Keithley 196 User manual

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Model 196
SystemDMM
Instruction Manual
Contains Operating and Servicing Infonnation
KEITHLEY
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WARRANTY
Keithley Instruments, Inc. warrants this product to be free from defects in material and workmanship for aperiod of Iyear from ciate of
shipment.
Keithley Instruments, Inc. warrants the following items for
90 days from the date of shipment: probes, cables, rechargeable batteries,
diskettes, and documentation. -
During the warranty period, we will, at our option, either repair or replace any product that proves to be dcfcctive.-
To exercise this warranty, write or call your local Keithley representative, or contact Keithley headquarters in Cleveland, Ohio. You will
be given prompt assistance and return instructions. Send the product, transportation prepaid, to the indicated service facility. Repairs
will be made and the product returned, transportation prepaid. Repaired
or replaced products are warranted for the balance of the origi-
nal warranty period,
or at least 90 days.
LIMITATION OF WARRANTY
This warranty does not apply to defects resulting from product modification without Keithley's express written consent, or misuse of
any product or part. This warranty also does not apply to fuses, software, non-rechargeable batteries, damage from battery leakage, or
problems arising-from norrilaf"wear or failure to (ollo-v;. instructions. ------ --
THIS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF ALL OTHEil.-WAIl.RANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR APARTICULAR USE. THE: REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE
BUYER'S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES.
NEITHER KEITHLEY INSTRUMENTS, INC. NOR ANY OF ITS EMPLOYEES SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDI-
RECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL
OR CONSEQUENtIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF ITS INSTRUMENTS AND
SOFTWARE EVEN IF KEITHLEY
INSTRUMENtS, INC., HAS BEEN ADVISED IN ADVANCE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
SUCH DAMAGES. SUCH EXCLUDED DAMAGES~HALL INCLUDE, BUT ARE NOT LIMITED TO: COSTS OF REMOVAL
AND INSTALLATION, LOSSES SUSTAINED AS
THE RESULT OF INJURY TO ANY PERSON,OR DAMAGE TO PROPERTY.
KEITHLEY
Test Instrumentation Group, Keithl,ey Instruments, Inc.' 28775 Aurora Road' Cleveland, Onio 44139· [phone]' Fax: [phone]
CffiNA: KeithleyInstruments, Inc.· 3Holiday Inn Lido· Office Building 404C· Beijing, China, 100004 ·861-4362871 ·861-4362871
FRANCE: Keithley Instruments
SARL. 3Allee des Garnys· 8.1". 60·91 121 Palaisea~ Cedex· 01-60-11-51-55· Fax: [phone]
GERMANY: Keithlcy Instruments
GmbH. Landsberger Sir. 65.82110 Germering· 089-849307-0· Fax; 089-8.4930759
GREAT BRITAIN: Keithlcy Instruments. Ltd
.• The MinSler • 58 Portman Road· Reading, Berkshire RG3 lEA· 0734-575666· Fax: [phone]
ITALY: Keithley Instruments SRL· VJale S. Girnignano 38 •20146 Milario· 02~4830jOO:8· '-'hx; 02-48302274
JAPAN: Keithley Instruments Far East
KK· Sumiyosbi 24 Bldg., Room 201·2-24-2 Sumiyoshi-cho· Naka-ku, Yokohama 231 ·81-45-201-2246· Fax: [phone]
NETHERLANDS: Keithlc}' Instruments
BV· Avelingen Wes149· 4202 MS Gorinchem· Poslbus 559:· 4200 AN Gorinchem· 01830-35333· Fax: [phone]
SWITZERLAND: Keithley Instruments SA· Kriesbachslrasse 4•8600 Diibendorf· 01-821-9444· Pax: 01-820-3081
TAIWAN: Keithley Instruments Taiwan·
~rd Floor, Number 6· Section 3,.Mic Chuan East Road· Taipei, R.O.C.· 886-2-509-4465· Fax: [phone]
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Model 196 System DMM
Instruction Manual
©1986, Keithl~y Instruments, Inc.
Test Instrumentation Group
All rights reserved.
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
fourth Printing January 1992
Document Number: 196-901-01
Rev. 0
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The following safety precautions should be observed before
using this
product and any associated instrumentation. Al-
though
some instruments and accessories would nonnally be
used withnon-hazardousvoltages, there are situati6Ii.swhere
hazardous conditions may be present
This product is intended for use by qualified personnel who
recognize shockhazards and arefamiliar with thesafety pre-
cautions required to avoid possibleinjury. Read theoperating
infonnation carefully beforeusing
the product.
Exercise extremecaution whenashockhazard is present. Le-
thal voitage may be present on cable connector jacks or test
fixtures. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
states
that ashock hazard exists when voltagelevels greater
than
30V RMS, 42.4V peak, or 60VDC are present. A good
safety practiceis to expect that hazardous voltageis present
in any unknown circuit before measuring.
Before operating an instrument, make sure the line cord
is
connected to aproperly grounded power receptacle. Inspect
the connecting cables, test leads, and jumpers for possible
wear, cracks, orbreaks before each use.
Formaximumsafety,
do not touch theproduct, testcables, or
any other instruments while power is applied to the circuit
under test. ALWAYS remove power from the entire test sys-
tem and discharge any capacitors before: connecting or dis-
connecting cables
or jumpers, installing or removing
switching cards, or making internal changes, such as install-
ing orremoving jumpers.
Do not touch any object that could provide acurrent path to
the common side of the circuit under test or power line
(earth) ground.Always make measurements with dry hands
while standing
on adry, insulated surface capable of with-
standing
the voltagebeingmeasured.
Safety Precautions
Do not exceed !:he maximum signal levels of the instruments
andaccessories,as defined in thespecificationsandoperating
infor.ma,tion ,and a$ shown on the instru_ment or test fixture
rear panel, or switching card.
Do not connect switching cards directly to unlimited power
circuits. They are intended to be used with impedance limit-
ed sources. NEVER connect switching cards directly to AC
main. When connecting sources to SW'itching cards, install
protective devices to limit fault current and voltage to the
card.
When fuses
are used. in aproduct, replace with same typeand
rating
for continued protection against fire hazard.
Chassis connections must only be used as shield connections
for measuring circuits, NOT as safety earth ground connec-
tions.
If you areusing atestfIXture, keep the lidclosedwhile power
isapplied to thedevice under test. Safeoperation requires the
use of alid interlock.
If a @screw is present on thetest fixture, connectit fo safety
earth
ground using#18 AWG or larger wire.
The fsymbol on an instrument or accessory indicates that
~1000V or more may be present on the tenninals. Refer to the
product manual for detailed operating information.
Instrumentation and accessories should notbe connected to
humans.
Maintenance should be performed by qualified service per-
sonnel. Before perforining any maintenance, disconnect the
line cord and all test cables.
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SPECIFICATIONS
UNEARITY: Linearity is defined as themaximum deviation from astraight
line
between the readings at zero and full range: 10ppm of range for
3V-300V ranges; 15ppm of range for 300mV range; at 23
QC
±l
QC.
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE INPUT: 300V rms, 425V peak, whichever is
less~
DC VOLTS
(6'12 Digits)
ACCURAcy
lTEMPERATURE
±(%rdg +counts) COEFFlctENT
INPUT 24 Hr./ 90 Days, 1Year, ±(%rdg +counts)/OC
RANGE RESOlUTION RESISTANq '23" .:l;JOC l8°.-2c&°C _18°_28"C 0"_18" &,: ~s.°-50°c;..
