Keithley 6482 User manual

www.keithley.com
A GREATER MEASURE OF CONFIDENCE
Model 6482 Dual-Channel
Picoammeter / Voltage Source
Reference Manual
6482-901-01 Rev. A / August 2012

Model 6482
Dual-Channel Picoammeter / Voltage Source
Reference Manual
©2007-2012, Keithley Instruments, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A.
6482-901-01 Rev. A / August 2012
Document Number:

Section Topic Page
1 Getting Started ....................................................................................... 1-1
Introduction................................................................................................. 1-2
General information.................................................................................... 1-2
Extended warranty............................................................................... 1-2
Contact information.............................................................................. 1-2
Inspection for damage.......................................................................... 1-2
Shipment contents ............................................................................... 1-3
Instruction manual................................................................................ 1-3
Repacking for shipment........................................................................ 1-3
Options and accessories...................................................................... 1-3
Product overview........................................................................................ 1-4
Specifications.............................................................................................. 1-5
Front and rear panel familiarization............................................................ 1-5
Front-panel summary........................................................................... 1-5
Rear panel summary............................................................................ 1-7
Power-up .................................................................................................... 1-8
Line voltage selection........................................................................... 1-8
Line power connection ......................................................................... 1-8
Power-up sequence............................................................................. 1-8
System identification............................................................................ 1-9
Line frequency setting.......................................................................... 1-9
Fuse replacement ................................................................................ 1-9
Display...................................................................................................... 1-10
Display format.................................................................................... 1-10
DISPLAY CHANNEL SELECT key..................................................... 1-10
DISPLAY TOGGLE key...................................................................... 1-10
Status and error messages ................................................................ 1-10
Disabling the front-panel display........................................................ 1-10
Remote display programming............................................................ 1-11
Front-panel tests ................................................................................ 1-11
Default settings......................................................................................... 1-12
Saving and restoring user setups....................................................... 1-12
Power-on configuration ...................................................................... 1-12
Factory default settings...................................................................... 1-12
Remote setups................................................................................... 1-14
Menus....................................................................................................... 1-15
Main menu ......................................................................................... 1-15
Rules to navigate menus.................................................................... 1-16
Editing voltage bias values................................................................. 1-17
Configuration menus.......................................................................... 1-18
2 Connections............................................................................................ 2-1
Connection precautions.............................................................................. 2-2
Input and output connectors....................................................................... 2-2
Connector terminals.................................................................................... 2-3
Input connectors................................................................................... 2-4
Analog output connectors .................................................................... 2-4
Voltage source output connectors........................................................ 2-4
Output enable............................................................................................. 2-5
Connection methods................................................................................... 2-5
Table of Contents

Table of Contents Model 6482 Dual-Channel Picoammeter / Voltage Source Reference Manual
26482-901-01 Rev. A / August 2012
Current measurement connections...................................................... 2-5
Voltage source connections ................................................................. 2-6
Connection considerations................................................................... 2-6
Ground connect mode connections...................................................... 2-7
Analog output connections.......................................................................... 2-8
Nonisolated connections ...................................................................... 2-8
Isolated connections............................................................................. 2-9
Equivalent circuits .............................................................................. 2-10
3 Basic Operation...................................................................................... 3-1
Operation overview..................................................................................... 3-2
Measurement and voltage bias capabilities.......................................... 3-2
Ranges................................................................................................. 3-2
Compliance .......................................................................................... 3-2
Basic circuit configuration..................................................................... 3-3
Operation considerations............................................................................ 3-3
Warm-up............................................................................................... 3-3
Autozero............................................................................................... 3-3
Source delay ........................................................................................ 3-4
Ground connect mode.......................................................................... 3-6
Basic measurement procedure................................................................... 3-8
Output control....................................................................................... 3-8
Basic measurement circuit configuration.............................................. 3-8
Front-panel measurement procedure................................................... 3-8
Remote command measurement procedure........................................ 3-9
Using the analog outputs.......................................................................... 3-11
4 Range, Digits, Speed, and Filters....................................................... 4-1
Range and digits......................................................................................... 4-2
Measurement range............................................................................. 4-2
Digits .................................................................................................... 4-3
Remote range and digits programming................................................ 4-4
Range and digits programming example.............................................. 4-4
Speed.......................................................................................................... 4-4
Setting speed ....................................................................................... 4-5
Remote speed programming................................................................ 4-5
Filters.......................................................................................................... 4-6
Filter stages.......................................................................................... 4-6
Filter configuration................................................................................ 4-9
Filter control.......................................................................................... 4-9
Remote filter programming................................................................. 4-11
5 Relative, Math, Ratio, and Delta ......................................................... 5-1
Relative....................................................................................................... 5-2
Front panel relative offset..................................................................... 5-2
Remote relative offset programming .................................................... 5-3
Measurement math functions...................................................................... 5-4
Math functions...................................................................................... 5-4
Front panel math functions................................................................... 5-5
Remote math functions ........................................................................ 5-6
Math function programming example................................................... 5-6
RATIO and DELTA...................................................................................... 5-6
RATIO functions ................................................................................... 5-7
DELTA functions................................................................................... 5-7
Front panel RATIO and DELTA configuration....................................... 5-8
Remote RATIO and DELTA.................................................................. 5-8
RATIO and DELTA function programming example............................. 5-9
6 Data Store ................................................................................................ 6-1
Data store overview.................................................................................... 6-2
Front-panel data store................................................................................. 6-2
Storing readings ................................................................................... 6-2
Recalling readings................................................................................ 6-2
Buffer statistics..................................................................................... 6-3
Timestamp format................................................................................. 6-4

