Lab-Volt 8096 User manual

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Model 8096 shown with optional equipment
A
Telecommunications RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM
MODEL 8096
Radar
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The Lab-Volt Radar Training System consists of seven
subsystems (Models 8096-1 to 8096-8). Subsys-
tems 8096-1 to 8096-3 provide students with hands-on
training in the principles and operation of analog and
digital radar, as well as radar tracking systems.
Subsystem 8096-4 adds an active jamming pod trainer
to the system to train students in the principles and
scenarios of Electronic Warfare (EW).
Subsystem 8096-5 is a sophisticated pulse-mode, radar
cross-section (RCS) measurement training system with
inverse synthetic-aperture radar (ISAR) imagery
capability that is specifically designed for operation at
close range. Subsystem 8096-6 provides students with
training in the principles of electronically steered
antennas. Finally, subsystem 8096-8 introduces students
to the basic principles and operation of synthetic
aperture radar (SAR).
The Radar Training System uses patented
technology to detect and track passive targets at very
short range in the presence of noise and clutter. The
very low transmitter power allows for safe operation in a
variety of training environments.
Radar Training System Features
CActive, real-time radar system operating in a
classroom laboratory
CLow power, safe operation
CLatest technology, e.g., microstrips, Surface Mounted
Devices (SMD’s), Digital Signal Processing (DSP),
and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
CPulsed, continuous wave (CW) Doppler, and
frequency-modulated continuous wave (FM-CW)
modes of operation
CA-scope display output
CPlan Position Indicator (PPI) display on a computer
monitor (on-screen PPI display) with fixed-intensity,
intensity-modulated, color-modulated, and color-coded
(weather radar) display modes
CConventional PPI display capability (vector scan output)
CMoving Target Indication (MTI) processor for fixed-
target echo cancellation and clutter rejection
CSensitive Moving Target Detection (MTD) processor
that differentiates between fixed and slowly moving
targets at short range

RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM
MODEL 8096
1All student manuals, instructor guides, and user guides of the Radar Training System are optionally available as PDF files on a single CD-ROM. See Optional Equipment list in this datasheet
for the ordering number of this CD-ROM.
2
Figure 1. Radar echo of a moving target observed on an A-scope
display obtained using a conventional oscilloscope.
CSurveillance processor for Track-While-Scan (TWS)
operation
CComputer-based (i.e., on-screen) control of the radar's
processing and display functions
CComputer-based control of the clutter generation for
the study of the MTI processor functions
CHigh repeatability of hands-on manipulations ensured
through computer-based control of the clutter
generation and radar's key parameters
COn-screen block diagrams of the pulsed radar and
radar processor/display subsystem with hardware-
related (real signal) test points
CComputer-based oscilloscope for time-domain
observation and analysis of test point signals
CPowerful computer-based data monitoring system for
easy study of the first stage in the MTD processing
(FFT Doppler filtering, thresholding, and alarm
generation)
CSplit range-gate tracker
CLeading-edge range tracker
CLobe-switching angle tracker
COn-screen, O-scope display
CO-scope display output
CBuilt-in Electronic Counter-Counter Measures (ECCM)
CActive jamming pod to electronically attack the radar
tracking system
CNoise and deception jamming capabilities
CChaff cloud simulation
CRadar cross-section (RCS) measurement
CInverse synthetic-aperture radar (ISAR) imagery
capability
CPhased array antenna
COperation as a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
CHigh-resolution SAR image capability
CComprehensive courseware
CSystem level training
CModular construction
CFault-insertion capability for the teaching of
troubleshooting
CMultiple test points
CProtection against incorrect connections
The Basic Radar Training System, Model 8096-1, is
a complete set of hardware, courseware, and all
necessary accessories such as targets and
interconnecting cables that allows the principles of pulse,
CW Doppler, and FM-CW radar systems to be studied.
An oscilloscope is required for target echo visualization
on an A-scope display as well as time-domain
observation of signals at outputs and test points (the
Lab-Volt Model 797 Dual Trace Oscilloscope is
recommended).
The Basic Radar Training System consists of a
transmitter, a receiver, three instrumentation modules,
an antenna with pedestal, a target positioning system,
and a set of accessories. A comprehensive student
manual and an instructor guide, which may be ordered
separately, are also provided1. Refer to the lists of
equipment provided in this data sheet for additional
information.
(continues on page 3)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
General Description ......................... 1
Table of Contents of the Student Manuals ....... 12
ListsofEquipment ......................... 13
Additional Equipment Required to Perform
the Exercises in the Manuals ................. 14
Optional Equipment ........................ 14
Optional Equipment for Models 8096-5 and 8096-8 15
EquipmentDescriptions ..................... 15
Specifications ............................. 27
OrderingNumbers ......................... 34
1