300 mV 100 nV >1 en 0.0020 +.2030.005 + 2.Cf 0.0.08 +2030.0006 +10
3 V 1 p.V >1 ,GO - --O~OO13 + 10 0.003 + 20 OJ)03$ +".w 0.0004 +1
3D. _V 10 p.V 11 MQ 0.0015 + 10 0.006 + 20 0.008 + 30 OJ)913" +3
300 V 100 p.V 10.1 MO 0.003 + 10 0.009 + 20 0+009 + 3d 0.0013 +- 1
lFor SVi-digit accuracy, divide count error byJO. For 4Yz-cUgit ae<:uracy, count error is 5(except 15 on 300mV range). For 3Y:z.digit
accuracy, count error is 5.
2Relative to calibration standards.
3When properly zeroed.
ANALOG SETTLING TIME: <1ms «2ms on 300mV range), to 0,01%
of step change.
CMRR: >UOdB at dc, 50Hz or 60Hz (±0,05%) with lldlin~eitherlea.d:
NMRR: >60dB at 50Hz or 60Hz (±0,05%),
TRMS AC VOLTS
(51.J~ Digits)
ACCURAcy
1
±(O/ordg +l:o.unts) 1YearTlS"-28°C _.'-~ __
0.01 dB
0,01 dB
REsqgmoN
3'
0:4
1,1
0.2
20Hz-20kHz INPUT
-34 to +49 dB
(20mV to 3OOV)
... 54 to -34 dB
(2mV to 2OmV)
ITypicaI.
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT (O"-18"C & 28"_50"0:
<±(0.1 xapplicable accuracy specification)/OC below 20kHzT
±(0.2x) for 20kHz to 100kHz.
CMRR: >60dB at 50Hz
or 60Hz (±0.05%) with 1kll in either lead.
dB (Ref.
~ IV): ACCURACY idB
1Year, 18"'-28"'C
20~z:-~09Jiliz.
RANGE RESOLUTION 20Hz-50Hz2SOHz-200Hz2200Hz-I0kHz2lQklh-20kHz2 20kllz~100~J
300 mV 1 p.V 2+ 100 0.3 +100 0.15 +100 0.4 ... 200 2.0 +300
3 V 10 p.V 2+100 0.3 +100 -0.15 +100 0.3 + 20IJ 1.5 +300
30 V 100 p.V 2+100 0.3 +100 0.15 + 100 OA 200 1.5 +300
300 V 1 mV 2+ 100 0_3 .+ 100 0.15 +100 OA ~OO 1.5 +300
lFo. 4th_dlgit accuracy, divide count error by 10. For 3lh-digit accuracy, count error is 5. In 3lh· and 4lh·digit modes, specifk.aHons
apply for inputs >200Hz. . --
2Por sinewave inputs >2,000 counts.
3For sinewave inputs >20,000 counts.
RESPONSE: True root mean square, ac coupled.
CREST FACTOR (ratio
of peak to rms): Up to 3:1 allowable.
NONSINUSOIDALINPUTS: For fundamental frequencies <1kHz, crest
factor <3,
add 0.25% of reading to specified accuracy for 300mV and
3V ranges; add 0.6% of reading to specified accuracy for 30V and 300V
ranges.
INPUT IMPEDANCE: IMll
shunted by <l20pF.
3dB BANDWIDTH: 300kHz typical.
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE INPUT: 300V =, 425V peak, 10' V'Hz,
whichever is less.
SETTLING TIME: 1second to within 0.1%
of change in reading.
OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE: 5.5V maximum,
LINEARITY:Linearityis definedas the maximumdeviation from astraight
line between the readings at zero and full range: 20ppm of range for
3000-30kO ranges, at 23°C ±1°C.
OHMS
(61ft Digits)
ACCURAcy
lTEMPERATURE
± (o/ordg +counts) COEFFICIENT
NOMINAL 24 Hr.,s 9Q DaYI!l~ c1.'ye..ar,. .±(%rdg + countsWe
RANGE RESOLUTION l-SHORT )30. .,#l°C - 18°_28"'C- 18°_28°C 0°_18'" '*' ,2,8°,-9qoC
300 02100 p.O 1.7 rnA 0.0025 + 20
30.008 +
20
30.010 +
2Q3 _0.001 +7
3 kU
21
m.O: 1.7 rnA 0'.0025 + 20 0'.005 + ·20 0.007 + 20 0.0Q1 +1
30 ~ 10 mO 160 p.A 0.0025 +20 0.005 +20 0.007 +20 OJ10l +1
300 Idl 100 mIl 50 p.A 0.006 + 20 0.020 +20 0,021 +20 0.004 +1
3 MO 10 5 p.A 0.007 -+ 20 O.OW +20 0.021 + 20 0.004 +1
30
MO 10 00.5 p.A 0.06 +50 ILl +50 0.1 + -50 0.030. +.1
3OOM041 kO O.5..p.A 2.0 _+ 52.0 +52.0 +50.30 +1
lFor 5Vz-digit accuracy, divide count error by 10. For 41h-digif accuracy, count error is 5(except 15 on 3000: range). For 31h-digit
accuracy, count error is 5.
24-wire accuracy, 3000-30kO ranges.
3When properly zeroed.
4Resolution on 3OOMO range is limited to 5Yl digits.
5Relative to calibration standards.
CONRGURATlON: Automatic 2- or 4-'Wire. Offsetcompensationavailable
on 3OOQ-30kO ranges, requires proper zeroing. Allowable compensation
of ±10mV on 3OO11 range and ±100mV on 3kll and 30kll ranges,
MAX. ALLOWABLE INPUT: 300V rms, 425V peak, whichever is Jess.
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DC AMPS ACCURAcY'
(5
'hDigits) ±
("/ordg H0unts)
RANGE _ RESOLUTION 1Year, 18°-28°C
MAXIMUM
VOLTAGE
BURDEN
MAXIMUM READING RATES1
DCV, DCA, ACV, ACA READINGS/SECOND
TRMS AC AMPS ACCURAcY'
M.AXIMUM
(SIn Digits) 1Year, ISO-28°C -VOLTAGE
RANGE RESOLUTION 20Hz-45Hz 45Hz-10klUBURDEN
ORM_S R,EADINGS1SECOND
Continuous into External Trigger into Triggered via
Internal Buffer Internal Buffer lEEE-48S Bus
RESOw
Mt1X: MUX:
MUX:
--LUTION
Off
On
Off On Off On
3Y1-Digit 53
25 57 25
37
23
4V,·Digit
43
20 47 21 30 19
_
.. 5V,cDigit 16 (13) 9.5 (7.5) 18 (15)
9.5 (7.5)
IS (12.5)
9.5~(7.5)
6'1z.Digit' 9(7.5) 0.3_(0.25)
0.3 (0.25)
Continuous into External Trigger into liiggered via
lntemal Buffer Internal Buffer IEEE-488 Bus
RESo-
MUX:
MUX: MUX:
LUTION
Off
On Off
On
Off
On
3'h-Digit
1000 1000 237 80
112 58
c __ 4'h.Digit
:ll3
333 145
_63
91
49
5'h-Digit 35 (29) 9(1.5) 40 (33) 9(7.5)
35(29)
9(7.5)
6'h-Digit29(1.5) 0.3 (0.25) 0.3 (0.25)
Offset Compensated Ohms: Rates are O.sx normal mux on ohms rates.
IReading rates are for on-range on'scale readings with internal filter off, for 3V, 3kO,
and 3mA ranges. 6'h- and 5'h-digit rates are for 60Hz operation. Values in
parentheses are for 50Hz operation.
2lntemal filter- on.
IEEE-488 BUS IMPLEMENTATION
MULTILINE COMMANDS: DCL, LLO, SOC, GET, GTL, UNT, UNL,
.- SPE, SPD.