Model 6482 Dual-Channel Picoammeter / Voltage Source Reference Manual Table of Contents
6482-901-01 Rev. A / August 2012 3
Timestamp accuracy ............................................................................ 6-4
Buffer considerations............................................................................ 6-4
Remote command data store...................................................................... 6-5
Data store commands .......................................................................... 6-5
Data store programming example........................................................ 6-6
7 Sweep Operation.................................................................................... 7-1
Sweep types ............................................................................................... 7-2
Linear staircase sweep......................................................................... 7-2
Logarithmic staircase sweep................................................................ 7-2
Custom sweep...................................................................................... 7-4
Configuring and running a sweep............................................................... 7-5
Front-panel sweep operation................................................................ 7-5
Performing sweeps............................................................................... 7-7
Remote sweep operation ................................................................... 7-11
8 Triggering................................................................................................. 8-1
Front-panel operation of the trigger model.................................................. 8-2
Idle........................................................................................................ 8-2
Event detection..................................................................................... 8-3
Trigger layer................................................................................................ 8-4
Trigger delay......................................................................................... 8-5
Source, delay, and measure actions .................................................... 8-5
Counters............................................................................................... 8-5
Output triggers...................................................................................... 8-5
Bench defaults...................................................................................... 8-6
Operation summary.............................................................................. 8-6
Trigger link .................................................................................................. 8-6
Input trigger requirements .................................................................... 8-7
Output trigger specifications................................................................. 8-7
External triggering example.................................................................. 8-8
Configuring triggering................................................................................ 8-12
CONFIGURE TRIGGER menu .......................................................... 8-12
Remote operation of the trigger model ..................................................... 8-14
Trigger model ..................................................................................... 8-14
Idle and initiate................................................................................... 8-14
Event detection................................................................................... 8-15
Arm layer............................................................................................ 8-16
Trigger layer ....................................................................................... 8-16
Trigger delay....................................................................................... 8-17
Source, delay, and measure actions .................................................. 8-17
Counters............................................................................................. 8-17
Output triggers.................................................................................... 8-18
GPIB defaults ..................................................................................... 8-18
Operation summary............................................................................ 8-19
Remote trigger commands................................................................. 8-19
Remote trigger example..................................................................... 8-20
9 Measurement Concepts ....................................................................... 9-1
Source-delay-measure cycle ...................................................................... 9-2
Overview .............................................................................................. 9-2
Triggering ............................................................................................. 9-2
Delay phase ......................................................................................... 9-3
Measurement time................................................................................ 9-3
Sweep waveforms....................................................................................... 9-3
Staircase sweeps.................................................................................. 9-3
Custom sweep...................................................................................... 9-3
SDM cycle during sweeps.................................................................... 9-3
Typical sweep applications................................................................... 9-4
Sweep data storage ............................................................................. 9-4
Bias source operating boundaries .............................................................. 9-4
Limit lines ............................................................................................. 9-4
Loading effects..................................................................................... 9-5
Data flow..................................................................................................... 9-6
Basic readings...................................................................................... 9-7

Table of Contents Model 6482 Dual-Channel Picoammeter / Voltage Source Reference Manual
46482-901-01 Rev. A / August 2012
Data storage enabled........................................................................... 9-7
Limit test enabled ................................................................................. 9-7
10 Limit Testing.......................................................................................... 10-1
Types of limits........................................................................................... 10-2
Pass or fail information....................................................................... 10-2
Data flow ............................................................................................ 10-2
Limit test feeds ................................................................................... 10-2
Limit 1 and 2 tests (compliance)......................................................... 10-3
Limit 3 to 6 tests ................................................................................. 10-3
Limit tests ........................................................................................... 10-3
Operation overview................................................................................... 10-3
Output enable connector.................................................................... 10-5
Configuring and performing limit tests ...................................................... 10-5
Configuring limit tests......................................................................... 10-5
Performing limit tests.......................................................................... 10-6
Remote limit testing .................................................................................. 10-7
Limit commands................................................................................. 10-7
Limit test programming example ........................................................ 10-8
11 Output Enable and Output Configuration...................................... 11-1
Output enable ........................................................................................... 11-2
Ground ............................................................................................... 11-2
Input (SOT) line.................................................................................. 11-2
+5 V DC.............................................................................................. 11-3
Output enable (/OE)........................................................................... 11-3
Front-panel output configuration............................................................... 11-4
Configure OUTPUT menu.................................................................. 11-4
Remote output configuration..................................................................... 11-4
Output configuration commands ........................................................ 11-4
Output configuration programming example ...................................... 11-5
12 Remote Operations ............................................................................. 12-1
Remote versus local operation ................................................................. 12-2
Local-to-remote transition................................................................... 12-2
Remote-to-local transition .................................................................. 12-2
Selecting an interface ............................................................................... 12-2
GPIB operation ......................................................................................... 12-3
GPIB standards.................................................................................. 12-3
GPIB connections............................................................................... 12-3
Primary address................................................................................. 12-5
General bus commands............................................................................ 12-5
REN (remote enable) ......................................................................... 12-5
IFC (interface clear)............................................................................ 12-6
LLO (local lockout) ............................................................................. 12-6
GTL (go to local)................................................................................. 12-6
DCL (device clear).............................................................................. 12-6
SDC (selective device clear) .............................................................. 12-6
GET (group execute trigger)............................................................... 12-6
SPE, SPD (serial polling) ................................................................... 12-7
Front-panel GPIB operation...................................................................... 12-7
Error and status messages................................................................. 12-7
GPIB status indicators........................................................................ 12-7
LOCAL key......................................................................................... 12-8
Programming syntax................................................................................. 12-8
Command words ................................................................................ 12-8
Query commands............................................................................. 12-10
Case sensitivity ................................................................................ 12-10
Long-form and short-form versions.................................................. 12-10
Short-form rules................................................................................ 12-11
Program messages.......................................................................... 12-11
Response messages........................................................................ 12-13
Message exchange protocol ............................................................ 12-13
RS-232 interface operation..................................................................... 12-13

