LEGO Rockefeller Center User manual

Rockefeller Center
®
New York City, New York, USA
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JohnDRockefellerJr
John Davison Rockefeller, Jr. (January 29, 1874 – May 11,
1960) was a major philanthropist and a pivotal member
of the prominent Rockefeller family. He was the sole son
among the five children of businessman and Standard
Oil industrialist John D. Rockefeller and the father of the
five famous Rockefeller brothers. In biographies, he was
invariably referred to as “Junior” to distinguish him from
his more celebrated father, known as “Senior”.
After graduation, Rockefeller, Jr. joined his
father’s business (October 1, 1897) and set up operations
in the newly-formed family office at Standard Oil’s
headquarters at 26 Broadway. He became a Standard Oil
director; he later also became a director in J. P. Morgan’s
U.S. Steel company, which had been formed in 1901. After
a scandal involving the then head of Standard Oil, John
Dustin Archbold (the successor to Senior), and bribes he
had made to two prominent Congressmen, unearthed
by the Hearst media empire, Junior resigned from both
companies in 1910 in an attempt to “purify” his ongoing
philanthropy from commercial and financial interests.
During the Great Depression he developed and was the
sole financier of a vast 14-building real estate complex in
the geographical center of Manhattan, Rockefeller Center.
He probably gave more attention to the development of
Rockefeller Center than to any other project.
John D. Rockefeller, Jr., leased the space from
Columbia University in 1928 and began development in
1930. The land was cleared of more than 200 browstone
houses and other antiquated buildings. Rockefeller
initially planned a syndicate to build an opera house
for the Metropolitan Opera on the site, but changed
his mind after the stock market crash of 1929 and the
withdrawal of the Metropolitan from the project. Rockefeller
stated “It was clear that there were only two courses
open to me. One was to abandon the entire development.
The other to go forward with it in the definite knowledge
that I myself would have to build it and finance it alone.”
Negotiating a line of credit with the Metropolitan Life
Insurance Company and covering ongoing expenses
through the sale of oil company stock, he took on the
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Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, photograph by Harris & Ewing,
[reproduction number, e.g., LC-USZ62-123456]
enormous project as the sole investor, entering into an
87-year lease agreement with Columbia. It was the largest
private building project ever undertaken in modern times.
More than 75,000 people worked on the construction of
the Center during those Depression years.
The name “Rockefeller Center” was first suggested
for the complex in 1931 by Ivy Lee, public relations pioneer
and prominent adviser to the family. Junior initially did not
want the Rockefeller family name associated with the
commercial project, but was persuaded on the grounds
that the name would attract far more tenants.
Within its first decade, the complex had
attracted exciting tenants such as the RKO Pictures, the
French bookstore Librairie de France and the brand new
publication News-Week (as it was originally called). The
Center’s western side was home to many show business
firms, but movie history was also made in one of the Fifth
Avenue. buildings, where John Hay Whitney and David O.
Selznick decided to produce Gone with the Wind.
John D Rockefeller, Jr.
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Building Rockefeller Center
Construction of the 14 buildings in the Art Deco style
(without the originally proposed opera house) began on
May 17, 1930 and was completed on November 1, 1939,
when John D. Rockefeller, Jr. drove the final (silver) rivet
into 10 Rockefeller Center.
Built between 1932 and 1940, the original
buildings have a similar architectural vocabulary that
features gray Indiana limestone, simple geometric forms,
and bold facades with little decoration except for vertical
lines used to emphasize the height of the buildings. The
central focus of the project is the former RCA building, a
tower rising 70 stories above the Channel Gardens, which
serve as a monumental passage to the building from Fifth
Avenue.
Seventy-five thousand construction workers made
the site a center of activity so attractive to passers-by that
The final design of Rockefeller Center was unveiled to the press on March 5, 1931.
(Image: Wired New York)
During the preliminary design phase in 1931, Hood experimented with many ideas
for the facade of the RCA Building. (Image: Wired New York)
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an official “Sidewalk Superintendents’ Club” was established,
complete with membership cards providing access to a
viewing platform.
The principal builder and “managing agent” for
the massive project was John R. Todd and the principal
architect was Raymond M. Hood, who worked with and
directed a team from three different architectural firms.