UNILlNE COMMANDS: IFC, REN,EOI, SRQ, ATN.
INTERFACE
FUNcr:id'NS: SH1, AH1, T6, TEO, IA, LEO, SIU; RL1, FPO,
DCl, OIl, CO, El~
PROGRAMMABLE PARAMETERS: Range, Function, Zero, Integration
Period, Filter, EOI, Trigger, Terminator, Delay, SOO-Reading
Storage,
Calibration, Display, Multiplex, Status, Semce Request, Self Test,
Output Fonnat, TRANSLATOR.
OAV
004 V
0.4 V
0.5 V
2 V
0,01 dB
0,01 dB
--
RESOLUTION
0.2
0.9
INPUT
-34 to +69 dB
(20IlA to 3A)
-5410 -34 dB
(4<A to 20IlA)
300 JLA 1 nA 0.09 + 20
3rnA 10 nA 0.05 +10
30 mA 100 nA 0.05 +10
300
mA 1 p.A 0.05 +10
3 A 10
p.A 0.09 +10
'4lf,.digit count error is 20. 3Yt·digit count error is 5.
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE INPUT: 3A, 250V.
OVERLOAD
PROTECTION: 3A fuse (250V), accessible from rear panel.
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT (oo·lSoC &2S°-50°C):
<±(0.1 xapplicable accuracy specification)f°c.
300 p.A 1 nA 2+100 0.9 +100 0.4V
3
mA 10 nA 2+100 0.6 +100 OAV
30 mA 100 nA 2+100 0.6 +100 0.4V
300 mA l/tA :2 +100 0.6 + iCKl O.5V
3A10 JLA 2+100 0.6 +100 2 V
,
For sinewave inputs > 2000 counts. For 4V,-digit accuracy, _divide count error by
10. For 3'h-digit accuracy, count error is 5. In 3V,· and 4'12-digit modes, specifica-
tions apply for sinewave inputs >200Hz.
RESPONSE: True root mean square, ac coupled.
CREST FACTOR (ratio of peak to rms): Up to 3:1 allowable at 'hfull scale.
NONSINUSOIDAL INPUTS: Specified accuracyfor fundamental frequen.
cies
<1kHz, crest factor <3.
SETTLING TIME: 1 second to within 0.1% of change in reading.
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE INPUT: 3A, 250V.
OVERLOAD
PROTECTION: 3A fuse (250V) accessiblefrom rear panel.
TEMPERATURE COEFF£CIENT
(OO-lS0C & :1,8°--5(1°C):
<±(0.1 xapplicable accuracy specificationWc.
dB (Ref. = lmA): ACCURACY ±dB
1Year, ISO-28°C
20Hz-10kHz
GENERAL
RANGING: Manual or autoranging.
MAXIMUM READING: 3029999 counts in 6Yz-digit mode.
ZE RO: Controlsubtracts on-scale value from subsequenfreadings or allows
value to be progranuned.
CONNECTORS: Analog: Switch selectable front or rear, safety jacks.
Digital:
TRIGGER input and VOLTMETER COl\IT:'LETE output on rear
panel, BNCs.
WARMUP: 2
hours to rated accuracy.
DISPLAY: 10, O.S-in.
alphanumeric LED digits with decimal point and
polarity. Function and IEEE-488 bus status also indicated.
ISOLATION: Input La to IEEE Lo or power line ground: 500V peak 5x 10"
max. V·Hz product. >10°0 paralleled by 400pF.
DATA MEMORY: 1
to 500 locations, programmable. Measurement inter-
vals selectable from
Ims to 999999ins or triggered.
BENCH READING RATE: 5 readings/second (2fsecond on 30MO and
3OOMO ranges).
FILTER:
Weighted average (exponential). Programmable weighting, 1to
1/99.
---
OPERATING ENVIRONMENT: 0°-50°<:' 0%-80% relative humidity up
to 35°C; linearly derate 3% RHloC, 35°C
w
50°C (0%-60% RH up to 28°C
on 300MQ range).
STORAGE
ENVIRONMENT: _25° to +65°C.
.POWER; 105wl25V or210-250V, rear panel switch selected, 50Hz or 60Hz,·
--30VA max. 9o.:110V and 180-220V versions available upon request.
DIMENSIONS, WEIGHT: U7mm high x216mm wide x359mm deep
(5 in. x8th in. x 14% in.). Net weight 3.7kg (8 lbs.). .
.
.. ACCESSORIES AVAILABLE: .
ModeI1019A-l: S~-in. Single Fixed Rack Mounting Kit
.ModeI1019A-2: S~-in. Dual Fixed Rack Mounting Kit
Model 10195-1: Slf4-in. Single Slide Rack Mounting Kit
Model 10195-2: STU-in. Dual Slide Rack Mounting Kit
Model 1651: SO-Ampere Shunt
Model 1681: Clip-On Test Lead Set ~
Model 1682A: RF Probe .
Model 1685: Clamp-On Current Probe
Model 17S1: General Purpose Test Leads
Model 1754: Universal Test Lead Kit
Model
5806: Kelvin Qip Leads
Model 7007-1: Shielded IEEE-488 Cable, 1m
Model 7007-2: Shielded IEEE-488 Cable, 2m
Model 7008-3: IEEE-488 Cable, 3ft. (0.9m)
Model 7008·6: IEEE-488 Cable, 6ft. (1.8m)
Prices and specifications subject to change without notice.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1-GENERAL INFORMATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION " 1-1 ..
