Mooney M20R - Ovation Technical specifications

MOONEY
PILOT'S
OPERATING
HANDBOOK
AND
FAA APPROVED
AIRPLANE
FLIGHT
MANUAL
M20R -OVATION
ORIGINAL
ISSUE-
06-1994
REVISION G - 03-2000
Copyright
2013-
All
Rights Reserved
PIN: POH-003600
MOONEY
AVIATION COMPANY, INC. Louis Schreiner Field, Kerrville, Texas 78028 tel: 830-896-6000
www.mooney.com

29-0045
OE-KGG
Section VI, page 6-5 Revised Weight and Balance sheet dated 10/4/12 inserted
by Erik Rosdol on 15-Nov-2014

INTRODUCTION
CONGRATULATIONS
MOONEY
M20R
'JI.ELCOME
TO
MOONEY'S
NBI\ESTDI
MENSION
IN
SPEED,
QUALI1Y
AND
ECONOMY.
YOUR
DECISION
TO
SELECT
A
MOONEY
AIRCRAFT
HAS
PLACED
YOU
IN
AN
EliTE
AND DISTINCTIVE
CLASS
OF
AIRCRAFT
O'MIIERS.
11\.E
HOPE
YOU
FIND
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MOONEY
A UNIQUE
FLYING
EXPERIENCE.
IM-IETHER
FOR
BUSINESS
OR
PLEASURE
,
THE
MOST
PROFITABLE
EVER
-NOTICE -
This
manual
is
provided
as
an
operating
guide for
the
Mooney
Model
M20R.
It
is
important
that you --4"egardless ofyour previous experience -carefully
read
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and
review
it
frequently
.
All
infonnation
and
illustrations
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manual
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available at the time of publicalion approval
and
all sections including
attac
hed
supple-
ments
are
mandatory for proper operation
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the
aircraft.
The
right
is
reserved
to make
changes
at
any time without notice.
Every
effort
has
been
made
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present
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. Your
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In
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and
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REVISING
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MANUAL
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contain
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manual
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published
revision
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This
harodbook
will
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current
by
Mooney
Aircraft Corporation
when
the yellow
infonnation card
in
front
of
this handbook
has
been
completed
and
mailed
to :
Mooney Aircraft Corporation
Service Parts Department
Louis Schreiner Field,
Kerrville,
TX.,
78028.
ISSUED
6-94

INTRODUCTION
ORIGINAL .
Revision A.
Revision B.
Revision C
Revision D.
Revision E.
Revision F.
Revision G
ILIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES I
MOONEY
M20R
6-94
7-94
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9-94
1-95
9-95
9-96
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TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONGRATULATIONS .
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v,
vi
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2-8 . .
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2-11,2-12
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2-14, 2-15
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2-18
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thru 3-4
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3-6 thru 3-7
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POH(AFM
NUMBER
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This
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effective beginning with
M20R
S/N
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MOONEY
M20R
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4-5, 4-16 .
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INTRODUCTION
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M20R
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MOONEY
M20R
REVISION
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ISSUED6-94

MOONEY
M20R
I TABLE OF CONTENTS I
TITLE
.......
..
. .
.•.•
GENERAL
LIMITATIONS
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
NORMAL PROCEDURES.
PERFORMANCE
WEIGHT & BALANCE. ·
AIRPLANE &SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS
HANDLING, SERVICE & MAINTENANCE.
SUPPLEMENTAL DATA .
SAFETY & OPERATIONAL TIPS.
ISSUED 6-94
INTRODUCTION
. . . SECTION
II
Ill
IV
v
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
v

