and sense switches are used in conjunction with

console

interrupt

to

allow

operator

communication

to

the program.

The LoadI (Instruction) Switch

is

used with

the

mode

switch positioned

at

LOAD to transfer the

contents

of

the

data

entry

switches

into

the I-register. The processor-

controller

is

in the stopped condition when it terminates

the load I operation.

The

Reset Switch

is

used to reset all I/O devices, basic

timing controls,

and

registers (except index registers and

address registers). Digital

input

and digital-analog

output

registers are

not

reset. RESET

is

effective only when the

processor-controller

is

not

in a run state

as

indicated

by

the run light being off.

The IMMED (Immediate) Stop Switch stops the processor-

controller at the

end

of

the main-storage cycle in progress

when the switch

contacts

close. All I/O devices, basic timing

controls, and registers

(except

index registers and address

registers) are reset. IMMED STOP also stops data channel

(cycle steal) operations which can cause loss

of

information

due

to

premature

termination

of

a data transfer operation.

The Start Switch initiates processor-controller operation

as

specified by

the

mode switch. The processor-controller must

be ready

as

indicated by the ready light being on.

The Stop Switch stops the processor-controller at the end

of

the

main-storage cycle in progress when

the

switch

contacts close. The processor-controller registers

and

1/0

devices are

not

reset and data channel (cycle steal) operations

will

continue

until completed.

If

an

interrupt

occurs

on

an

interrupt

level with higher

priority than

any

in progress at the same time STOP

is

pressed, STOP must be pressed again to be effective. Once

the processor-controller has been

stopped,

pressing START

causes the program

to

resume operation.

CONSOLE

Dc:EJDGDI

IMMED

IDGB

INTR

STOP

Figure 3. Console Pushbutton Switches and Lights, Bottom Row

IBM

1801/1802 Processor-Controller 9

ROTARY

SWITCHES (Figure 4)

The Display Address Register

Switch

is

used

to

select a

channel

address

register

or

storage address register for

display in

the

address

register lights.

DISPLAY

ADDRESS

REGISTER

CAR

0

SAR

CAR

1

CAR

2

CAR

14

CAR

3

CAR

13

CAR

4

CAR

12

CAR

5

CAR

11

CAR

6

CAR

10

CAR

7

CAR

9

CAR

8

DISPLAY

XR2

DATA

REGISTER

XR3

XR1

SC

Q 1

RUN

MODE

SW

SI W/CS

TRACE

SI

LOAD

SSC

I

DISPLAY

SS

[17676c!

Figure

4.

Console Rotary Switches

10

IBM

1800 Operating Procedures

The Display Data Register

Switch

is

used

to

select

the

Q-register

(which

is

the

A-register exteIlsiun),

and

index

register,

or

the

shift

counter

for display in

the

data

register

lights.

The

fir/ode

SU'

(Switch)

is

used

in

conjunction

with

START

I

to

extend

operator

control

of

the

processor-controller.

The

function

of

each

position

of

the

mode

switch

is

described

in

the

following

paragraphs.

DISPLAY is

used

to

display

the

contents

of

main

storage.

Pressing

START

with

the

mode

switch

on

DISPLAY

causes

the

data

at

the

address specified

by

the

I-register

to

be

displayed

in

the

B-register lights.

The

I-register is

incremented

after

each display.

Pressing

START

successively displays

the

data

in

ascending

main

storage

locations.

LOAD

is

used

to

load

main

storage

locations

or

the

I-register. Pressing

START

with

the

mode

switch

on

LOAD

causes

the

contents

of

the

data

entry

switches

to

be

stored

at

the

address specified

by

the

I-register.

(The

processor-controller

must

be

in

a

stopped

condition.)

The

I-register

is

incremented

following

each

load

operation.

Pressing

START

successively

loads

the

contents

of

the

data

entry

switches

into

ascending

main

storage

locations.

Pressing

LOAD

I

with

the

mode

switch

on

LOAD

causes

the

contents

of

the

data

entry

switches

to

be

stored

in

the

I-register.

TRACE

is

used

to

initiate

an

interrupt

on

the

lowest

priority

level

after

the

execution

of

each

instruction

(except

execute

I/O

instructions).

This

position

of

the

mode

switch

is usually

used

for

program

debugging.

RUN is

used

for

normal

program

operation.

Pressing

START

with

the

mode

switch

on

RUN

initiates

program

operation

of

the

processor-controller.

SI W/CS (Single

Instruction

With Cycle Steal) allows

execution

of

one

instruction

each

time

START

is

pressed.

Data

channel

(cycle

steal)

operations

can

occur

during

execution

of

the

instruction.

SI

(Single

Instruction)

allows

execution

of

one

instruction

each

time

START

is

pressed.