1.2 FEATURES ,'. ". , .- :'- .- " 1-1
1.3 WARRANTY INFORMATION '" 1-1
1.4 MANUAL ADDENDA 1-1
1.5 SAFETY SYMBOLS AND TERMS . .. .. . . . . . . .. . .. ..... .. .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .... .. .. . . .... . . . . 1-1
1.6 SPECIFICATIONS " 1-2
1.7 INSPECTION " 1-2
1.8 USING THE MODEL 196 MANUAL " 1-2
1.9 GETTING STARTED : " 'L' "H
1.10 ACCE5S0RIES , , o,o·,-:ci,·o.' ',,, ,..' , : .-.-, ".,.- " 1-3
SECTION 2-BASIC DMM OPERATIONS
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.4
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.5
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
2.6.4
2.6.5
2.6.6
2.6.7
2.6.8
2.6.9
2.6.10
2.6.n
2.7
2.7.1
2.7.2
2.7.3
2.7.4
2.7.5
2.7.6
2.7.7
2.7.8
2.7.9
INTRODUCTION 2-1
POWER UP PROCEDURES " 2-1
Line Power "2-1
Power-Up Sequence : :......................... 2-1
Factory Default Conditions 2-1
User Programmed Conditions "2-2
FRONT PANEL FAMILIARIZATION "2-2
Display and Indicators '" 2-2
Controls . .. .. . .... .... .. .. ... .. . . . . . . .. .. . . .... .. . .. . .. ... .. .. . . . . .. ..... 2-2
Input Terminals 2-4
Calibration Enable
Switch. ... .. . .. . . .. . .. ... .. .. ... .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . .... . . .. .. . . . .. ... .... 2-4
REAR PANEL FAMILIARIZATION
'" 2-5
Controls "2-5
Connectors
and Terminals "2-5
Fuses
-... . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. 2-6
ERROR DISPLAY ME5SAGES :. :~ : '- 2-6
BASIC MEASUREMENTS " 2-6
Warm Up Period........................................................................... 2-7
Zero.................................... 2-7
Filter " 2-8
DC Voltage Measurements ;._.", c· ••• , ,..... 2-9
.. Low-Level Measurement ConsIderations..................................................... 2-10
Resistance Measurements. .... .. . . .... .... .. . .. ... .. .. . . .. . .. . .. .. .. ... .... . . . .... ... .. 2-11
TRMS AC Voltage Measurements.. . .... .. . .. .. . .. . . .... .. . .. . .. . . .... .. . .... . . . . .... .... 2-12
Current Measurements (DC or TRMSAC) :............................... 2-13
dB Measurements .. . . .. .. .. ...... .. . .. .. . .. ...... .. . . .. .. . . . .... . . .... .. . . .. .. .... .... . . .. 2-13
'TRMS Considerations .. .. ... .... .. .. .... . . . . .. . .. . . . . .. .. .. ... .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .... .. . ... 2-15
dB Applications " : .-....... 2-17
FRONT PANEL PROGRAMS ... .. . .. . . .. . .. . .... .. . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. 2-17
Program 0(Menu) ....... . .... .. ... .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .... .. .. . .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. .. .... 2-18
Program 2(Resolution) .................................................................. .. 2-18
Program 4(MX+B) 2-18
Program 5(HI/LO/Pass) : .. .- 2-19
Program 6(Multiplexer, Auto/CAL) 2-20
Program 30 (Save) 2-20
Program 31 (IEEE Address) 2-21
Program 32 (Line Frequency) _ 2-21
Program 33 (Diagnostic) 2-22
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2.7.10 Program 34 (MX+B Parameters) 2-22
2.7.11 Program 35 (HI/LO Limits) 2-22
2.7.12 Program 36 (Calibration) .. ... .... .. . . . •. .. . . . . .. . .. . • .. .. . .. .. . .. ... .. .. . .. .. . . . •• .. . .. .2-23
2.7.13 Program 37 (Reset) 2.23
2.7.14 Program lJ , , , 2:24
2.7.15 Program ZERO : - : . :.- 2-24
2.7.16 Program FILTER _. . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. ........... .. ... .. .. .. . .• . 2-24
2.7.17 Program dB ............................. .. . . .•. .. . .. . . . . . . .. ................... .... . . .. 2-25
2.8 FRONT PANEL TRIGGERING , . .... .. . .. • .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. 2-25
2.8.1 One-Shot Triggering : , . . . . . .. . . .. .... .. . . . . .. . .. 2-25
2.8.2 Triggering Readings Into Data Store ,2.25
2.9 EXTERNAL TRIGGERING 2-26
2.9.1 External Trigger 2-26
2.9.2 Voltmeter Complete .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . .. ... .. .2-26 .
2.9.3 .Triggering Example 2-27
SECTION 3-IEEE-488 PROGRAMMING
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.7
3.7.1
3.7.2
3.8
3.8.1
3.8.2
3.8.3
3.8.4
3.8.5
3.8.6
3.8.7
3.8.8
3.9 -
3.9.1
3.9.2
3.9.3
3.9.4
3.9.5
3.9.6
3.9.7
3.9.8
3.9.9
3.9.10
3.9.11
3.9.12
3.9.13
3.9.14
3.9.15
3.9.16
3.9.17
3.9.18
II
INTRODUCTION 3-1
ASHORT-CUT TO IEEE-488 OPERtmON , .. . . .... . . 3-1
BUS CONNECTIONS 3-4
~ACE ~CTION CODES 3-5
PRIMARY ADDRESS SELECTION 3-6
CONTROLLER PROGRAMMING "3.6
Controller Handler Software. .......................... .. . .. ......... .. ..... .. .... .. . .. .. 3'7
BASIC Interface Progranxnting Statements , 3-7
FRONT PANEL ASPECTS OF IEEE-488 OPERATION _ .. 3-7
Front Panel Error Messages , . .- .- .. , '. 3-7
IEEE-488 Status Indicators and LOCAL Key _ 3-10
GENERAL BUS COMMAND PROGRAMMING 3-11
REN (Remote Enable) 3-11
!FC (Interface Gear) 3-11
LLO (Local Lockout) . . .... .. . .... . . . .. . . . .. .. . .. . .. . . • .. .. .... . . .. . .. .. . .. .... .. .. . .. 3-11
GTL (Go To Local) .. .......... .. ...... .. .... .. ........... .... ....... .. .............. .. ... .. 3-12
DCL (Device Gear) ........... .. ........... .. ... .. ....... .. . . .. ......... .. . . . .. . . .. ...... .. 3-12
.SDC (Selective Device Gear) _ 3-13
GET (Group Execute Trigger) , 3-13
Serial Polling (SPE,SPD) .- ~ . . . .. ..... .. .......... .. ......... 3·13
DEVICE-DEPENDENT COMMAND PROGRAMMING 3-14
Execute (X) : :.- : '- .. .- .. . . .. . .. 3-17
Function (F) .................•..........................•................................ .. 3-17
~!(g).::::::::::::::::: :::::: ::::: ::::::::: :::::: ::::::: :::::: :::::::::::::::::::::: ::: ~:~
Filter (P) 3-19
Rate (S) .- :-:: .: . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. ... .. .. . . . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. ........ .. 3-19
Trigger Mode (T) ............ .. . . . .. . . .. . .. ...... .. •. . .. .. . . . . .. .. . .... ....• .. .....•.... 3-20
Reading Mode
(B) 3-20
Data Store Interval (Q)
and Size (I) .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. ..... .. . .. . .. . .. .. .. ... .. .. ... 3-20
Value
(V) and Calibration (C) .. . .. .. .. . .. • .. . .. .. . .. .. .... .. . .... . . .. . . .. • .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. •• 3-22
Default Conditions
(L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. ..... .. . . .. .... . . . .... . . . . .. . •. . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . 3-23
Data Format (G) : :
'- . .- 3~23 .
SRQ Mask (M)
and Serial Poll Byte Format. . .. . .. ... .. .. . . ...... . .... .. .. . .... . . .. . .. .. . . 3-24
EO!
and Bus Hold-off Modes (K) .... .. . .. . . .... .... .. . .. . .. .. . .. • .. . .... . .. .3-26
Terminator
(Y) , , 3-27
Status (U) 3-27
Auto/Cal Multiplex (A). ...........
.. . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . ...... ................ 3-29
Delay (W) _.. . . •• . . . . . . .
.. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. • .. •. .• 3-31
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3.9.19 Self-Test a> _. _.._ _ 3-31
3.9.20 Hit Button (H) '" " ..............•. " 3-31
3.9.21 Display (D) "3-32
3.9.22 Internal Filter (N) .......................................................•.•.•.••... ,....... 3-33
3.10 TRANSLAJDR SOFTWARE ...................................................•....••...... "3-33
3.10.1 Translator Format. ............................................................•..... ' ..... "3-34
3.10.2 Wild Card ($) .........................................•.••..•••••. __ .• _ ••••..• , ••.•.•.•.• "3-35
3.10.3 NEW and OLD , .•.. '," .. '," ',_'" ~ 3-35
3.10.4 Combining Translator Words .............•................................................. 3-35
3.10.5 Combining Translator Words With Keithley IEEE-488 Commands 3-36
3.10.6 Executing Translator Words and Keithley IEEE Commands '" 3-36
3.10.7 SAVE :. ;. """ ' " 3-37
3.10.8 'LIST "co •••••• : •••••••••••••••••••••••••• : ••••• _ •••••••••••••••••• 3-37
3.10.9 FORGET : ............•.....• '"................................................ 3·37
3.11 BUS DATA TRANSMISSION TIMES " 3-37
SECTION 4-PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION 4-1
4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDmONS _'" ._ .•... ~ '" 4-1
4.3 INmAL CONDmONS ....•..•••......•..•............... ' .•..............•.•....••........ __ 4-1
4.4 RECOMMENDED TEST EQUU'MENT ; _ '" 4-1
4.5 VERIFICATION PROCEDURES ''0 ••••••••••••••••••••• •• ••••••••••• •• 4-2
4.5.1 DC Volts Verification. .................... .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .•• .•. •. ....... .. .... .. . .. .4-2
4.5.2 TRMS
AC Volts Verification 4-2
4.5.3 Ohms Verification ' .. ,,,~,,, ..........•.•......... ','- ' ' 4-3
4.5.4 DC Current Verification : , .. ; : : :.:::': . . .. . . . .. 4-4
4.5.5 TRMS AC Current Verification. ...... .... .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . •.. .. . . .. ........ .. ... .. .. . . . .. 4-5
SECTION 5-PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
5.1 INTRODUCTION -.~~ .- .. -.-.- 5-1
5.2 OVERALL FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION 5-1
5.3 ANALOG CIRCUITRy ............................................•............................ ,5-1
5.3.1 Input Signal Conditioning " : •.. " ,......... .. 5-1
5.3.2 Multiplexer 5-4
5.3.3 +2.1V Reference Source ~: .. ; . .- :... ' •................ 5-7
5.3.4 Input Buffer Amplifier " . :::-:~:. . . •. . . .. . . .. 5-7
5.4 AID CONVERTER : :;; .. : ' ~ '. . . .. . •. . . .. .• . .. 5-7
5.5 CONTROL CIRCUITRY :................................ .. 5-8
5.6 DIGITAL CIRCUITRY .........................................................•.............. 5-8
5.6.1 Microcomputer '.. ........................... .. 5-8
5.6.2 Display Circuitry. ................ ....................... .. .................. .. ........ .. 5-9
5.7 POWER SUPPLIES. .. .................. ... ... .. .. ............. .. ........................... .. 5-9
SECTION 6-MAINTENANCE
6.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................•........................ 6-1
6.2 LINE VOITAGE SELECTION. ... .. .............. .. . . .. ............ .. . .. .. ............... .. . ... 6-1
6.3 FUSE REPLACEMENT. ..................................................... .. . .. . .• . . ••.. . . .. 6-1
6.3.1 Line Fuse. ............................................................................... .. 6-1
6.3.2 Current Fuse , _ ...............•.. '" _., , :, " "' , . 6-2
6.4 CALffiRATION 6·2
6.4.1 Recommended Calibration Equipment. .. ................................ .... ............... .. 6-2
6.4.2 Environmental Conditions ',' ,_, '" 6·3
III
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6.4.3 Warm-Up Period ...............................• : ..........•...................... , 6-3
6.4.4 CAL ENABLE Switch _ ........•............... , _.................... .. .... .. 6-3
6.4.5 Front Panel Calibration ...............••.............. _ ,. 6-3
6.4.6 IEEE-488 Bus Calibration '" ......... .. . .. . .. . . . .• . •. . •••. ................... .. 6-4
6.4.7 Calibration Sequence ..............••.. .•...... ,. .. ... .... ........................... .•. •. 6-4
6.4.8 DCVolts Calibration. . . .. .. . . . .. .. .... .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . . .. . .. .. .. .... .... ... .. .. . .. . . ... 6-5
6.4.9 Resistance Calibration. . .. .. .. .. .. ... .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . . . .... .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . .. 6-6
6.4.10 TRMS AC Volts Calibration : . : : " 6-7
6.4.11 DC Current Calibration ~ _ .. ,. 6·9 .
6.4.12 TRMS AC Current Calibration _ .. .. . . .. .. . 6·10
6.5 DISASSEMBLY INSTRUCTIONS , , , 6-11
6.6 SPECIAL HANDLING OF STATIC-SENSITIVF:.DEVICES .'.' , , .....••..• , , .. 6-12
6.7 TROUBLESHOOTING 6-12
6.7.1 Recommended Test Equipment. __ , .. __ .. .. . . .. 6-14
6.7.2 Power Up Self Test " _ , 6-14
6.7.3 Program 33 -Self Diagnostic Program " .. 6-14
6.7.4 Power Supplies __ .._... ..... ....•. ....... .. .............. .. 6_15
6.7.5 Signa] Conditioning Checks _ '" .. .. .. .. .. .. . 6-15
6.7.6 Digital and Display Circuitry Checks 6-15
SECTION 7-REPLACEABLE PARTS
7.1 INTRODUCTION :: : .. : '" : " 7-1
7.2 PARTS UST , . __ _ _ " 7-1
7.3 ORDERING INFORMATION .. __ . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. __ ,'.' .701 .
7.4 FACTORY SERVICE " :: :. ':. "'0._:_' " , ., .•. , .. __ ..•.. '.',' ........•...•.. '.' 7-1
7.5 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS AND COMPONENT LOCATION DRAWINGS : 7-1
APPENDIX A
AScn CHARACTER CODES AND IEEE·488 MULTIUNE INTERFACE COMMAND MESSAGES .... Al
APPENDIX B
ffiM PC/XT and MODEL 8573A PROGRAMMING B-1
APPENDIX C
CONTROLLER PROGRAMS Col
APPENDIX D
IEEE-488 BUS OVERVIEW _ , 0-1
iv
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LIST OF TABLES
SECTION 2-BASIC DMM OPERATION
2-1 Factory Default Conditions : .; . -. : 2-2
2-2
Error Messages - .. - , 2-6
2-3 Resistance Ranges ....................................................... .. ............. .. 2-12
2-4 Corresponding Voltage Reference Levelsfor Impedance Reference. . . .. ....... .. ............ .. . . .. 2-15
2-5 COmparison of Average and TroviS Meter Readings :...................................... .. 2-16
2-6 Front Panel Programs ; -; ; . ; .. -. ............................. .. 2-17
2-7 Display Resolution ................•........................• _................................. 2-18
2-8 Example MX +BReadings ; - : :.: ::. 2-19
SECTION 3-IEEE-488 PROGRAMMING
3-1 IEEE-488 Commands Used to Select Function and Range .. , , 3-3
3-2
IEEE Contact Designation .- , 3_5
3-3 Model 196 Interface Function Codes 3-6
3-4
BASIC Statements Necessary to Send Bus Commands , 3-7
3-5 Front PanelIEEE-488 Messages - : : , 3-8
3-6
General Bus Commands and Associated BASIC Statements .- .-................ 3-10
3-7 Factory Default Conditioris ~ : - ; : .- : " .. 3-12
3-8 Device-Dependent Command Summary 3-15.