3
Figure 2. The Basic Radar Training System, Model 8096-1
Figure 3. Example of a PPI display obtained with the Radar
Processor/Display.
Figure 4. The Radar Processor/Display, Model 8096-2
The Radar Processor/Display, Model 8096-2, is
used in conjunction with the Basic Radar Training
System, Model 8096-1, to form a complete and modern
pulse radar system. The Radar Processor/Display adds
the following elements to the Basic Radar Training
System: radar echo signal processing functions,
PPI display functions, on-screen block diagrams of the
complete radar and radar processor/display subsystem,
and computer-based (i.e., on-screen) instruments
(oscilloscope and data monitoring system). Two major
types of radar echo signal processing function are
available: Moving Target Indication (MTI) and Moving
Target Detection (MTD). The Radar Processor/Display
also provides computer-controlled generation of clutter
and interference to allow study of the MTI processing
function. The following types of clutter and interference
can be generated: sea clutter, rain clutter, second-trace
echo, noise, and pulse interference.
The Radar Processor/Display consists of a
reconfigurable training module (RTM), a power supply
for the RTM, three interface modules, a set of
accessories including the Lab-Volt Radar Training
System (LVRTS) software, two comprehensive student
manuals, and a user guide. A Windows®based host
computer (to be purchased separately) is required with
the RTM. The Lab-Volt Model 9695 Radar Host
Computer is recommended.
The RTM is the cornerstone of the Radar
Processor/Display. This module, which uses state-of-
the-art digital signal processor (DSP) technology, can be
programmed to act as either an analog pulse radar (i.e.,
a pulse radar with MTI processing) or a digital pulse
radar (i.e., a pulse radar using MTD, correlation and
interpolation, and surveillance processing). Interface
modules that students install in the RTM allow
connection of the various signals coming from the Basic
Radar Training System, as shown in Figure 5. The RTM
can also be programmed to act as a tracking radar when
used with the Radar Tracking Training System,
Model 8096-3.

RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM
MODEL 8096
4
Figure 5. Simplified connection diagram of the Basic Radar Training System and Radar Processor/Display.
The RTM processes the signals from the Basic
Radar Training System to detect targets, and sends data
to the radar host computer via a high-speed data link
(Ethernet link with TCP/IP protocol). The RTM can also
generate clutter and interference which are added to the
I- and Q-channel echo signals from the radar receiver,
before signal processing takes place. The radar host
computer, which runs the LVRTS software, uses the
data produced by the RTM to display the detected
targets on a PPI display. The LVRTS software is a
Windows®-based application2used to download
programs into the DSP memory of the RTM, to select the
type of radar which is implemented (see Figure 6). It also
has an intuitive user interface to:
Cselect the radar processing functions and adjust other
parameters of the radar, such as the video gain,
detection threshold, etc. (see Figure 7)
Ccontrol the radar display functions such as the PPI
display mode selection, Variable Range
Marker (VRM), Electronic Bearing Line (EBL), etc.
(see Figure 8)
Cdisplay diagrams that show how to connect the
equipment (see Figure 9)
Cdisplay the functional block diagrams of the complete
radar and radar processor/display subsystem (see
Figure 10)
Cconnect virtual probes to test points in the
aforementioned block diagrams to observe real signals
using the built-in oscilloscope (see Figure 11)
Cuse the Data Monitor to observe and analyze the
signal processing sequence involved in Moving Target
Detection (see Figure 12)
Cinsert faults in the system (password-protected
feature) for troubleshooting purposes (see Figure 13)
Cset the parameters that control the generation of
clutter and interference (see Figure 14)
Cobtain on-line help screens (see Figure 15)
2LVRTS is compatible with the Windows®XP and Windows®7 operating systems.

5
Figure 6. On-screen selection of the type of radar which is
implemented.
Figure 7. Computer-based control of the radar processing
functions and operating parameters.
Figure 8. Computer-based control of the radar display functions.
Figure 9. Window showing the interconnections to the RTM.

RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM
MODEL 8096
6
Figure 10. On-screen block diagram of the Moving Target
Indication (MTI) processor.
Figure 11. Real signals can be observed on the built-in
oscilloscope by connecting virtual probes to test points in the on-
screen block diagrams.
Figure 12. The Data Monitor is a powerful tool designed to study
the various stages (FFT Doppler filtering, thresholding, alarm
generation) of Moving Target Detection (MTD).
Figure 13. Faults window in the LVRTS software.