Hood was the greatest skyscraper architect of the 1920s,
embodying and inspiring the evolution of skyscraper
design in America during the decade, and the Rockefeller
Center was his last major project. Though the actual
design was the work of a consortium of architects, he has
been described as the “key man” in its development, and
themassingofthebuildings,theirmonochromaticexteriors,
and their rooftop landscape gardens almost certainly
reflect his influence.
Construction of the RCA Building and Lower Plaza in progress in September 1932.
The Center Theatre, on the left, and the RKO Building, rear right, were already
complete. Next to the RKO Building, the Radio City Music Hall was nearing completion.
(Image: Wired New York)
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Rockefeller Center is a complex of 19 commercial
buildings covering 22 acres (89,000 m2) between 48th
and 51st streets in New York City. Built by the Rockefeller
family, it is located in the center of Midtown Manhattan,
spanning the area between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue.
Rockefeller Center represents a turning point in the
history of architectural sculpture: It is among the last
major building projects in the United States to incorporate
a program of integrated public art. Sculptor Lee Lawrie
contributed the largest number of individual pieces—
twelve—including the statue of Atlas facing Fifth Avenue
and the conspicuous friezes above the main entrance to
the RCA Building.
The Center is a combination of two building
complexes: the older and original fourteen Art Deco office
buildingsfromthe1930s,andasetoffourInternational-style
towers built along the west side of Avenue of the Americas
during the 1960s and 1970s.
Art Deco was a popular international art design
movement from 1925 until the 1940s, affecting the
decorative arts such as architecture, interior design and
industrial design, as well as the visual arts such as fashion,
painting, the graphic arts and film. At the time, this style
was seen as elegant, glamorous, functional and modern.
The movement was a mixture of many different styles
and movements of the early 20th century, including
Neoclassical, Constructivism, Cubism, Modernism, Art
Nouveau, and Futurism. Its popularity peaked in Europe
during the Roaring Twenties and continued strongly
in the United States through the 1930s. Although many
Rockefeller Center
Bullocks Wilshire in Los Angeles,
California. (Image: Wikimedia Commons)
City Hall in Buffalo, New York, an Art
Deco building.
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design movements have political or philosophical roots or
intentions, Art Deco was purely decorative.
Art Deco experienced a decline in popularity
during the late ’30s and early ’40s but experienced a
popular resurgence in the graphic design of the 1980s.
Art Deco had a profound influence on many later artistic
movements, such as Memphis and Pop art.
Surviving examples may still be seen in many
different locations worldwide, in countries as diverse as
China(Shanghai),theUnitedKingdom,Spain,Cuba,Indonesia,
the Philippines, Argentina, Romania, Australia, New Zealand,
India, Brazil and the United States (primarily in Miami, Los
Angeles and New York City). Many classic examples still
exist in the form of architecture in many major cities. The
Empire State Building, Rockefeller Center and Chrysler
Building, all in New York City, are some of the largest and
best-known examples of the style.
The centerpiece of Rockefeller Plaza is the 70-floor,
872-foot (266 m) GE Building at 30 Rockefeller Center (“30
Rock”)—formerly known as the RCA Building—centered
Rockefeller Center 1933. (Image: Wikimedia Commons)
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behind the sunken plaza. The building is the setting for
the famous “Lunchtime atop a Skyscraper” photograph,
taken by Charles C. Ebbets in 1932 of workers having
lunch, sitting on a steel beam, without safety harnesses.
Unlike most other Art Deco towers built during the
1930s, the GE Building was constructed as a slab with a
flat roof. The Center’s newly-renovated “Top of the Rock”
observation deck, dating originally from 1933, is located
on the GE Building roof.
At the front of 30 Rock is the Lower Plaza, in the very
center of the complex, which is reached from 5th Avenue
through the Channel Gardens and Promenade. The
acclaimed sculptor Paul Manship was commissioned in
1933 to create a masterwork to adorn the central axis,
below the famed annual Rockefeller Center Christmas
Tree, but all the other original plans to fill the space were
abandoned over time. It was not until Christmas Day in
1936 that the ice-skating rink was finally installed and the
popular Center activity of ice-skating began.