3-9 Range Command Summary , ,co •••••••••• " •• 'c' • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 3-18
3-10 Rate Command Summary. .................................... .. . .. •. .•. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. ... .. 3-19
3-11 High Speed Data Store 3-22
3-12 SRQ Command Parameters ..................................................•............. __ 3-25
3-13 Bus Hold-off Tunes .............•.... _ _ .. , _ •.......... : . .. . . .. .. ............ .. 3:26
3-14 Translator Reserved Words and Character 3-33
3-15 Translator Error Messages ... :........................ .. .................... .. ............. 3-34
3-16 Trigger To Reading-Ready Times (DCV Function) .... ... .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. . .. 3-37
SECTION 4-PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION
4-1 Recommended Test Equipment , 4-1
4-2 Limits for DCV Volts Verification 4-2
4-3
Limits for TRMS AC Volts Verification : .- , 4-3
4-4
Limits for Ohms Verification ; , 4-4
4-5 Limits for DC Current Verification , 4-4
4-6 Limits for AC CurrerifVerification :.............................. 4-5
SECTION 5-PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
5-1 Input Buffer Amplifier (U35) Gain Corifiguration ... .... ... .... . . .... .... .... .. .. .... .. ...... .... 5-7
v
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SECTION 6-MAINTENANCE
6-1 Line Voltage Selection ."" ...• "." " " " " .. " . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. . .. .. ...... .. .. . 6-1
6-2 Line Fuse Replacement ". 6-2
6-3 Current Fuse Replacement " .. . . .. .. . .. . .. .. ....... .. .. . .. . .. . •. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. ...... 6-2
64 Recommended Calibration Equipment 6-2
6-5
DC Volts Calibration " " " " " . . . . . .. .. .. 6-5
6-6 Resistance Calibration " "." " .. ".................... 6-6
6-7 TRMS AC Volts Calibration " " ',' " .. 00 .. •• 6-7
6-8 DC Current Calibration 00 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~" " " 6-10
6·9 TRMS AC Current CalIbration " 00 00 " 6-11
6-10 Recommended Troubleshooting Equipment " 00 00 00 .. .. • • • .. • • .. 6-14
6-11 Model 196 Troubleshooting Mode 00 .. • • • • •• • • .. .. .. • • .. • • •• 6-15
6-12 Power Supply Checks 00 00. •• • .. •• 6-18
6-13
Digital Circuitry Checks 00 • • .. • • 6-18
6-14 Display Circuitry Checks 00 00 00 , 00 • _ 00 6-19
SECTION 7-REPLACEABLE PARTS
7-1 Display Board, Parts List." "" ".:: :" _"" .. : .. : ,,: 00 7-3
7-2 Digital Board, Parts List. " _ " . . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .... . .. .. 7-8
7-3
Analog 'Board, Parts List 00 00 _ • • • • • • 7-19
7-4 Model 196 Miscellaneous Parts List " 00 • • • .. .... • • • • .. 7-33
APPENDIX B
B-1 BASIC Statements Necessary to Send Bus Commands .. 00 • • • .. • • • • • .. .... .. • .. • .. • .... .. • .... • •• B-1
APPENDIX D
D-l IEEE-488 Bus Command Summary 00 ••••••• 00 00 .. • .. • • • • • • • .. • •• D-3
D-2 Hexadecimal and Decimal Command Codes 00 " 00 .... • .... .. .. • .. •• D-7
D-3 Typical Addressed Command Sequence ... " " " 00 " .. " .. • • .. • .. • .... .. • .. D-7
D4 Typical Device-Dependent Command Sequence "" " ;" " D-7
D'5 IEEE Command Group .. 00 " " • • • .. • • .. .... • D-7
vi
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
SECTION 2-BASIC DMM OPERATION
2-1 Model 196 Front Panel. " 2-3
2-2 Model 196 Rear Panel ...............................................................••....... 2·5
2·3 DC
Voltage Measurements .............................•..........•.................••.•.•... 2·10
2-4 Two.:ferminal Resistance Measurements " 2-11
2-5 Four.:ferminal Resistance Measurements '.' _ ....•....... '" .. __ .•....•..•.... 2-12
2-6 TRMS AC Voltage Measurement. ..............•............................................ .. 2-12
2-7 Current Measurements " 2-13
2-8 External Trigger Pulse Specifications ........................................................ .. 2-26
2-9 Voltmeter Complete Pulse Specifications. .................................................... .. 2-27
2-10 External Triggering Example .........•. ~ ~ 2-27
SECTION 3-IEEE-488 PROGRAMMING
3-1 Typical Program Flow C1lart '.'" .....•.................................•................. 3-2
3-2
lEEE-488 Connector : .................•................. :.. 3-4
3-3 lEEE-488 Connections· ~ , , ,. 3-4
3-4
lEEE-488 Connector Location. ..............................................•. •. . . . .. . . .. .. . . .. 3-5
3-5
Contact Assignments ....................................................................... .. 3-5
3-6 General Data Format '.' . .. ............... .... . .. . .. 3-23
3-7 SRQ Mask and Serial Poll Byte Format. ..............................................•...• , . •. 3-24
3-8 VO Machine Status Word and Default Values _. ............. .. 3-28
3-9 Vl Error Status Word. ................................................•...... .. .. .. ........ .. 3-30
3-10 Hit Button Command Numbers ............................................................ .. 3-32
SECTION 4-PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION
4-1 ConnectionsJor DC Volts Verification " " 4-2
4-2
Connections for TRMS AC Volts Verificatiou , " , "." 4-3
4-3 Connections for Ohms Verification (30011-301>ll Range) "4-4
4-4 Connections for Ohms Verification (300kll-300Mll Ranges)
4-4
4-5 Connections for DC Current Verification 4-5
4-6 Connections for TRMS AC Current Verification ._ 4-5
SECTION 5-PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
5-1 Overall Block Diagram "5-2
5-2 Input Configuration During 2 and 4-Terminal Resistance Measurement. ......................... .. 5-3
5-3
Resistance Measurement Simplified Circuitry .. . .. . .. . . .. .. .. .... .. . .. . . .. .. . .... . . .. .... ... 5-4
5-4 JFET Multiplexer. ............... .. . .. ....... .... .... .. .. . .. . .... .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . .. .. ..... .. 5-5
5-5 Multiplexer Phases .. . .. . . .. . .. .. .. ..................... .. ........................... .. .... 5-6
5-6 AiD Converter Simplified Schematic. .... .... . .... . .. . ...... . . .. . . .. .. .. . .. • .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . 5-8
vii
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SECTION 6-MAINTENANCE
6-1 DC Volts Calibration Configuration (300mV and 3V Ranges) .................................... .. 6-5
6-2
DC Volts Calibration Configuration (3OV-::!OOVRanges) 6-5
6-3 Four-Wire Resistance Calibration Configuration (300rl-30kQ Ranges) 6-6
6-4 TwoWire Resistance Calibration Configuration (300kQ-300MQ Ranges) ........................... .. 6-7
6-5 Flowchart of AC Volts Calibration Procedure.. ...... .. . . .. . .. . .. .... .... . . .... . .. .. .. . .. . .. .. 6-8
6-6 TRMS AC Volts Calibration Configuration :: : : :: 6-8
6-7 TRMS AC Volts Calibration Adjustments ... .. .. . . .... .... .. .. . . .. . .. . .. ... .. .. .. .. . .. ... .. 6-9
6-8
DC Current Calibration Configuration. .. . . .. . .. .... .... ... .... .. . . .... .. . .. . ...... . .. .... .. 6-10
6-9 AC Current Calibration Configuration . .. .. . . ...... . . ...... .. . .. . .. ... .. . .... .. .. . .. .. . .... 6-11
6-10 -Analog Board Connectors '" _ 6,12
6-11 Model 196 Exploded View .... . .. . .. . .. . .. . . .. ... ...... . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. . . ...... . .. .... .. .. 6-13
SECTION 7-REPLACEABLE PARTS
7-1 Display Board, Component Location Drawing. Dwg. No. 196-110................................. .7-4 _
7-2 Display Board, Schematic Diagram, Dwg. No. 196-116... .................. .. ........ .. ......... .. 7-5
7-3 Digital Board, Component Location Drawing, Dwg. No. 196-100 .' : .... .... 7-12
7-4 Digital Board, Schematic Diagram, Dwg. No. 196-106 : .. .7-13
7-5 Analog Board, Component Location Drawing, Dwg. No. 196-120................ ............... .. 7-24
7-6 Analog Board, Schematic Diagram, Dwg. No. 196-126. . . .. .. .. ... .. .. . .. . ...... ... ...... ... .. ... 7-25
APPENDIX D
D-1 IEEE Bus Configuration D-1
D-2 IEEE Handshake Sequence ;-;; ~ D-3
D-3
Command Codes.. .. . .. . . .... ..... ...... . . . . .. ... .. .. . .. ... .... .. . .... . .. . . .. ...... . .. ...... D-6
viii
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
SECTION 1
GENERAL INFORMATION
1.3 WARRANTY INFORMATION
The Keithley Model 196 System DMM is afive function
autoranging digital multimeter.