7
Figure 14. Computer-based control of clutter and interference
generation.
Figure 15. On-line help screens are available through a few clicks
of the mouse button.
Figure 16. The Radar Tracking Training System, Model 8096-3.
Figure 17. Antenna replacement is quick and easy thanks to
miniature plug-in connectors in the antenna frame and antenna
pedestal's shaft.
The Radar Tracking Training System, Model 8096-3,
adds on to the pulse radar implemented with the Basic
Radar Training System and the Radar Processor/Display
(Models 8096-1 and 8096-2, respectively), to form a
continuous tracking radar. This radar can track a passive
target that moves in the classroom laboratory. The
Radar Tracking Training System includes an interface
module to be installed in the RTM of the Radar Proces-
sor/Display, a special dual-feed parabolic antenna, a
joystick-type hand controller, a set of accessories, and
a student manual.
Installation of the Radar Tracking Training System is
very simple: insert the interface module in the RTM,
modify a few connections, connect the hand controller to
a USB port of the host computer, and replace the
conventional parabolic antenna with the dual-feed
parabolic antenna. These two antennas come with a
miniature plug-in connector to facilitate replacement, as
shown in Figure 17.
The tracking radar can operate in three different
modes (Scan, Manual, and Lock), which is selected
through the hand-controller buttons. In scan mode, the
antenna rotates at constant speed, allowing observation
of targets on the PPI display. In manual mode, the
operator can isolate a fixed or moving target of his or her
choice, using the hand controller to control the antenna
beam angle and to position an electronic marker (range
gate) over the target echo signal. A computer-based
O-scope display is used to monitor the position of the

RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM
MODEL 8096
8
Figure 18. The Radar Active Target (RAT) Training System,
Model 8096-4
Figure 19. Effect of barrage noise jamming produced by the
jamming pod trainer of the RAT Training System as observed on
the Lab-Volt radar PPI display.
Figure 20. Stealth accessories in the RAT Training System allow
reduction of the jamming pod trainer’s radar cross section.
range gate relative to the echo signal of the target to be
acquired. When the range gate straddles the target echo
signal, the lock mode can be activated and the target is
automatically tracked in range and azimuth by the
system.
Range tracking is achieved by means of the split
range-gate technique, whereas angle tracking is
accomplished using lobe switching (sequential lobing).
In addition to the fully automatic tracking mode, several
useful ECCM features are available, such as a
switchable lobing rate, a range tracking rate limiter in the
range loop, manual control of either the range loop or the
azimuth loop while the system is locked onto a target,
and leading-edge range tracking. The computer-based
interface of the tracking radar allows control of these
functions and offers the same other possibilities as for
the pulse radar system (visualization of the system's
block diagrams, connection of virtual probes in the on-
screen block diagrams, observation of signals on the
built-in oscilloscope, fault insertion, etc.).
The Radar Active Target (RAT) Training System,
Model 8096-4, is used in conjunction with the three
previous subsystems (Models 8096-1, 8096-2, and
8096-3) to train students in the principles and scenarios
of EW. This is a truly unique system that places real-
time, safe, and unclassified EW demonstrations into the
hands of students. The RAT Training System consists of
an active jamming pod trainer, an elaborate set of
accessories, and a comprehensive student manual.
The jamming pod trainer is a Self-Screening Jammer
(SSJ) target that can perform direct or modulated noise
jamming (see Figure 19) as well as repeater jamming. It
includes a remote controller to select the type of
jamming and set the jamming parameters. The jamming
pod trainer and the included accessories are designed
for use with the Lab-Volt radar to implement real EW
situations. This provides an effective means of
introducing students to a real-time jamming situation that
necessitates a response, that is, the use of an
appropriate ECCM to prevent losing track of the target.
The RCS and ISAR Measurement Training System,
Model 8096-5, adds on to the Basic Radar Training
System, Model 8096-1, to form a computer-based,
pulse-mode system that can measure the radar cross
section (RCS) of targets as well as produce ISAR
images of targets (see Figures 21 to 23).

9
Figure 22. RCS pattern of a scale model of a 777 Boeing aircraft
obtained using the RCS and ISAR Measurement Training System.
Figure 23. In the ISAR imagery mode, the RCS and ISAR
Measurement Training System can produce images that show the
shape of a target (view of a 777-Boeing aircraft shown).
Figure 24. The RCS and ISAR Measurement Training System,
Model 8096-5
Figure 21. The RCS pattern of an actual aircraft can be obtained
by placing a reflective scale model on top of the low-RCS rotating
support of the RCS and ISAR Measurement Training System.
The system can generate RCS patterns of targets of
up to 75-cm (30-in) length when the longest pulse width
is used. The system can also generate high-resolution
ISAR images of much larger targets when the shortest
pulse width is used. Because the system is based on
pulse operation, it does not need to be operated in an
anechoic chamber or in an outdoor range. Background
clutter is rejected using time-gating and subtraction
techniques during the measurement process.
The RCS and ISAR Measurement Training System
includes a low-RCS target support to achieve precise
RCS measurements; a high-quality desktop computer
equipped with the necessary interface cards and
RCS measurement/ISAR imagery software; an
RCS/ISAR measurement interface module; a set of
accessories including a reflective scale model of a 777
Boeing aircraft; and a system user guide. Other
reflective scale models are optionally available. See
Optional Equipment for Models 8096-5 and 8096-8 in
this data sheet.

RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM
MODEL 8096
3The SAR Training System can also be used with the older RCS and ISAR Measurement Training System, Model 8095-5.
10
Figure 25. The Radar Phased Array Antenna Trainer, Model 8096-6
Figure 27. SAR image of a 777-Boeing aircraft reflective scale
model obtained with the SAR Training System.
Figure 26. The Radar Phased Array Antenna Trainer is fully
compatible with the Lab-Volt radar training system. It allows
sector-scan operation with no antenna motion.
The Radar Phased Array Antenna Trainer,
Model 8096-6, is specifically designed to be used with
the complete, pulse radar system that can be
implemented with the Basic Radar Training System and
the Radar Processor/Display (Models 8096-1
and 8096-2, respectively). The trainer includes a phased
array antenna, a beam-steering control module, the
necessary cables, and a comprehensive student manual
that deals with the principles of electronically steered
antennas.
Beam steering in the Radar Phased Array Antenna
Trainer is achieved using a microwave switch coupled to
a Rotman lens and microstrip tapered slot array
antennas. Beam steering control can be manual,
continuous or radar PRF dependent. Scan speeds of up
to 1080 scans/min can be achieved, thereby allowing the
PPI display (sector scan) of the radar system to be
refreshed at much higher rates than with a conventional
mechanically rotated parabolic antenna. Targets can
thus be followed in near real time.
The Synthetic-Aperture Radar (SAR) Training
System, Model 8096-8, adds on to the RCS and ISAR
Measurement Training System, Model 8096-53, to form
a synthetic aperture radar that can produce high-
resolution images (see Figures 27 to 29).
3

11
Figure 28. The SAR Training System synthesizes a large aperture
antenna through motion of a small-aperture horn antenna
installed on the movable carriage of the Target Positioning
System, Model 9607-1.
Figure 29. The Synthetic-Aperture Radar (SAR) Training System,
Model 8096-8.
The SAR Training System synthesizes a large
aperture antenna through motion of a small-aperture
(low-directivity) horn antenna. Motion of the horn
antenna is achieved using the Target Positioning
System (Model 9607-1) included in the Basic Radar
Training System, and an antenna-motion control
module (SAR controller). Target radar echoes produced
during a complete antenna scan are sampled and stored
in the SAR processor then processed using a range-
Doppler algorithm to obtain high-resolution SAR images.
The SAR Training System includes SAR processing
and imagery software (LVSAR), a SAR controller
module, the necessary cables and accessories, and a
system user guide. Reflective scale models of aircrafts
that can be used with the SAR Training System are
optionally available. See Optional Equipment for
Models 8096-5 and 8096-8 in this data sheet.

RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM
MODEL 8096
12
TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE STUDENT MANUALS
Volume 1
Principles of Radar Systems (38542-00)
– Basic Principles of Pulsed Radar
– The Range-Delay Relationship
– Radar Antennas
– The Radar Equation
– Radar Transmitter and Receiver
– Antenna Driving System
– CW Radar and the Doppler Effect
– Frequency-Modulated CW Radar
– Troubleshooting a CW Radar
– Troubleshooting an FM-CW Radar
– Troubleshooting a Pulsed Radar: The RF Section
Volume 2
Analog MTI Processing (38543-00)
– Familiarization with the Analog Pulse Radar
– The PPI Display
– Phase-Processing MTI
– Vector-Processing MTI
– Staggered PRF
– MTI Limitations
– Threshold Detection
– Pulse Integration
– Sensitivity Time Control
– Instantaneous Automatic Gain Control
– The Log-FTC Receiver
– Constant-False Alarm Rate
– Troubleshooting the MTI Processor
– Troubleshooting the Display Processor
– Troubleshooting an MTI Radar System
Volume 3
Digital MTD Processing (38544-00)
– Familiarization with the Digital Pulse Radar
– The PPI Display
– Cell Mapping
– Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Processing
– Constant False-Alarm Rate (CFAR)
– Correlation and Interpolation (C&I) Processing
– Surveillance (Track-While-Scan) Processing
– Troubleshooting the Digital MTD/PPI Processor
Volume 4
Tracking Radar (38545-00)
– Familiarization with the Tracking Radar
– Manual Tracking of a Target
– Automatic Range Tracking
– Angle Tracking Techniques
– Automatic Angle Tracking
– Range and Angle Tracking Performance (Radar-Dependent
Errors)
– Range and Angle Tracking Performance (Target-Caused
Errors)
– Troubleshooting a Radar Target Tracker
Volume 5
Radar in an Active Target Environment (38546-00)
– Familiarization with the Radar Jamming Pod
– Spot Noise Jamming and Burn-Through Range
– Frequency Agility and Barrage Noise Jamming
– Video Integration and Track-On-Jamming
– Antennas in EW: Sidelobe Jamming and Space
Discrimination
– Deception Jamming using the Radar Jamming Pod
– Range Gate Pull-Off
– Stealth Technology: The Quest for Reduced RCS
– Deceptive Jamming Using Amplitude-Modulated Signals
– Cross-Polarization Jamming
– Multiple-Source Jamming Techniques
– Chaff Clouds
– Chaff Clouds used as Decoys
Volume 6
The Phased Array Antenna (38547-00)
– Basic Principles, Operation and Adjustments
– The True-Time Delay Rotman Lens
– The Switching Matrix
– Beamwidth Measurement
– Radiation Pattern Measurement
– Angular Separation Measurement
– Phased Array Antenna Gain Measurement
– Maximum Scan Angle Measurement
– Target Bearing Estimation
– Target Speed Estimation