Model 6482 Dual-Channel Picoammeter / Voltage Source Reference Manual Table of Contents
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Sending and receiving data.............................................................. 12-13
Baud rate.......................................................................................... 12-14
Data bits and parity........................................................................... 12-14
Terminator ........................................................................................ 12-14
Flow control (signal handshaking).................................................... 12-14
RS-232 connections......................................................................... 12-14
Error messages................................................................................ 12-15
13 Status Structure ................................................................................... 13-1
Overview................................................................................................... 13-2
Status byte and SRQ.......................................................................... 13-2
Status register sets............................................................................. 13-2
Queues............................................................................................... 13-2
Clearing registers and queues.................................................................. 13-3
Programming and reading registers.......................................................... 13-4
Programming enable registers ........................................................... 13-4
Reading registers ............................................................................... 13-5
Status byte and service request (SRQ)..................................................... 13-6
Status byte register............................................................................. 13-7
Service request enable register.......................................................... 13-8
Serial polling and SRQ....................................................................... 13-8
Status byte and service request commands....................................... 13-8
Status register sets ................................................................................... 13-9
Register bit descriptions..................................................................... 13-9
Condition registers ........................................................................... 13-15
Event registers ................................................................................. 13-15
Event enable registers...................................................................... 13-15
Queues ................................................................................................... 13-16
Output queue.................................................................................... 13-17
Error queue ...................................................................................... 13-17
14 Common Commands.......................................................................... 14-1
Command summary.................................................................................. 14-2
Command reference................................................................................. 14-2
*IDN? — Identification query.............................................................. 14-2
*OPC — Operation complete............................................................. 14-2
*OPC? — Operation complete query ................................................. 14-3
*OPT? — Option query....................................................................... 14-3
*SAV <NRf> — Save setup................................................................ 14-3
*RCL <NRf> — Recall setup.............................................................. 14-3
*RST — Reset.................................................................................... 14-4
*TRG — Trigger.................................................................................. 14-4
*TST? — Self-test query .................................................................... 14-5
*WAI — Wait-to-continue.................................................................... 14-5
15 SCPI Measurement Commands ....................................................... 15-1
Command summary.................................................................................. 15-2
Configuring measurement function........................................................... 15-2
CONFigure:CURRent[:DC]................................................................. 15-2
Acquiring readings.................................................................................... 15-3
FETCh?.............................................................................................. 15-3
DATA[:LATest]?................................................................................... 15-3
READ? ............................................................................................... 15-4
MEASure[:CURRent[:DC]]? ............................................................... 15-4
16 SCPI Command Reference................................................................ 16-1
Reference tables....................................................................................... 16-2
Calculate subsystems............................................................................. 16-16
CALCulate[1] and CALCulate2............................................................... 16-17
Select math function......................................................................... 16-17
Set MX + B parameters.................................................................... 16-17
Enable and read math function result............................................... 16-18
CALCulate3 and CALCulate4................................................................. 16-19
Select input path............................................................................... 16-19

Table of Contents Model 6482 Dual-Channel Picoammeter / Voltage Source Reference Manual
66482-901-01 Rev. A / August 2012
Set or acquire relative value............................................................. 16-19
Enable and read relative result......................................................... 16-20
CALCulate5............................................................................................. 16-20
Select RATIO calculation mode........................................................ 16-20
Enable and read RATIO result.......................................................... 16-21
CALCulate6............................................................................................. 16-21
Select DELTA calculation mode ....................................................... 16-21
Enable and read DELTA result......................................................... 16-21
CALCulate7............................................................................................. 16-22
Select input path............................................................................... 16-22
Read limits data................................................................................ 16-22
Configure and control limit tests....................................................... 16-23
Clear test results .............................................................................. 16-24
CALCulate8............................................................................................. 16-24
Select statistic .................................................................................. 16-24
Acquire statistic ................................................................................ 16-25
DISPlay subsystem................................................................................. 16-25
Control display.................................................................................. 16-25
Read display..................................................................................... 16-27
Define :TEXT messages .................................................................. 16-27
FORMat subsystem................................................................................ 16-28
Data format....................................................................................... 16-28
Data elements .................................................................................. 16-29
CALC data elements ........................................................................ 16-32
TRACe data elements...................................................................... 16-32
Byte order......................................................................................... 16-33
Status register format....................................................................... 16-34
OUTPut subsystem................................................................................. 16-34
Turn source on or off........................................................................ 16-34
Output enable control....................................................................... 16-35
SENSe subsystem.................................................................................. 16-35
Select measurement range.............................................................. 16-35
Select autorange.............................................................................. 16-36
Set measurement speed .................................................................. 16-37
Configure and control filters ............................................................. 16-38
SOURce subsystem................................................................................ 16-40
SOURce[1] and SOURce2............................................................... 16-40
Control source output on-off............................................................. 16-40
Select sourcing mode....................................................................... 16-40
Select range..................................................................................... 16-41
Set amplitude for fixed source.......................................................... 16-42
Set delay .......................................................................................... 16-43
Select ground connect mode............................................................ 16-44
Configure sweeps............................................................................. 16-44
Configure list .................................................................................... 16-48
Sweep and list program examples................................................... 16-49
STATus subsystem ................................................................................. 16-50
Read event registers........................................................................ 16-50
Program event enable registers....................................................... 16-50
Read condition registers................................................................... 16-51
Select default conditions .................................................................. 16-51
Error queue ...................................................................................... 16-51
SYSTem subsystem................................................................................ 16-52
Default conditions............................................................................. 16-52
Control autozero............................................................................... 16-53
Select power line frequency setting.................................................. 16-53
Error queue ...................................................................................... 16-53
Simulate key presses ....................................................................... 16-54
Read version of SCPI standard........................................................ 16-55
RS-232 interface .............................................................................. 16-55
Reset timestamp .............................................................................. 16-56
TRACe subsystem.................................................................................. 16-56
Read and clear buffer....................................................................... 16-56
Configure and control buffer............................................................. 16-57