At 6'12 digit resolution, the
LED display can display±3,030,OOO counts. Tfierange of
this analog-to-digital (AID)converteris greater
than the nor~
mal ± 1, 999, 999-countA/Dconverter used in many6' 12 digit
DMMs. The built-in
IEEE-488 interface makes the instru-
mentfully programmableoverthe
IEEE-488 bus.TheModel
196 can make the following basic measurements:
1. DC voltage measurements from lOOn V to 30OV.
2. Resistance measurements from 1001'1l to300Mll.
3. TRMS AC voltage measurements from 11'V to 30OV.
4. DC current measurements from 1nA to 3A.
5. TRMS AC current measurements from 1nA to 3A.
In addition to the above mentioned measurement
capabilities, the Model 196 can makeAC dB voltage and
current measurements.
1.2 FEATURES
Some important Model 196 features include:
•
10 Character Alphanumeric Display-Easy to read 14-seg-
ment LEOs used for readings and front panel messages.
•
High Speed Measurement Rate-lOoo readings per
second.
•
Zero-Used to canceloffsets orestablish baselines. Azero
value can
be programmed from the front panel or over
the IEEE-488 bus.
•
Filter-The weighted average digital filter can be set from
the front panel or over the bus.
•Data
Store-Can store up to 500 readings and is accessible
only over the bus.
•Digital Calibration-The
instrument may be digitally
calibrated from either
the front panel or over the bus.
•UserProgrammable Default
Conditions-Any instrwnent
measurement configuration can be established as the
power-up default conditions. .
•Translator Software-User defined words (stored in non-
volatile memory) can
be used to replace standard com-
mand strings over the IEEE-488 bus.
•OffsetCompensated
Ohms-Used tocorrect for small er-
ror voltages in the measurement circuit.
Warranty information may be found on the inside front
cover of this.manual.
Should it bec()me necessary to exer-
cise
the warranty, contact your Keithley representative or
the factory to determine the proper course of action.
Keithley Instruments maintains service facilities in
the
United States, United Kingdom and throughout Europe.
Information concerning
the application, operation or ser-
vice ofyourinstrumentmay be directed to the applications
engineer at any of
these locations. Check the inside front
cover for addresses.
1.4 MANUAL ADDENDA
Information concerning improvements or changes to the
instrument which occur after the printing of this manual
will be found on an addendum sheet included with the
manual. Be sure to review these changes before attempt-
ing to operate or service the instrument.
1.5 SAFETY SYMBOLS AND TERMS
The following safety symbols and terms are used in this
manual or found on the Model 196.
The &symbol on the instrument denotes that the user
should refer to-the operating instructions in this manual.
The
Mn the instrument denotes that apotential of
300V or more may be present on the terminaI(s). Standard
safety practices should be observed when such dangerous
levels are encountered.
The WARNING
used in this manualexplains dangers that
could result in personal injury or death.
The CAUTION
used in this manual explains hazards that
could damage the instrument,
1.6 SPECIFICATIONS
Detailed Model 196 specifications may be found preceding
the Thble of Contents oHhis manual.
1-1
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GENERAL INFORMATION
1.7 INSPECTION 1.9 GETTING STARTED
The Model 196 SystemDMM was carefully inspected, both
electrically and mechanically before shipment. Mter un-
packingall items from the shipping carlon, check for any
obvious signs of physical damage that may have occurred
during transit. Report any damage to the shippingagent.
Retain and use the original packing materials in case reship-
ment is necessary. The following items are shipped with
every Model
196 order:
The Model
196 System DMM is ahighly sophisticated in-
strument with many capabilities. To get the instrument up
and running quickly use the following procedure. For com-
plete information
on operating the Model 196 consult the
appropriate section of this manual.
Power
Up
Model 196 System DMM
Model
196 Instruction Manual
Safety Test Leads (Model
1751)
Additional accessories as ordered.
If an additional instruction manual is required, order the
manual package (Keithley Part Number 196-901-00). The
manual package includes
an instruction manual and any
applicable addenda.
1. Plug the line cord into·the rearlanel power jack and
plug the other end of the cor into an appropriate,
grounded power source. See paragraph 2.2.1 for more
complete information.
2. Press
in the POWER switch to apply power to the in-
strument. The instrumentwill power
up in the 300v DC
range.
. Making Measurements
~ Connect safety shrouded test leads to the front panel
VOll'S HI and LO input terminals. Make sure the IN-
PUT switch
on the rear panel is in the in (FRONT)
position.
2.
To make avoltage measurement, simply connect the in-
put leads to a DC voltage source (up to 300V) and take
the reading from
the display.
3.
To change to adifferent measuring function, Simply
press the desired function button. For example, to
measure resistance, press the OHMS button.
1.8 USING THE MODEL 196 MANUAL
•Section 1contains general information about the Model
196 including that necessaryto inspect theinstrument and
get it operating as quickly as possible.
•Section 2contains detailed operating information
on Using Front Panel Programs
usingthe front panel controls and programs, makingcon-
nections and basic measuring techniques for eachof the Program selection is accomplished by pressing the PRGM
available
measuring functions. button followed by the button(s) that corresponds to the
•Section 3contains the information necessary to connect program number or name. For example, to select Program
theModel
196 to the lEEE-488 bus and program operating 31 (lEEE), press the PRGM button and then the 3 and 1
modes
and functions from acontroller. buttons. Thble 2-7 lists and briefly describes the available
•Section 4contains performance verification procedures front panel programs. Once aprogram. is selected the
for the instrument. This information will
be helpful if you following general rules will apply:
wish to verify
that the instrument is operating in com-
pliance with its stated specifications.
1,. Adisplayed program condition can be enteredby press-
•Section 5contains adescription of operating theory.
... ing the ENTER button.
Analog, digital, power supply,
and lEEE-488 interface 2. Program conditions that prompt the userwithaflashing
operation is included. .digit
can be modified using the data buttons (0 through
•Section 6contains information for servicing
the instru- 9 and f).
ment. Thissection includes information on fuse replace- 3. Programs that contain alternate conditions can be
ment, line voltage selection, calibration and displayed by pressing one of-the range buttons. Each
troubleshooting. press of
one ofthese buttons toggles the display between
•Section 7contains replaceable parts information. the two available conditions.
This
manual contains information necessary for operating
and servicing the Model 196 System DMM. The informa-
tion is divided into
the following sections:
1-2
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4. Aprogram will be executed when the ENTER button is
pressed.
5. Aprogram can be exited at any time and thus not ex-
ecuted, by pressing the PRGM button.
Paragraph 2.7 provides the detailed information for using
the front panel programs.
1.10 ACCESSORIES
The following accessories are available to enhance the
Model
196s, capabilities.
Models
1019A and 1019S Rack Mounting Kits-The Model
1019A is astationary rack mounting kit with two front
panels provided to enable eithersingle
or dual side-by-side
mounting
of the Model 196 or other similar Keithley in-
struments. The Model 1019S is asimilar rack mountingkit
with asliding mount configuration.
Model
1301 Temperature Probe-The Model 1301 is a rug-
ged lowcosttemperature probe designed to allow temper-
ature measurements from
-55 to 150°C.