4The model number shown apply to the English 120-V version. Other versions are available. Refer to the Ordering Numbers section.
5All student manuals, instructor guides, and user guides of the Radar Training System are optionally available as PDF files on a single CD-ROM. See Optional Equipment list in this datasheet
for the ordering number of this CD-ROM.
13
LISTS OF EQUIPMENT
BASIC RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM, MODEL 8096-1
QTY DESCRIPTION ORDERING NUMBER4
1 Horn Antenna .................................................................. 9535-00
1 Power Supply / Antenna Motor Driver ................................................ 9601-10
1 Radar Synchronizer / Antenna Controller ............................................. 9602-00
1 Rotating-Antenna Pedestal ........................................................ 9603-00
1 Radar Antenna ................................................................. 9604-00
1 Dual-Channel Sampler ........................................................... 9605-00
1 TargetPositioningSystem ........................................................ 9607-10
1 Radar Transmitter ............................................................... 9620-10
1 Radar Receiver ................................................................. 9621-10
1 Connection Leads and Accessories ................................................. 9689-00
1 Volume 1 – Principles of Radar Systems (Student Manual) .............................. 38542-005
1 Radar Training System (Instructor Guide) ............................................ 38542-105
RADAR PROCESSOR/DISPLAY ADD-ON, MODEL 8096-2
QTY DESCRIPTION ORDERING NUMBER4
1 Power Supply .................................................................. 9408-00
1 Reconfigurable Training Module .................................................... 9431-10
1 Analog/Digital Signal Combiner ..................................................... 9630-00
1 DataAcquisitionInterface ......................................................... 9631-00
1 Analog/DigitalOutputInterface ..................................................... 9632-00
1 Connection Leads and Accessories ................................................. 9689-A0
1 Volume 2 – Analog MTI Processing (Student Manual) .................................. 38543-005
1 Radar Processor/Display (User Guide) .............................................. 38543-E05
1 Volume 3 – Digital MTD Processing (Student Manual) .................................. 38544-005
RADAR TRACKING TRAINING SYSTEM ADD-ON, MODEL 8096-3
QTY DESCRIPTION ORDERING NUMBER4
1 Dual Feed Parabolic Antenna ...................................................... 9604-A0
1 Radar Target Tracking Interface .................................................... 9633-00
1 Connection Leads and Accessories ................................................. 9690-B0
1 Hand Controller ................................................................. 9694-10
1 Volume 4 – Tracking Radar (Student Manual) ........................................ 38545-005
RADAR ACTIVE TARGET TRAINING SYSTEM ADD-ON, MODEL 8096-4
QTY DESCRIPTION ORDERING NUMBER4
1 Horn Antenna .................................................................. 9535-00
1 Radar Jamming Pod Trainer Support ................................................ 9595-10
1 Radar Jamming Pod Trainer ....................................................... 9608-10
1 Power Supply .................................................................. 9609-00
1 Connection Leads and Accessories ................................................. 9690-C0
1 ElectronicWarfare(TextBook) .................................................... 32254-805
1 Volume 5 – Radar in an Active Target Environment (Student Manual) ...................... 38546-005

RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM
MODEL 8096
6The model number shown apply to the English 120-V version. Other versions are available. Refer to the Ordering Numbers section.
7All student manuals, instructor guides, and user guides of the Radar Training System are optionally available as PDF files on a single CD-ROM. See Optional Equipment list in this datasheet
for the ordering number of this CD-ROM.
8Required for Volumes 1 and 2.
9Required for Volume 2.
10 Required for Volumes 2 to 6.
11 The model number shown apply to the English version. Other versions are available. Refer to the Ordering Numbers section.
14
LIST OF EQUIPMENT (cont’d)
RCS AND ISAR MEASUREMENT TRAINING SYSTEM ADD-ON, MODEL 8096-5
QTY DESCRIPTION ORDERING NUMBER6
1 RCS/ISARMeasurementInterface .................................................. 9610-00
1 RCS/ISARProcessor ............................................................ 9611-00
1 Connection Leads and Accessories ................................................. 9690-D0
1 Monitor ....................................................................... 9691-00
1 RCS/ISARMeasurementTrainingSystem(UserGuide) ................................ 39102-E07
RADAR PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA TRAINER ADD-ON, MODEL 8096-6
QTY DESCRIPTION ORDERING NUMBER6
1 Phased Array Antenna ........................................................... 9612-00
1 Phased Array Antenna Controller ................................................... 9613-00
1 Connection Leads and Accessories ................................................. 9690-E0
1 Volume 6 – The Phased Array Antenna (Student Manual) ............................... 38547-007
SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR (SAR) ADD-ON TO RCS AND ISAR MEASUREMENT TRAINING SYSTEM,
MODEL 8096-8
QTY DESCRIPTION ORDERING NUMBER6
1 SAR Controller (includes LVSAR software) ............................................ 9614-00
1 Connection Leads and Accessories ................................................. 9690-F0
1 Synthetic-Aperture Radar (SAR) Training System (User Guide) ........................... 85300-E07
ADDITIONAL EQUIPMENT REQUIRED TO PERFORM THE EXERCISES IN THE MANUALS
QTY DESCRIPTION ORDERING NUMBER6
1 Dual Trace Oscilloscope ........................................................... 797-208
1 Dual Function Generator .......................................................... 9402-109
1 Frequency Counter .............................................................. 9403-009
1 Radar Host Computer ............................................................ 9695-0010
OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT
DESCRIPTION ORDERING NUMBER11
Student Manuals, Instructor Guides, and User Guides on CD-ROM .............................. 38542-A0

12 This reflective scale model is already included in the accessories of the RCS and ISAR Measurement Training System, Model 8096-5.
15
OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT FOR MODELS 8096-5 AND 8096-8
QTY DESCRIPTION ORDERING NUMBER
1 777-Boeing Aircraft Reflective Scale Model .......................................... 35411-0212
1 B2 Bomber Reflective Scale Model ................................................. 39208-02
1 F-117A Stealth Fighter Reflective Scale Model ........................................ 39209-02
EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTIONS
SUBSYSTEM 8096-1, BASIC RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM
Model 9535 – Horn Antenna
The Horn Antenna is used in FM-CW radar and antenna
gain experiments. When used in conjunction with the
Radar Antenna, it allows separate transmission and
reception of RF signals. The Horn Antenna is also used
in certain EW demonstrations.
Model 9601 – Power Supply / Antenna Motor Driver
The Power Supply / Antenna Motor Driver is the physical
base for the Basic Radar Training System. Several
modules of the system are designed to be stacked on top
of it side-by-side. The power supply distributes three
unregulated DC voltages to the stacked modules through
self-aligning connectors. These voltages are regulated
within each module to provide the required voltages. Three
regulated DC voltage outputs are also available through
miniature banana jacks on the front panel of the power
supply.
The antenna motor driver supplies power to the
Model 9603 Rotating-Antenna Pedestal. It is a Pulse-
Width-Modulated (PWM) motor driver that uses a four-
quadrant chopper requiring a command signal from the
antenna controller or radar target tracking system. It is
equipped with front-panel test points for training purposes.

RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM
MODEL 8096
16
Model 9602 – Radar Synchronizer / Antenna
Controller
The Radar Synchronizer / Antenna Controller is used for
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) generation and
synchronization of the radar system. It also controls the
operating parameters of the radar antenna.
The synchronizer includes a PRF generator
equipped with push buttons to select the PRF and either
single or staggered mode. Two sets of outputs are used
for synchronization, one at the selected PRF and one at
1024 times the selected PRF.
The antenna controller provides three control modes
for the radar antenna: manual mode, where speed
(clockwise or counterclockwise) is manually controlled;
PRF locked mode, which synchronizes the rotation of
the antenna to the system PRF; and SCAN/TRACK
mode for 120-degree scanning. A three-digit display that
can be switched to show antenna position or speed is
provided. The controller accepts feedback signals from
the encoder on the rotating antenna pedestal and
generates a command signal for output to the antenna
motor driver. The controller also generates azimuth
information required by other system modules.
Unregulated DC power is automatically supplied to
the Radar Synchronizer / Antenna Controller through
self-aligning connectors when it is installed on the Power
Supply / Antenna Motor Driver.
Model 9603 – Rotating-Antenna Pedestal
The Rotating-Antenna Pedestal is the mount and drive
motor for the radar antenna. It provides the RF
connection between the antenna and the radar
transmitter and receiver. Antenna position feedback is
obtained from an incremental optical shaft encoder, the
output of which may be monitored through front-panel
test points. The RF section includes a circulator for
simultaneous transmission and reception. A rotary joint
provides RF coupling to the rotating antenna mount.
Model 9604 – Radar Antenna
The Radar Antenna mounts on the rotating-antenna
pedestal and has a miniature plug-in connector for quick
RF coupling. It uses an offset-feed design to reduce
masking effects. A screen of microwave-radiation-
absorbing material is also supplied, which, although not
required due to the low level of RF power radiated by the