INTRODUCTION
BLANK
vi
MOONEY
M20R
ISSUED 6-94

MOONEY
M20R
ITABLE OF CONTENTS I
SECTION
I
GENERAL
TITLE •
••••••
• •
••
•••
• • • •
••
PAGE
THREE VIEW . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . • • . 1-2
INTRODUCTION . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
DESCRIPTIVE DATA
ENGINE
PROPELLER
FUEL
OIL
LANDING GEAR
MAXIMUM CERTIFICATED WEIGHTS
STANDARD AIRPLANE WEIGHTS
CABIN & ENTRY DIMENSIONS
BAGGAGE SPACE AND
ENTRY
DIMENSIONS
SPECIFIC LOADINGS
IDENTIFICATION PLATE
SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS &TERMINOLOGY
GENERAL AIRSPEED TERMINOLOGY & SYMBOLS
ENGINE POWER TERMINOLOGY
1-3
1-3
1-3
1-4
1-4
1-4
1-4
1-4
1·5
• . 1-5
1-5
1-5
1-5
1-5
Hi
AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE & FLIGHT PLANNING TERMINOLOGY 1-6
ENGINE CONTROLS &INSTRUMENTS TERMINOLOGY 1-7
METEOROLOGICALTERMINOLOGY 1-7
WEIGHT & BALANCE TERMINOLOGY 1-8
MEASUREMENT CONVERSION TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
ISSUED 6 - 94 1 - 1

SECTION I
GENERAL MOONEY
M20R
(1099,8 ,Cl'l)
I
.
-36'-1
·~
·
1
FIGURE 1 - 1 THREE VIEW -M20R
1
-2
ISSU:OD
6-94

SECTION
I
GENERAL
FUEL
Minimum
Fuel
Grade (Color)
Total
capacity . . . .
Usable
MOONEY
M20R
100
LL
(Blue) or
100
Octane
(Green~
. . .
9S
U.S.
Gal
..
(359
.6 Liters
. . .
89.0
U.S
.
Gal
.
(336
.9 Liters
Oil
Spec
ification . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . MH5-24()
an
d as Approved by
TCM
.
(Reference
Engine Maintenance & Operators
ManuaO
All
Tem
peratures 0 • • • • • . • . • • • • • • . •
1511\50
or
20111.60
Above
30:F
(-
1
0
C)
Amb
i
ent
Air
(S
.
L)
. . . . . . • . . . .
SAE
50
Be
l
ow
50
F
(1
0 C) Ambient Air
(S
L ) . . . . . . • . .
SAE
30,
1
0\1\GO
I
Total
01 Capacity . • • . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Qts.
(T.57
liters)
Oil
Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Full
Row
Oil
grades,
specifications
and
changing
recommendations
are
contained
in
·SEcllON
VIII.
LANDING GEAR
TYPE:
Bectrically operated,
fully
retractable tricycle gear with rubber shock discs.
The
main
wheels
have hydraulically
operated
disc
brakes.
The
nose
wheel
is fully steerable
11°
left to
13°
right
of
center.
Wleel
Base
Wleel Track
lire Size:
Nose
.
Main
. .
Trre
Pressure
Nose
.
Main
.
Minimum
Turning Radius
(No
brakes
applied)
Right
. . . . . . . . • . •
Left
. . . . . . . . • . .
MAXIMUM CERTIACATED WEIGHTS
Gross IM!ight . . . . . .
Maxim~
landing Weight . .
Baggage
Area
• • . • • .
Rear
st
orage
Area
. . . . .
Cargo
(Rear Seats Folded
Down)
STANDARD AIRPLANE WEIGHTS
79
9116
in
..
(198.91
em)
.
110
in.
(279.4
em)
5.00
X 5
(6
ply)
6.00
X 6
(6
ply)
49PSI
42PSI
40ft.
(12.0
m)
48ft.
(14.4
m)
3368
Lbs.
(1528
Kg!
3200
Lbs
.
(1452
Kg
120
Lbs
.
(54.4
Kg
.
10
Lbs
.
(4.5
Kg
340
Lbs
.
(154
.2
Kg
Basic Bnpty Weight
Useful
Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
See
Page
1-8
. . . . . . . . .
Varies
with
installed equipment.
See
SECTION
VI
for specific
airplane
weight (pg.
6-5).
1-4
REV.C
9-94
ISSUED
6-94