Data

channel

(cycle

steal)

operations

are preventede

SSC (Single

Storage

Cycle) allows

one

main

storage cycle

each

time

START

is

pressed. Single storage cycle

operations

(usually

called single cycle

operations)

can

be

used

in

conjunction

with

the

cycle lights

to

step

through

instructions

and

anaiyze processor-

controller

operation.

SS (Single

Step)

allows

one

basic

processor-controller

clock

cycle

each

time

START

is

pressed.

TOGGLE SWITCHES (Figure 5)

The Sense and Program Switches are normally used for

communication with the program. The

contents

of

these

eight switches may be stored in bit positions 0 through 7

of

the A-register

or

a main storage location

as

directed

by the stored program.

The Operations Monitor Switch, when on, enables the

operations monitor. The

off

position disables the opera-

tions monitor.

The Disable Interrupt Switch

is

used

to

mask or disable

all

interrupt

levels.

It

is

used

to

choose the time at which

the program may be interrupted during program analysis.

SENSE

PROGRAM OPERATIONS

DISABLE

CHECK

WRITE

STOR

MONITOR

INTERRUPT

STOP

PROT

BITS

0

ON ON ON

YES

~ ~ ~

~

~ ~

;;

~

;

~

OFF

Off

OFF

NO

DATA

ENTRY

SWITCHES

3 5 6 7 8

10

II

12

13 14 15

;

~ ~

~

~ ~ ~ ~

~

~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Figure 5. Console Toggle Switches

The highest priority level on and unmasked

(not

disabled)

is

serviced when the switch

is

turned

off.

The Check Stop Switch

is

used

to

stop

processor-controller

operation when one

of

the following conditions occurs:

operation code check, storage

protect

check, or parity

check. The stop occurs

at

the

end

of

the main-storage cycle

in which the check

is

detected. The appropriate error light

will be on. START must be pressed

to

restart the system.

The

preceding check conditions initiate an internal

(check)

interrupt

if

the

check stop switch

is

off.

A clear storage function

is

stopped when the check stop

switch

is

on and a parity check

is

detected.

The

Write

STaR

PROT

(Storage Protect) Bits Switch

enables the writing or clearing

of

storage

protect

bits when

the switch

is

on. A parity error may occur

if

the position

of

this switch

is

changed while the processor-controller

is

running.

The Data Entry Switches provide a means

of

entering data

under either manual or program control. Under program

control, the contents

of

the switches can be stored in main

storage

or

the A-register. Under manual control, the

contents

of

the switches can be stored at the address specified

by

the

I-register by pressing START, or loaded into the I-register

by

pressing LOAD I provided the mode switch

is

on LOAD.

STATUS INDICATORS (Figure 6)

ARITH

SHIFT

ADD

ARITH

ZERO

BRANCH

STOR

PROT

PTY

BIT

ClL

SIGN

REM

BIT

~

~ ~

INTR

CS

AUX

OP

CODE

STOR

PROT

PTY

CHECK

SERV SERV

STOR

CHECK CHECK

~

~ ~

~

CLOCK

CYCLE

TIMERS

0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7

II

12

IA

E EI A B C

~ ~ ~

~

~ ~ ~

~

~ ~

INTERRUPT

LEVELS

0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

II

12

13

14

15

~

~ ~ ~

~

~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~

~

16 17 18

19

20

21

22

23

CHECK

TRACE

CE

~

~ ~

~

~ ~ ~

~

~ ~

OP

CODE

F

TAG

IA

80

CAR

OHO

0 I 2

~I~

5 6 7 8 9

10

II

12

13

14

15

~

~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~

~

~I~

~

Figure 6. Status Indicators

The

ARITH

CTL (Arithmetic Control) Indicator turns on

during arithmetic operations.

The

Shift

CTL (Control) Indicator turns on during shift

operations.

The

Add

Indicator

is

on

during add operations.

The

ARITH

SIGN(Arithmetic Sign) Indicator turns

on

when

bit position 0 in the A-register does

not

initially equal

bit

position 0

in

the B-register.

The Zero

REM

(Remainder) Indicator

is

on

when the

A-register contains a 0 balance during a divide instruction.

The Branch Indicator

is

on during branch instructions.

The

STaR

PROT

(Storage Protect) Bit Indicator

is

on when

a storage protect bit

is

transferred with the

16

data bits

between the B-register and main storage.

The

PTY

(Parity) Bit Indicator turns on when a parity bit

is

transferred with the 16 data bits between the B-register

and main storage.

IBM

1801/1802 Processor-Controller

11

The

INTR

SER

V (Interrupt Service) Indicator

turns

on

when a

hardware

forced

branch

instruction

IS being

executed

to

enable service

of

the highest priority

interrupt

level

that

is

on.