Model 1600B High Voltage Probe-TheModel 1600B extends
DMM measurements
to 40kV.
Model 1651 50-Ampere Current Shunt-The Model 1651 is
an external 0.0010 ±1%4-terminal shunt, which permits
current measurements from 0
to 50A AC or DC.
Model
1681 Clip-on Test Lead Set-The Model 1681 con-
tains two leads, 1.2m (4 ft.) long terminated with banana
plugs
and spring action clip probes.
Model
1682A RF Probe-The Model 1682A permits voltage
measurementsfrom 100kHz to 250MHz.
AC to DCtransfer
accuracy is ±
1dB from 100kHz to 250MHz at 1V, peak
responding, calibrated
in RMS of asine wave. .
Model 1685 damp-On AC Probe-The Model 1685
measures AC current by clamping on to asingle conduc-
tor. Interruption of the circuit is unnecessary.
The Model
1685 detects currents by sensingthechanging magnetic field
produced by the currenUlow.
Model
1751 Safety Test Leads-Fingerguards and shrouded
bananaplugs help minimize
the chance ofmakingcontact
with live circuitry.
GENERAL INFORMATION
1-3/1-4
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SECTION 2
BASIC DMM OPERATION
CAUTION
Be sure that the power line voltage agrees with
the indicated
range on the rear panel ofthe In-
strument. Failure
to observe this precaution
may result in instrument damage.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Operation of the Model 196 can be divided intotwo general
categories: front
panel operation and IEEE-488 bus opera-
tion. This section contains information necessary to
use the
instrument from the front panel. These functions can also
be programmed over the IEEE-488 bus, as described in Sec-
tion 3. . 2.2.2 Power Up Sequence
2.2 POWER UP PROCEDURE
2.2.1 Line Power
Use the following procedure to connect the Model 196 to
line
power and power up the instrument.
1. Check that the instrument is set to correspond to the
available line power. When the instrument leaves the fac-
tory;
the internally selectedline voltage is marked on the
rear panel. Ranges are 105V-125V or 21OV-25OV 50/60Hz
AC.
If the line voltage setting of the instrument needs
to be changed, refer to Section 6, paragraph 6.2 for the
procedure. 1£ the line frequency setting of the instrument
needs to bechecked andlorchanged, utilizefront panel
Program 32 (see paragraph 2.7.8) after the instrument
completes the power up sequence.
2. Connect
the female end of the power cord to the AC
receptacle
on the rear panel of the instrument. Connect
the other end of the cord to a grounded AC outlet.
WARNING
The Model 196 is equipped with a3-wire power
cord that contains aseparate ground wire and
is designed to be used with grounded outlets.
When proper connections are made, instrument
chassis
Is connected to power line ground.
Failure to
use agrounded outlet may result in
personal injury or death because of electric
shock.
The instrument can be turned on by pressing in the front
panel POWER switch. The switchwillbe at the inner most
position when the instrument is turned on. Uron power
up, the instrument will do a number oftests on Itself. Thsts
are performed on memory (ROM, RAM and PPROM). 1£
RAM or ROM fails, the instrumentwill lock up. If E'PROM
FAILS, the message "UNCA~' will be displayed. See para-
graph 6.7.2 for acomplete description of the power up self
test
and recommendations to resolve failures.
2.2.3 Default Conditions
Default conditions can be defined as setup conditions that
the instrument will return to when apariicularfeature or
command is asserted. The Model196 will return to either
factory default conditions
or user saved defaultconditions.
Factory Default
Conditions
At the factory; the Model 196 is set up so that the instru-
. ment is configured to certain setup conditions on the
initial powerup. These factory default conditions are listed
in Thbles
2-1 and 3-7 (located in Section 3). If alternate setup
conditionsare saved(see User Saved Default Conditions),
the instrument can be returned to the factory default con-
ditions by
runnin~ Program 37 (Reset). Th retain the fac-
tory defaultconditions
as power-up defaultconditions, run
Program 30 (Save) immediately after executingProgram 37
(Reset).
Sending device-dependent command 10 over the IEEE-488
bus is equivalent to running Program 37 (Reset) and then
Program 30 (Save).
2-1
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BASIC DMM OPERATION
Table 2·1. Factory Default Conditions
ControlfFeature Default Condition
Function DCV
Range 300v
Resolution (program
2)
6'12 Di~ts
Zero Disab ed
Zero Value (program ZERO) 000.0000
dB Disabled
dB Reference Value 1.000000
(program
dB)
Filter Disabled
Filter Value (Program
FILTER)
10
MX+B Status (Program 4) Disabled
MX+B Parameters (Program 34) M=1.000000
B=OOO.OOOO
Mul~lexer (Program 6)'
Enabled
HII
IPASS (Program 5) Disabled
HI/LO Limits (Program 35) +3.030000,
-3.030000
Ohms Compensation (program 0) Disabled
NOTE: The Model
196 is initially set for an IEEE addresR
of 7. The line frequency is set to 50 or 60Hz.
User Saved Default Conditions
Each function
of the Model 196 "remembers" the last
measurement configuration that it was set up for (such as
range, zero value, filter value, etc). Switchingback
and forth
betweenfunctions will
not affect the unique configuration
of each function. However, the instrument will "forget" the
configurations on power-down unless they are saved.
Unique
setup conditions can be saved by running front
panel Program 30 (Save) or by sending device-dependent'
command L1 over the IEEE-488 bus. These' user saved
default conditions willprevail over the factory default con-
ditions
on power-up, or when aDCL or SDC is asserted
over
the bus.
IEEE Address
and Line Frequency
Any IEEE address and line frequency setting can be saved
as default conditions by
running Program 30 (Save) or by
sending L1 over the bus. See paragraph 2.7 for complete
information
on Programs 31 (IEEE Address) and 32 (Line
Frequency).
NOTE
An "UNCAr' error will set the IEEE address to 7
and the line frequency to 60Hz.
2-2
2.3 FRONT PANEL FAMILIARIZATION
The front panel layoutof the Model 196 is shown in Figure
2-1. The following paragraphs describe the various com-
ponents of the front panel in detail.
2.3.1 Display and Indicators
Display-The 10 character, alphanumeric, LED display is
used to display numeric conversiondata, range and func-
tion mnemonics (i.e. mY) and messages.
Function
Indicators-The indicator that is on identifies
which of the five operatingfunctions is currently selected.
Range
Indicator-When the instrument is in autorange the
AUTO indicator light will be on.
Modifier Indicators-When the zerofeature is enabled, the
ZERO indicator will turn on. When filter is enabled, the
FIITER indicator will turn on.
IEEE StatusIndicators-These three indicators apply to in-
'strument operation over
the IEEE-488 bus. The RMT in-
dicator shows
when the instrument is in the IEEE-488
remote state. The TLK and LSNindicators show when the
instrument is in the talk and listen states respectively. See
Section 3for detailed information on operation over the
bus.
2.3.2 Controls
All front panel controls, except the POWER and CAL
ENABLE switches, are momentary contact switches. In-
dicators arelocated above certain buttons to
show that they
are enabled.
Some buttons have secondaryfunctions that
are associated with front panel program operation. See
paragraph 2-7 for detailed information on front panel
pro 17
ams
.
~ POWER-The POWER switch controls AC power to
the instrument. Depressing and releasing the switch once
turns the power on. Depressing and releasing the switch
asecond time turns
the power off. The correct positions
for
on and off are marked on the front panel by the POWER
switch.
[!] FUNCTION GROUP
DCV-The DCV button places the instrument in the DC
volts measurement mode. The secondaryfunction of this
button is to enter the ±sign. See paragraph 2.6.4 for DCV
measurements.
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