17
system, provides training in microwave safety
techniques.
Model 9605 – Dual-Channel Sampler
The Dual-Channel Sampler performs time expansion of
the I- and Q-channel baseband signals from the radar
receiver in order to allow further processing and display.
It has three switches to select the system observation
range, as well as control knobs for adjusting the system
range origin, the balance of the I- and Q-channel output
signals, and the DC offsets at the I- and Q-channel
outputs. A time base output is provided to obtain an A-
scope display on a conventional oscilloscope.
Unregulated DC power is automatically supplied to
the Dual-Channel Sampler through self-aligning
connectors when it is installed on the Power Supply /
Antenna Motor Driver
Model 9607 – Target Positioning System
The Target Positioning System positions a passive radar
target accurately. The system consists of a mobile target
table, a remote target controller module connected to the
table via a multiway cable, and four types of targets (a
sphere, a cylinder, a 90-degree reflector, three metal
plates and a plexiglass plate). The surface of the target
table measures 90 by 90 cm (35.1 x 35.1 in) and is
marked with a 1-cm (0.39-in) grid.
The system provides closed-loop DC servo control
of the position and speed of the target in X and Y. On
the target controller, either manual control of target
position and speed or one of four preprogrammed
trajectories can be selected. Two three-digit displays
give a readout of the X and Y position or speed of the
target. The target position can be controlled externally
using rear panel inputs.
Model 9620 – Radar Transmitter
The Radar Transmitter is an instructional module
designed to provide training in system- and module-level
troubleshooting. It has switches that the instructor can
use to insert faults. These switches, as well as the circuit
boards and test points, are accessed through the hinged
door on top of the module.
The Radar Transmitter generates an RF signal that
can be either frequency modulated or amplitude
modulated. It includes an RF oscillator, a pulse
generator, and an amplitude modulator.
The RF oscillator has a frequency modulator with
variable modulation frequency and deviation. It also has
a variable output frequency, which is indicated on
2½ digit display. An RF power switch allows the
RF output to be disabled.
The pulse generator produces the pulses required
by the system. It provides discrete and continuous
variation of the pulse width. The pulse generator output
signal controls the amplitude modulator to produce the
pulsed (amplitude-modulated) RF signal.
Unregulated DC power is automatically supplied to
the Radar Transmitter through self-aligning connectors
when it is installed on the Power Supply / Antenna Motor
Driver.

RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM
MODEL 8096
18
Model 9621 – Radar Receiver
The Radar Receiver is an instructional module designed
to provide training in system- and module-level
troubleshooting. It has switches that the instructor can
use to insert faults. These switches, as well as the circuit
boards and test points, are accessed through the hinged
door on top of the module.
The Radar Receiver down-converts the received
RF signal to baseband directly (homodyne receiver) for
the three types of radar that can be implemented (CW,
FM-CW, and pulse radars). Direct CW Doppler and
FM-CW outputs are provided. Quadrature detection
(I- and Q-channel outputs) is used for the pulse radar.
Wideband amplifiers are used in the I- and Q-channels
to ensure faithful baseband reproduction of the received
RF signals.
Unregulated DC power is automatically supplied to
the Radar Receiver through self-aligning connectors
when it is installed on the Power Supply / Antenna Motor
Driver.
Model 9689 – Connection Leads and Accessories
The Model 9689-00 Connection Leads and Accessories
contains all of the cables and accessories necessary for
operation of the Basic Radar Training System,
Model 8096-1. These include; SMA flexible cables, BNC
cables, a DB9 cable, an antenna motor driver cable,
BNC tees, SMA attenuators, an SMA 50-Ωload, a
measuring tape, a level, a waveguide-to-coax adapter,
a horn antenna support, and quick-lock fasteners.
SUBSYSTEM 8096-2, RADAR PROCESSOR/DISPLAY
Model 9408 – Power Supply
The Power Supply is the power source for the
Reconfigurable Training Module (RTM), Model 9431. It
has two multi-pin connector outputs, located on the back
panel, that provide regulated DC voltages. Each output
can supply power to one RTM. Auto-reset fuses protect
the Power Supply outputs against short-circuits.
Model 9431 – Reconfigurable Training Module
The Reconfigurable Training Module (RTM) is the
cornerstone of the Radar Processor/Display. It consists
mainly of a powerful digital signal processor (DSP) and
three slots on the module's front panel for installing
interface modules. An Ethernet port (RJ-45) connector,
located on the back panel, allows connection of the RTM
to the radar host computer. The functionality of the radar
system (analog pulse radar, digital pulse radar or
tracking radar) is determined by downloading a program