The

CS

SER V (Cycle Steal Service) Indicator

is

on

during

cycle steal

operations

of

a

data

channel.

The

AUX

STOR (CE Storage) Indicator

is

on

when

CE

storage

is

being used. CE storage

is

provided

for

Customer

Engineering use.

The

OP

(Operation) Code Check Indicator

turns

on

when

an invalid

operation

code

is

detected

in

the

OP

reEister. This

indicator

is

turned

off

and

the check

indicator

is

turned

on

when

the

is

initiated. This allows

the OP

code

check

indicator

to

indicate

any

subsequent

error.

The

STOR

PROT

(Storage Protect) Check Indicator

is

turned

on

when

an

attempt

is

made

to

write

into

a read-

only

location

of

main

storage. This

indicator

is

turned

off

and

the

check

indicator

is

turned

on

when

the

storage cycle

is

initiated. This allows

the

STOR

PROT

check

indicator

to

indicate

any

subsequent

error.

The

PTY

(Parity) Check Indicator

is

turned

on

when

a

parity

check

(even

number

of

bits

on)

is

detected

in

the

18-bit

word

transfer

between

the

B-register

and

main

storage. This

indicator

is

turned

off

and

the

check

indicator

is

turned

on

when

the

is

initiated.

This allows

the

PTY

check

indicator

to

indicate

any

subsequent

error.

The Clock Indicators

(0

through

7)

show

the

advance

of

the

basic processor-controller clock during single

step

opera-

tions.

The Cycle Indicators (I I . 12, E,

and

EI) show

the

progress

of

an

instruction

during single

step

or

single cycle operations.

The Timers Indicators

(A,

B,

and

C) show

the

status

of

their respective interval timers. An

on

condition

indicates

that

the

timer

is

in

operation.

The Internlpt Levels Indicators (0

through

23, check,

trace,

and

CE) show

the

status

of

their respective

interrupt

levels.

The

indicator

being

on

indicates

that

the

level

is

requesting service.

The

OP

(Operation) Code Indicators (0

through

4) display

the

operation

code

of

each

instruction.

The F (Format) Indicator

is

on

when

a

two-word

instruction

is

being

executed.

The

Tag

Indicators reflect

the

index

registers used in modi-

fication

of

the

address

portion

of

an

instruction.

The IA (Indirect Addressing) Indicator

(bit

8)

is

on

when

bit

8

of

the

instruction

is

also

on.

This

bit

only

indicates

indirect

addressing

if

the

F-bit

is

on.

The BO (Branch Out) Indicator

is

on

when

there

is

a

bit

in

position

9

of

an

instruction.

The Carry and Overflow Indicators are

turned

on

individ-

ually

when

their respective

conditions

occur

in

the

A-register.

DATA

FLOW INDICATORS (Figure 7)

The Address Register Indicators display

the

data

in

the

register selected

by

the

display address register switch.

The

selected register

is

displayed each

time

the

processor-

controller

comes

to

a

stop

or

wait

condition.

The I (Instruction) Register Indicators display

the

contents

-----

0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

II

12 13 14 15

I

REGISTE,~

~~~~

~~~

~

0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

II

12

13

14 15

B

REGISTER

~~~~

(\

1 ? 1

.4

C;

f,

7 8 9

10

II

12

13 14

15

D

REGISTER

~~~~I~~~~

~~~~

0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

II

12

13

14 15

A

REGISTER

~~~~

I

IDATA

REGISTER

o I 2 3 I 4 5 6 7 I8 9

10

II

I

12

"i3

14

i5

I

~

@

~

~I~

~ ~

~I~

@)

~

~I~

~ ~

~l

Figure

7.

Data

Flow

Indicators

12

IBM

1800 Operating Procedures

of

the

I-register.

The

I-register holds

the

address

of

the

instruction

and

is

automatically

incremented

for sequential

instruction

operation.

The B (Storage Buffer) Register Indicators display

the

contents

of

the

B-register.

The

B-register is used

to

buffer

all

word

transfers

with

main storage.

The D (Arithmetic Factor) Register Indicators display

the

contents

of

the

D-register. The D-register

is

used

to

hold

one

operand

of

any

arithmetic

or logical

operation.

The

A-regIster provides

the

other

operand.

The A (Accumulator) Register Indicators display

the

contents

of

the

A-register.

The

A-register

contains

the

results

of

any

arithmetic

and

logical

operation.

It

can be

loaded

from

or

stored

into

main storage,.shifted right

or

left,

and

otherwise

manipulated

by

specific

arithmetic

and

logical

instructions.

TIle Data Register Indicators display

the

contents

of

the

register selected

by

the

display

data

register switch. The

selected register

is

displayed each

time

the

processor-

controller

comes

to

a

stop

or

wait

condition.