Model 6482 Dual-Channel Picoammeter / Voltage Source Reference Manual Table of Contents
6482-901-01 Rev. A / August 2012 7
Select timestamp format................................................................... 16-58
Trigger subsystem .................................................................................. 16-58
Initiate source/measure cycle........................................................... 16-58
Abort source/measure cycle............................................................. 16-58
Program trigger model...................................................................... 16-59
17 Calibration............................................................................................. 17-1
Performance verification........................................................................... 17-2
Verification test requirements.................................................................... 17-2
Environmental conditions ................................................................... 17-2
Warm-up period.................................................................................. 17-3
Line power.......................................................................................... 17-3
Recommended test equipment................................................................. 17-3
Verification limits....................................................................................... 17-4
Example limits calculation .................................................................. 17-4
Restoring factory defaults......................................................................... 17-4
Performing the verification test procedures .............................................. 17-4
Test summary..................................................................................... 17-4
Test considerations............................................................................. 17-5
Current measurement accuracy................................................................ 17-5
Voltage bias accuracy............................................................................... 17-8
Analog output accuracy .......................................................................... 17-10
Adjustment.............................................................................................. 17-13
Environmental conditions........................................................................ 17-13
Temperature and relative humidity................................................... 17-13
Warm-up period................................................................................ 17-13
Line power........................................................................................ 17-13
Adjustment considerations...................................................................... 17-13
Calibration adjustment cycle ............................................................ 17-14
Recommended calibration adjustment equipment ........................... 17-14
Calibration menu..................................................................................... 17-15
Unlocking calibration............................................................................... 17-15
Unlocking calibration from the front-panel........................................ 17-15
Unlocking calibration through a remote interface............................. 17-15
Changing the password.......................................................................... 17-16
Changing the password from the front-panel ................................... 17-16
Changing the password through a remote interface......................... 17-16
Resetting the calibration password......................................................... 17-16
Viewing calibration dates and calibration count...................................... 17-17
Calibration adjustment errors.................................................................. 17-17
Front-panel error reporting ............................................................... 17-17
Remote error reporting..................................................................... 17-17
Aborting calibration steps........................................................................ 17-17
Front-panel calibration............................................................................ 17-17
Remote calibration.................................................................................. 17-30
Remote calibration command summary........................................... 17-30
Remote calibration procedure .......................................................... 17-31
18 Routine Maintenance.......................................................................... 18-1
Introduction............................................................................................... 18-2
Setting the line voltage and replacing the line fuse................................... 18-2
A Status and Error Messages................................................................. A-1
Introduction................................................................................................. A-2
Status and error messages......................................................................... A-2
Eliminating common SCPI errors................................................................ A-7
B Data Flow ................................................................................................. B-1
Introduction................................................................................................. B-2
SENS1 and SENS2.............................................................................. B-3
CALCulate[1]:DATA? and CALCulate2:DATA?..................................... B-3
CALCulate3:DATA? and CALCulate4:DATA?....................................... B-3

Table of Contents Model 6482 Dual-Channel Picoammeter / Voltage Source Reference Manual
86482-901-01 Rev. A / August 2012
CALCulate5:DATA? and CALCulate6:DATA?....................................... B-4
CALCulate7:DATA?.............................................................................. B-4
TRACe:DATA?...................................................................................... B-4
CALCulate8:DATA?.............................................................................. B-4
C IEEE-488 Bus Overview....................................................................... C-1
Introduction................................................................................................ C-2
Bus description .......................................................................................... C-3
Bus lines .................................................................................................... C-4
Data lines ............................................................................................ C-4
Bus management lines........................................................................ C-5
Handshake lines.................................................................................. C-5
Bus commands.......................................................................................... C-6
Uniline commands............................................................................... C-7
Universal multiline commands............................................................. C-7
Addressed multiline commands .......................................................... C-8
Address commands............................................................................. C-8
Unaddress commands ........................................................................ C-8
Common commands........................................................................... C-8
SCPI commands ................................................................................. C-9
Command codes................................................................................. C-9
Typical command sequences............................................................ C-10
IEEE command groups ..................................................................... C-12
Interface function codes........................................................................... C-12
D Measurement Considerations............................................................ D-1
Low current measurements ....................................................................... D-2
Leakage currents................................................................................. D-2
Noise and source impedance.............................................................. D-2
Generated currents ............................................................................. D-3
Voltage burden .................................................................................... D-5
General measurement considerations....................................................... D-6
Ground loops....................................................................................... D-6
Light..................................................................................................... D-7
Electrostatic interference..................................................................... D-7
Magnetic fields .................................................................................... D-7
Electromagnetic interference (EMI)..................................................... D-8
E GPIB 488.1 Protocol.............................................................................. E-1
Introduction................................................................................................. E-2
Selecting the 488.1 protocol....................................................................... E-2
Protocol differences.................................................................................... E-2
Message exchange protocol (MEP) ..................................................... E-2
Using SCPI-based programs................................................................ E-3
Bus hold-off .......................................................................................... E-3
Trigger-on-talk ...................................................................................... E-3
Message available................................................................................ E-3
General operation notes....................................................................... E-4
F Example Programs................................................................................ F-1
Introduction................................................................................................. F-2
Basic measurement program...................................................................... F-2
Data store program..................................................................................... F-3
Linear sweep program................................................................................ F-4
Limit test program....................................................................................... F-5