19
into the DSP memory using the host computer that runs
the LVRTS software. Electrical power is supplied to the
RTM by the Power Supply, Model 9408, through a multi-
pin cable that connects to the back panel.
Model 9630 – Analog/Digital Signal Combiner
The Analog/Digital Signal Combiner is a compact
module designed to be installed into one of the slots on
the RTM of the Radar Processor/Display. This module
converts the clutter and interference generated by the
DSP of the RTM to analog format, and adds it to the
I- and Q-channel echo signals coming from the Radar
Receiver.
The Analog/Digital Signal Combiner has two
BNC-connector inputs to receive the I- and Q-channel
echo signals. It also has four BNC-connector outputs.
Two outputs provide the clutter and interference signals
added to the I- and Q-channel echo signals. The other
two outputs provide the I- and Q-channel, perturbed
echo signals. All these inputs and outputs are protected
from misconnections within the system. Test points are
available on the module's front panel to observe all these
signals using a conventional oscilloscope.
DC power is automatically supplied to the
Analog/Digital Signal Combiner when it is installed into
the RTM.
Model 9631 – Data Acquisition Interface
The Data Acquisition Interface is a compact module
designed to be installed into one of the slots on the RTM
of the Radar Processor/Display. This module receives
the I- and Q-channel echo signals of the radar, perturbed
or not, and converts them to digital format. It also
receives the PRF and synchronization signals as well as
azimuth information from the Radar Synchronizer /
Antenna Controller. All these signals are then routed to
the RTM for digital signal processing.
The Data Acquisition Interface has two
BNC-connector analog inputs to receive the I- and
Q-channel echo signals. It also has two BNC-connector
digital inputs where the PRF and synchronization signals
are injected. A DB15 connector is provided as a digital
input for the azimuth information. All these inputs are
protected from misconnections within the system. Test
points are available on the module's front panel to
observe the input signals using a conventional
oscilloscope.
DC power is automatically supplied to the Data
Acquisition Interface when it is installed into the RTM.

RADAR TRAINING SYSTEM
MODEL 8096
20
Model 9632 – Analog/Digital Output Interface
The Analog/Digital Output Interface is a compact module
designed to be installed into one of the slots on the RTM
of the Radar Processor/Display. This module provides
analog and digital output signals generated by the RTM.
The nature of the signals generated depends on the type
of radar processing that the RTM performs.
The Analog/Digital Output Interface has four
BNC-connector analog outputs and four BNC-connector
digital outputs. All these outputs are protected from
misconnections within the system. Test points are
available on the module's front panel to observe the
output signals using a conventional oscilloscope.
DC power is automatically supplied to the
Analog/Digital Output Interface when it is installed into the
RTM.
Model 9689-A – Connection Leads and
Accessories
The Model 9689-A Connection Leads and Accessories
contains a DB15 cable, a USB port cable, an RJ-45
connector crossover cable, an Ethernet adapter (network
card) to be installed in the radar host computer, two
semi-circular targets, a multiple target holder to be used
with the Target Positioning System, and the
LVRTS software CD-ROM.
Model 9695 – Radar Host Computer
The Radar Host Computer is a Windows®based
computer with the LVRTS software installed, two
monitors, and a dual-output display adapter (video card)
compatible with Microsoft DirectX®version 9 or later.
The Radar Host Computer is used to run the LVRTS
software and is linked to the RTM of the Radar
Processor/Display through a high-speed data link
(Ethernet link with TCP/IP protocol). It provides the
radar's PPI display and allows control of the radar
processing and display functions, and much more as
described in the General Description of the Radar
Processor/Display, Model 8096-2.
The Radar Host Computer is not included in the
Radar Processor/Display. It must be purchased
separately or replaced with an equivalent personal
computer. The Windows®XP or Windows®7 operating
system is required to run the LVRTS software.
SUBSYSTEM 8096-3, RADAR TRACKING TRAINING
SYSTEM
Model 9604-A – Dual Feed Parabolic Antenna
The Dual Feed Parabolic Antenna mounts on the
rotating antenna pedestal and is fully compatible with the
miniature plug-in RF quick connector. The dual-feed
horns are connected to a microwave SPDT switch that
allows alternating transmission and reception of the
signal from each horn through the single rotary joint of
the antenna pedestal. Switch control is achieved by
superimposing a DC bias on the transmitted RF signal.
The antenna beams formed by each horn are squinted
in azimuth to allow lobe switching (sequential lobing)
target tracking.