I

MAIN

STORAGE DISPLAY (Single Instruction Operations)

The following procedure may be 'lsed

to

display main

storage data between execution

of

single instructions. The

processor-controller must be in a stopped condition before

starting this procedure.

1.

Position the mode switch

to

SI.

2.

Press START repeatedly to step program

to

point at

which data display

is

desired.

3. Record address in I-register. This address

is

needed

to

return to next instruction in program.

4. Enter address

of

main storage location

to

be displayed

in data

entry

switches.

5. Position mode switch to LOAD.

6. Press LOAD I.

7. Position mode switch

to

DISPLAY.

8. Press START. The selected data

is

now displayed in

B-register indicators.

9. To display other main storage locations. repeat steps 4

through 8.

To

resume program, continue with step 10.

10. Enter address recorded in step 3 in data

entry

switches.

11. Position mode switch

to

LOAD.

12. Press LOAD I.

12. Position mode switch

to

RUN.

14. Press START.

MAIN

STORAGE DISPLAY

(Single

Cycle Operations)

To display main storage data between single cycle operations,

use

the following procedure. The processor-controller must

be in a stopped or wait condition.

1.

Position mode switch

to

sse.

2.

Press START repeatedly until desired cycle

of

instruction

is

reached.

3. Perform steps 3 through 14

of

preceding procedure.

MAIN

STORAGE LOAD

To manually load data into main storage, the following

procedure

is

recommended. The processor-controller must

be in a stopped or wait condition.

1.

Enter main storage address at which data

is

to

be

stored in data

entry

switches.

2.

Position mode switch

to

LOAD.

3. Press LOAD

1.

4. Enter data

to

be stored in data

entry

switches.

5. Press START. The data in the data

entry

switches

is

stored in main storage at address contained in

I-register. The I-register

is

then

incremented

by

one.

6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 until all data has been entered.

IBM

1801/1802

Processor~ontroller

13

I

This page left blank

intentionally.

14

IBM

1800

Operating

Procedures

1054

Paper

Tape

Reader

IBM

1054

Paper Tape Reader ·

15

IBM 1054 Paper Tape Reader

The

IBM

1054 Paper Tape Reader provides paper tape

input for the 1800 system. The

1054

(maximum

of

one

per system) operates under direct control

of

the stored

program and reads I-inch, eight-track paper tape. The

maximum reading rate

is

14.8 characters per second.

Paper tape reading under program control

is

initiated

by a control com

mand

issued to the 1054. This

command

loads a character into an

input

buffer and

then

moves the

paper tape one character position. When the buffer has

been loaded with a character, an

interrupt

is

generated

signalling the stored program

that

a character

is

available

for rea

di

ng into main storage. A subsequent read

command

from the program reads the character

into

main storage

from the buffer.

Paper

Tape Initial Program Load

If

there

is

no 1442 on the system, the 1054

is

used for

initial program load (IPL). The 1054

is

forced

into

run

condition

as

a result

of

pressing PROG LOAD and operates

at its maximum speed

of

14.8 characters per second. Data

words are read into main storage, starting

at

the location

specified

by

the I-register.

Paper tape channels 1 through 4

of

each tape character

are used as data bits for assembly into a 16-bit word

during IPL. The 16-bit word

is

assembled in the paper

tape reader for transmission

to

main storage. When a

word

is

assembled, the I/O channel

is

signalled and the

word

is

transferred

to

main storage. The I-register

is

then

incremented by one.

IPL continues in this

manner

until a channel-5 punch,

in

other

than a delete character,

is

detected

in

the

paper

tape. When this channel-5

pun

ch

is

detected, IPL

is

terminated and the 1054

is

stop

ped. The I-register

is

then

reset

to

0000

and the processor-controller commences

execution

of

the loaded program. The paper tape

character with a channel-5

punch

is

not

read into main

storage.

During program load, delete characters are recognized by

the 1054 and are not loaded

into

the

assembly buffer.

Delete characters are

not

recognized nor

handled

in any

special manner by the 1054

except

in IPL mode. This

allows a leader

of

delete characters

to

facilitate loading

the tape.

OPERATOR CONTROLS (Figure 8)

Figure 8. 1054 Operator Controls

16

IBM

1800 Operating Procedures

The Table Rel

ease

Key, when pressed, causes the tape

guide

to

raise, permitti

ng

insertion or removal

of

previously

punched tape.

The Advance Wheel permits tape to be moved forward or

backward while maintaining proper registration. Reading

does

not

occur during this movement.

The Tape Tension Lever actuates a switch which signals a

not

ready condition

if

too

much

tension

is

placed on the

tape

as

it feeds through the unit.

The Tape

Pr

esence Contact signals a

not

ready condition

when the reader runs

out

of

tape.

IBM 1800 Manual

Popular Control System manuals by other brands