Safety Precautions
11/07
The following safety precautions should be observed before using this product and any associated instrumentation. Although some
instruments and accessories would normally be used with nonhazardous voltages, there are situations where hazardous conditions may
be present.
This product is intended for use by qualified personnel who recognize shock hazards and are familiar with the safety precautions required
to avoid possible injury. Read and follow all installation, operation, and maintenance information carefully before using the product. Refer
to the user documentation for complete product specifications.
If the product is used in a manner not specified, the protection provided by the product warranty may be impaired.
The types of product users are:
Responsible body is the individual or group responsible for the use and maintenance of equipment, for ensuring that the equipment is
operated within its specifications and operating limits, and for ensuring that operators are adequately trained.
Operators use the product for its intended function. They must be trained in electrical safety procedures and proper use of the instrument.
They must be protected from electric shock and contact with hazardous live circuits.
Maintenance personnel perform routine procedures on the product to keep it operating properly, for example, setting the line voltage or
replacing consumable materials. Maintenance procedures are described in the user documentation. The procedures explicitly state if the
operator may perform them. Otherwise, they should be performed only by service personnel.
Service personnel are trained to work on live circuits, perform safe installations, and repair products. Only properly trained service
personnel may perform installation and service procedures.
Keithley Instruments products are designed for use with electrical signals that are rated Measurement Category I and Measurement
Category II, as described in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard IEC 60664. Most measurement, control, and
data I/O signals are Measurement Category I and must not be directly connected to mains voltage or to voltage sources with high transient
over-voltages. Measurement Category II connections require protection for high transient over-voltages often associated with local AC
mains connections. Assume all measurement, control, and data I/O connections are forconnection to Category I sources unless otherwise
marked or described in the user documentation.
Exercise extreme caution when a shock hazard is present. Lethal voltage may be present on cable connector jacks or test fixtures. The
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) states that a shock hazard exists when voltage levels greater than 30 V RMS, 42.4 V peak,
or 60 V DC are present. A good safety practice is to expect that hazardous voltage is present in any unknown circuit before measuring.
Operators of this product must be protected from electric shock at all times. The responsible body must ensure that operators are
prevented access and/or insulated from every connection point. In some cases, connections must be exposed to potential human contact.
Product operators in these circumstances must be trained to protect themselves from the risk of electric shock. If the circuit is capable of
operating at or above 1000 V, no conductive part of the circuit may be exposed.
Do not connect switching cards directly to unlimited power circuits. They are intended to be used with impedance-limited sources. NEVER
connect switching cards directly to AC mains. When connecting sources to switching cards, install protective devices to limit fault current
and voltage to the card.
Before operating an instrument, ensure that the line cord is connected to a properly-grounded power receptacle. Inspect the connecting
cables, test leads, and jumpers for possible wear, cracks, or breaks before each use.

When installing equipment where access to the main power cord is restricted, such as rack mounting, a separate main input power
disconnect device must be provided in close proximity to the equipment and within easy reach of the operator.
For maximum safety, do not touch the product, test cables, or any other instruments while power is applied to the circuit under test.
ALWAYS remove power from the entire test system and discharge any capacitors before: Connecting or disconnecting cables or jumpers,
installing or removing switching cards, or making internal changes, such as installing or removing jumpers.
Do not touch any object that could provide a current path to the common side of the circuit under test or power line (earth) ground. Always
make measurements with dry hands while standing on a dry, insulated surface capable of withstanding the voltage being measured.
The instrument and accessories must be used in accordance with its specifications and operating instructions, or the safety of the
equipment may be impaired.
Do not exceed the maximum signal levels of the instruments and accessories, as defined in the specifications and operating information,
and as shown on the instrument or test fixture panels, or switching card.
When fuses are used in a product, replace with the same type and rating for continued protection against fire hazard.
Chassis connections must only be used as shield connections for measuring circuits, NOT as safety earth ground connections.
If you are using a test fixture, keep the lid closed while power is applied to the device under test. Safe operation requires the use of a lid
interlock.
If a screw is present, connect it to safety earth ground using the wire recommended in the user documentation.
The symbol on an instrument means caution, risk of danger. The user should refer to the operating instructions located in the user
documentation in all cases where the symbol is marked on the instrument.
The symbol on an instrument means caution, risk of electric shock. Use standard safety precautions to avoid personal contact with
these voltages.
The symbol on an instrument shows that the surface may be hot. Avoid personal contact to prevent burns.
The symbol indicates a connection terminal to the equipment frame.
If this symbol is on a product, it indicates that mercury is present in the display lamp. Please note that the lamp must be properly
disposed of according to federal, state, and local laws.
The WARNING heading in the user documentation explains dangers that might result in personal injury or death. Always read the
associated information very carefully before performing the indicated procedure.
The CAUTION heading in the user documentation explains hazards that could damage the instrument. Such damage may invalidate the
warranty.
Instrumentation and accessories shall not be connected to humans.
Before performing any maintenance, disconnect the line cord and all test cables.
To maintain protection from electric shock and fire, replacement components in mains circuits - including the power transformer, test leads,
and input jacks - must be purchased from Keithley Instruments. Standard fuses with applicable national safety approvals may be used if
the rating and type are the same. Other components that are not safety-related may be purchased from other suppliers as long as they
are equivalent to the original component (note that selected parts should be purchased only through Keithley Instruments to maintain
accuracy and functionality ofthe product). If you areunsure aboutthe applicability of a replacementcomponent, call aKeithley Instruments
office for information.
To clean an instrument, use a damp cloth or mild, water-based cleaner. Clean the exterior of the instrument only. Do not apply cleaner
directly to the instrument or allow liquids to enter or spill on the instrument. Products that consist of a circuit board with no case or chassis
(e.g., a data acquisition board for installation into a computer) should never require cleaning if handled according to instructions. If the
board becomes contaminated and operation is affected, the board should be returned to the factory for proper cleaning/servicing.
!