Radio City Music Hall at 50th Street and Avenue of the
Americas was completed in December, 1932. At the time it
was promoted as the largest and most opulent theater in
the world. Its original intended name was the “International
Music Hall” but this was changed to reflect the name of
its neighbor, “Radio City”, as the new NBC Studios in the
RCA Building were known. RCA was one of the complex’s
first and most important tenants and the entire Plaza itself
was sometimes referred to as “Radio City”.
Roof garden of Rockefeller Center
buildings. (Image: Wikimedia Commons)
Lower Plaza of Rockefeller Center.
(Image: Wikimedia Commons)
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The Music Hall was planned by a consortium of
three architectural firms, who employed Edward
Durell Stone to design the exterior. At the urging of
Junior’s wife Abby, the interior design was assigned to
Donald Deskey, an exponent of the European Modernist
style and innovator of a new American design aesthetic.
Deskey, who believed the place could be enhanced by
sculpture and murals, commissioned various arists to
create elaborate works for the theater. The Music Hall seats
6,000 people and after an initial slow start became the
single biggest tourist destination in the city. Its interior was
declared a New York City landmark in 1978. Painstakingly
restored in 1999, the Music Hall interior is one of the world’s
greatest examples of Art Deco design.
The Center Theatre, seating 3,500 people, was
located at the Southeast corner of Sixth Avenue and
49th Street. Originally designed as a movie palace in
1932, it later achieved fame as a showcase for live musical
ice-skating spectacles. It was demolished in 1954, the
only building in the original Rockefeller Center complex
to have been torn down. The Center Theatre was
originally called the RKO Roxy Theatre and opened on
December 29, 1932. It was intended as a smaller sister
to the 6,000-seat Radio City Music Hall one block away,
which at first did not show films. A successful lawsuit
in 1933 by the owners of the original Roxy Theatre on
Seventh Ave., claiming ownership of the “Roxy” name,
caused the new theater to be re-named the RKO Plaza.
After its demolition, the Center Theatre was
replaced by a 19-story office building.
Radio City Music Hall at 50th Street and Avenue of the Americas.
(Image: Rockefeller Center)
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CenterArt
Paul Manship’s well-known bronze gilded statue of “The
Titan Prometheus recumbent, bringing fire to mankind”,
depicting the Greek legend, features prominently in
the sunken plaza at the front of 30 Rockefeller Center.
A large number of other artists contributed
work at the Center, including Isamu Noguchi, whose
gleaming stainless steel bas-relief “News”, placed
over the main entrance to 50 Rockefeller Center
(the Associated Press Building), is particularly
outstanding. At the time it was created it was the
largest metal bas-relief in the world. Other artists
included Carl Milles, Hildreth Meiere, Margaret Bourke-
White, Dean Cornwell, and Leo Friedlander.
A selection of the art at Rockefeller Plaza.
[“Wisdom” and “Sound” – Photos courtesy of Tishman Speyer/Photographer
Denis Vlasov. “News” and “The story of mankind” – Photos courtesy of Tishman
Speyer/Photographer Nick Wood. “Friendship between America and France”,
“Prometheus” and “Atlas” – Photos courtesy of Rockefeller Center Archives.]
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FactsaboutRockefellerCenter
Location:.......................... Midtown Manhattan,
New York City, NY
Architect:.......................... Raymond Mathewson Hood
was a senior architect on a
large design team
Style:................................... Modern, Art Deco
Materials:......................... Limestone
Construction:................ Limestone cladding, 4 to 8 inches
thick, fastened to a masonry
backing, which is itself supported
by a structural steel frame
Date: ................................... From 1930 to 1939 ( the original
14 buildings)
Footprint:......................... 19 commercial buildings covering
22 acres (89,000 m2)
Height:............................... 872 ft. (266 m.) (GE Building)
Stories:.............................. 70 (GE Building)
Rockefeller Center. (Image: Wikimedia Commons)
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The tradition of the christmas tree
began during the Depression-
era construction of Rockefeller
Center, when workers decorated
a small balsam fir tree with strings
of cranberries, garlands of paper,
and even a few tin cans on Christmas
Eve, December 24, 1931.
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