Section 1
Getting Started
In this section:
Topic Page
Introduction ......................................................................................... 1-2
General information ............................................................................ 1-2
Product overview ................................................................................ 1-4
Specifications...................................................................................... 1-5
Front and rear panel familiarization..................................................... 1-5
Power-up............................................................................................. 1-8
Display ................................................................................................ 1-10
Default settings ................................................................................... 1-12
Menus ................................................................................................. 1-15

1-2 Return to Section Topics 6482-901-01 Rev. A / August 2012
Section 1: Getting Started Model 6482 Dual-Channel Picoammeter / Voltage Source Reference Manual
Introduction
This section contains basic information about the Keithley Instruments Model 6482 Dual-Channel
Picoammeter / Voltage Source. The information is organized as follows:
•General information
•Product overview
•Specifications
•Front and rear panel familiarization
•Power-up
•Display
•Default settings
•Menus
If you have any questions after reviewing this information, please contact your local Keithley
Instruments representative or call one of our Applications Engineers at 1-888-KEITHLEY
(1-888-534-8453). You can also contact us through our website at www.keithley.com.
General information
This section covers general information that includes warranty information, contact information,
safety symbols and terms, inspection, and available options and accessories.
Extended warranty
Additional years of warranty coverage are available on many products. These valuable contracts
protect you from unbudgeted service expenses and provide additional years of protection at a
fraction of the price of a repair. Extended warranties are available on new and existing products.
Contact your local Keithley Instruments representative for details.
Contact information
If you have any questions after you review the information in this documentation, please contact
your local Keithley Instruments representative or call Keithley Instruments corporate headquarters
(tollfree inside the U.S. and Canada only) at 1-888-KEITHLEY (1-888-534-8453), or from outside
the U.S. at [phone]. For worldwide contact numbers, visit the Keithley Instruments website
at www.keithley.com.
Inspection for damage
The Model 6482 was carefully inspected electrically and mechanically before shipment. After
unpacking all items from the shipping carton, check for any obvious signs of physical damage that
may have occurred during transit. There may be a protective film over the display lens, which can
be removed. Report any damage to the shipping agent immediately. Save the original packing
carton for possible future shipment.

6482-901-01 Rev. A / August 2012 Return to Section Topics 1-3
Model 6482 Dual-Channel Picoammeter / Voltage Source Reference Manual Section 1: Getting Started
Shipment contents
The following items are included with every Model 6482 Dual-Channel Picoammeter order:
• Model 6482 with line cord
• Model 7078-TRX-BNC adapters (quantity 2)
• Accessories as ordered
• Certificate of calibration
• One CD-ROM (including this reference manual)
Instruction manual
A CD-ROM containing this reference manual and any required software and drivers is included
with each Model 6482 order.
Check the Keithley Instruments website (http://www.keithley.com) for the latest revision of the
manual. The latest manual can be downloaded (in PDF format) from the website.
Repacking for shipment
If you need to return the Model 6482 for repair, carefully pack the instrument in its original packing
carton or the equivalent, and follow these instructions:
• Call the Repair Department at 1-888-KEITHLEY (1-888-534-8453) for a Return Material
Authorization (RMA) number.
• Advise as to the warranty status of the Model 6482.
• Write ATTENTION REPAIR DEPARTMENT and the RMA number o n the shipping label.
Options and accessories
The following options and accessories are available from Keithley for use with the Model 6482.
Triaxial cables and adapters
Model 7078-TRX-1: This low-noise 12-inch triaxial cable is terminated at both ends with 3-slot
male triaxial connectors.
Model CS-751 Barrel Adapter: This is a barrel adapter that allows you to connect two triaxial
cables together. Both ends of the adapter are terminated with 3-lug female triaxial connectors.
Model CS-1053 Barrel Adapter: This barrel adapter is terminated at both ends with 3-slot male
triaxial connectors.
Model 237-BNC-TRX Adapter: This is a male BNC to 3-lug female triaxial adapter (guard
disconnected). It is used to terminate a triaxial cable with a BNC plug.
Model 237-TRX-T Adapter: This is a 3-slot male to dual 3-lug female triaxial tee adapter for use
with triaxial cables.
Model 7078-TRX-BNC Adapter: This is a 3-slot male triaxial to female BNC adapter. This adapter
lets you connect a BNC cable to the triaxial input of the Model 6482.
Model 237-TRX-TBC Connector: This is a 3-lug female triaxial bulkhead connector with cap for
assembly of custom panels and interface connections.

1-4 Return to Section Topics 6482-901-01 Rev. A / August 2012
Section 1: Getting Started Model 6482 Dual-Channel Picoammeter / Voltage Source Reference Manual
Interface cables
Models 7007-1 and 7007-2 shielded GPIB cables: Connect the Model 6482 to the GPIB bus
using shielded cables and connectors to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI). The Model
7007-1 is 1 m (3.3 ft) long; the Model 7007-2 is 2 m (6.6 ft) long.
Model 7009-5 shielded RS-232 cable: Connect the Model 6482 to computer serial port using
shielded cables and connectors to reduce EMI. The Model 7009-5 is 1.5 m (5 ft) long.
Models 8501-1 and 8501-2 trigger link cables: Connect the Model 6482 to other instruments
with trigger link connectors (for example, Model 7001 Switch System). The Model 8501-1 is 1 m
(3.3 ft) long; the Model 8501-2 is 2 m (6.6 ft) long.
Model 8502 trigger link adapter: Connects any of the six trigger link lines of the Model 6482 to
instruments that use the standard BNC trigger connectors.
Model 8503 DIN to BNC trigger cable: Connects the trigger link lines one (voltmeter complete)
and two (external trigger) of the Model 6482 to instruments that use BNC trigger connectors. The
Model 8503 is 1 m (3.3 ft) long.
Rack mount kits
Model 4288-1 single fixed rack mount kit: Mounts a single Model 6482 (or any of the following:
Models 2000, 2001, 2002, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2400, 2410, 2420, 2430, 2500, 2510, 6430, 6482,
6485, 6517A, 7001) in a standard 19-inch rack.
Model 4288-2 side-by-side rack mount kit: Mounts two instruments (Models 428-PROG, 2000,
2001, 2002, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2400, 2410, 2420, 2430, 2500, 2510, 6430, 6482, 6485, 6517A,
7001) next to each other in a standard 19-inch rack.
Model 4288-5/Model 4288-9 dual fixed rack mounting kit (shelf-type mount): Mounts a
Model 6482 and another ½-inch high instrument (Models 428-PROG, 2000, 2010, 2400, 2410,
2420, 2430, or 7001) next to each other in a standard 19-inch rack. The Model 4288-5 includes
standard-length rear support brackets while the Model 4288-9 includes extended-length rear
support brackets.
Model 4299-7 fixed rack mounting kit (shelf-type mount): Mounts a single Model 6482 and a
front-panel plate, or two instruments (Series 2000, 2100, 2200, 2300, 2400, 2500; Models
428-PROG, 2182A, 2700, 2701, 3390, 6220, 6221, 6430, 6482, 6485, 6487, 6514, 6517B, 7001)
side-by-side in a standard 19-inch rack. This kit also supports the following Tektronix bench
instruments: Series PWS2000, PWS4000 (power supplies); DMM4020, DMM4040, DMM4050
(digital multimeters).
Carrying case
Model 1050 padded carrying case: A carrying case for a Model 6482. Includes handles and a
shoulder strap.
Product overview
This section summarizes the features of the Model 6482 Dual-Channel Picoammeter.
The Model 6482 combines two stable DC bias voltage sources with two low-noise picoammeters
for dual-channel measurements. The instrument has 0.1 percent basic measurement accuracy
with up to 6½-digit resolution. At 5½-digit resolution, the Model 6482 can transfer up to 475
readings per second over the GPIB connection, and up to 900 readings per second with 4½-digit
resolution.

6482-901-01 Rev. A / August 2012 Return to Section Topics 1-5
Model 6482 Dual-Channel Picoammeter / Voltage Source Reference Manual Section 1: Getting Started
Each Model 6482 channel has the following basic measurement and voltage bias capabilities:
• Measure current from 1 fA to 20 mA.
• Source bias voltage from 500 µV to 30 V.
Additional capabilities of the Model 6482 include:
• Sweep capabilities: Linear and logarithmic staircase, and custom sweeps of up to 2500
points.
• Two hardware limit tests and four software limit tests with a built-in comparator for pass/fail
testing.
• Programming language and remote interfaces: The Model 6482 uses the SCPI
programming language and two remote interface ports (IEEE-488/GPIB and RS-232C).
• Trigger-link interface to Keithley Series 7000 switching hardware.
• Math functions: V/I, I/V, electrical power, ratio, delta, and offset functions.
• Reading and setup storage: Up to 3000-point buffer on each channel that can contain up to
5½-digit readings, and seven setups (five user defaults, factory default, *RST default) that
can be stored and recalled.
• Calibration: The instrument can be calibrated from the front-panel or a remote interface.
• An analog output for each channel. Each analog output provides a -10 V to +10 V output
voltage analogous to the input current.
Specifications
Check the Keithley Instruments website at www.keithley.com for the latest updates to the
specifications.
Front and rear panel familiarization
This section summarizes the controls and connectors on the instrument.
Front-panel summary
The front panel of the Model 6482 is shown in Figure 1-1.
Figure 1-1
Front panel
Model 6482
6482 DUAL-CHANNEL PICOAMMETER / VOLTAGE SOURCE
OUTPUT
TOGGLE
POWER
DISPLAY
ON/OFF
CHANNEL
SELECT
RANGE
AUTO
RANGE
FILTER LIMIT
RATIO
SRC1 SRC2
STORE RECALL
DELTA
LOCAL REL
MSR1
DIGITS SPEED
MSR2
EDIT
EXIT ENTER
CONFIG MENU
TRIG SWEEP
01
67
23
89
45
+/-
0000

1-6 Return to Section Topics 6482-901-01 Rev. A / August 2012
Section 1: Getting Started Model 6482 Dual-Channel Picoammeter / Voltage Source Reference Manual
Measurement function keys:
MSR1 Measure channel 1.
MSR2 Measure channel 2.
DELTA Difference function.
RATIO Ratio function.
Voltage bias source function keys:
SRC1 Channel 1 voltage bias source.
SRC2 Channel 2 voltage bias source.
EDIT keys:
Increase value.
Decrease value.
Move cursor left.
Move cursor right.
Range keys:
AUTO Enable or disable autorange.
Increase manual range.
Decrease manual range.
Operation keys:
DISPLAY CHANNEL SELECT Select channel 1 or channel 2 measurement for display.
DISPLAY TOGGLE Toggle between channel 1 and 2 display (add MSR2 to display for dual display mode).
LOCAL Cancel remote operation.
REL Enable or disable relative reading (MSR1 or MSR2 function only).
FILTER Display digital filter status for present function and toggle filter on and off.
LIMIT Perform configured limit tests.
TRIG Trigger a measurement from the front panel.
SWEEP Start a configured sweep.
DIGITS Change the number of digits of display resolution.
SPEED Change measurement speed by selecting accuracy or specifying NPLC.
STORE Set buffer size and enable reading storage.
RECALL Display stored readings and timestamp.
CONFIG Press CONFIG and then appropriate key to configure function or operation.
MENU Access and configure Main Menu selections. When entering numeric data, use to
clear reading to minimum absolute value.
EXIT Cancels selection. Use to return to the previous menu.
ENTER Accepts selection.
Indicators:
EDIT Instrument is in edit mode.
ERR Questionable reading, invalid calibration step.
REM Instrument is in GPIB remote mode.
TALK Instrument is addressed to talk over GPIB.
LSTN Instrument is addressed to listen over GPIB.
SRQ Service request over GPIB.
REL Relative measure reading displayed.
FILT Digital filter enabled.
AUTO Autoranging enabled.
ARM Source-measure operations being performed.
TRIG External trigger source selected.
* Reading being stored.
Power control:
POWER Turns the instrument power on or off.
OUTPUT ON/OFF Turns the sources on or off.
Handle:
Pull out and rotate.

6482-901-01 Rev. A / August 2012 Return to Section Topics 1-7
Model 6482 Dual-Channel Picoammeter / Voltage Source Reference Manual Section 1: Getting Started
Rear panel summary
NOTE For additional information about connectors, see Connector terminals.
The rear panel of the Model 6482 is shown in Figure 1-2.
Figure 1-2
Rear panel
WARNING Maximum common-mode voltage (voltage between INPUT common and
chassis ground) is 200 V. Exceeding this value may result in a shock hazard.
CAUTION Maximum INPUT and OUTPUT connector rating is 30 V at 20 mA. Exceeding
these values may result in instrument damage.
INPUT connectors:
INPUT CHANNEL 1 Use to measure on channel 1.
INPUT CHANNEL 2 Use to measure on channel 2.
Triaxial connector terminals: Center conductor – Input HI.
Inner shield – Floating input/output common.
Outer shield – Chassis ground.
ANALOG OUT connectors:
ANALOG OUT Triaxial connectors for CHANNEL 1 and CHANNEL 2 analog outputs.
Triaxial connector terminals: Center conductor – Analog output HI.
Inner shield – Analog output LO (analog common)
Outer shield – Chassis ground.
VOLTAGE SOURCE connectors:
OUTPUT CHANNEL 1 Use to output voltage bias on channel 1.
OUTPUT CHANNEL 2 Use to output voltage bias on channel 2.
Power module:
Contains the AC line receptacle and the power line fuse.
Trigger link connector:
TRIGGER LINK 8-pin micro-DIN connector for sending and receiving trigger pulses.
Use a trigger link cable or adapter, such as Models 8501-1, 8501-2,
8502, 8504.
WARNING:NO INTERNALOPERATOR SERVICABLE PARTS,SERVICE BY QUALIFIED PERSONNEL ONLY.
CAUTION:FOR CONTINUED PROTECTION AGAINST FIRE HAZARD,REPLACE FUSE WITH SAME TYPE AND RATING.
SERIALNO.
120
LINE RATING
50, 60Hz
60 VA MAX
FUSE LINE
630 mAT
(SB)
315 mAT
(SB)
100 VAC
120 VAC
220 VAC
240 VAC
CAT I
MADE IN
U.S.A.
OUTPUT ENABLE
RS-232
TRIGGER LINK
INPUT
RATINGS MAX.
30 V @ 20mA
CHANNEL 1 CHANNEL 2
RATINGS MAX.
COMMON
MODE
200V
!
!
IEEE-488
(CHANGE IEEE ADDRESS
WITH FRONT PANEL MENU)
ANALOG
OUT
RATINGS MAX.
30 V @ 20mA
VOLTAGE
SOURCE
OUT
30 V @ 20mA
Model 6482