MUUNt:Y
M20R
.:;J~VIIVI'
I
GENERAL
IINTRODUCTION I
This
OperatoJS
Manual confonnsto
GAMA
Specification No. 1
and
includes both
Manufac-
tureJS
material
and
FAA
APPROVED
material
required
to
be
furnished to the Pilot by the
appficable
Federal
Aviation
Regu
l
ations
. section
IX
contains supplemental data supplied
by
MooneyAircraft Corporation.
section Icontains information
of
general
interest
to
the pilot. It also contains definitions
of
thetenninology used
in
this
Operators
Manual.
This
Pilot's Operating Handbook
is
not designed
as
asubstitute for adequate
and
compe-
tent flight instruction, knowledge
of
current airworthiness di
rectives
, applicable federal air
regulations oradvisory circulars. It
is
not
Intended
to
be aguide for
bas
ic flight instruction
oratraining manual
and
should
not
be
used
for
operaUonal
purposes unless kept
in
an
up
to date
status.
· ·
All
limitations, procedures,
safety
practices, servicing
and
maintenance requirements pub-
lished
in
this
POHIAFM
are
considered
mandatory for the Continued Airworthiness ofthis
airplane
in
acondition
equal
to that
of
its
original
manufacture.
IDESCRIPTIVE
DATA
I
ENGINE
Number
of
engines
Engine Manufacturer
Molle!
....
Recommended
lBO
Type
. • . .
Number
of
cylinders
Displacement . .
Bore
. . . .
stroke. . . .
Compression ratio
Fuel System
~fk~
....
Fuel-Aviation
Gasoline
Accessories
Magnetos . .
!9nition
Harness
~ark
Plugs
.
OIICooler . .
Alternator .
starter .
Ratings:
Maximum Takeoff
Sea
Level
BHPIRPM
PROPELLER
Number .
Manufacturer .
Model Number .
Number
of
Blades . . . .
Diameter
(112
in. cutoffallowed)
Type
. . . . . . .
Governor (McCauley) . . .
Blade
Angles
@ 30.0 in. sta.:
Low
....
. . .
High
.
. . . . . . . . . 1
Teledyne Continental Motors
(TC~
I
. -. . • . .
10-550-G(S)
. . . • • . .
2000
Hours
Reciprocating, air cooled,
fuel
injected
. . . . 6, Horizontally opposed
. . . . 550 Cu.
ln
.
~9014
cc~
. . . . . 5.25
ln.
13.3
em
: : : : . .
4~5
~n
.
~
o:
5
c~
I
. Fuellnjection
....
TCM
100 octane -1
OOLL
Bendix -
S6RN
-
25
. . . . Shielded/Braided
AC
273
(orequivalent) (
18
m/m)
• . . . . TCM
Full
Row
28
Volt
DC,
100
AMPS
24vottDC
.
280/2500
. . . . . . . 1
. . . . . McCauterl
3A32C418/(G)-82NRC-9
. . . . . . . . . . 3
. . . . . . 73
in
.
(185
.4
em)
. . . . . . Constant
Speed
Hydraulically controlled by engine oil
16.1
degrees+ 1-0.2 degrees
40
degrees +
1-
0.5
degrees
•
Refer
to
TCOS
for engine/propeller configuration
required
.
ISSUED
6-94
REVF
9-96
1-3

MOONEY
M20R
CABIN
AND
ENTRY
DIMENSIONS
Cabin
Width
(Maximum)
Cabin
length (Maximum)
Cabin
Helght
(Maximum)
Entry Widlh (Minimum)
Entry Height (Minimum)
BAGGAGE
SPACE
AND
ENTRY
DIMENSIONS
Compartment Width
Compartrr.ent Length
Compartment Height
Compartment Volume
Cargo
Area
(with rear
seat
folded
down)
Entry Height (Minimum)
Entry
Wldlh
. .
Ground to Bottom of
SUI
SPECIFIC LOADINGS
Wing
Loading -@ Maximum
Gross
Weight
Power
Loading -@ Maximum
Gross
Weight
IDENTIFICATION
PLATE
SECTION
I
GENERAL
.
43
.51n. (110.5
em
126
ln.
(315
em
44.51n. (113
em
29.0
ln.
(73.4
em
35.0
ln.
(88.9
em
24
ln. (60.9
em~
43ln.
(109.2
em
35
ln. (88.9
em
20.9
cu
.
ft.
(.592
cu.
m)
. .
38
.6
cu.
ft.
(1
.
09
cu.
m)
• 20.5
ln.
(52.1
em~
. 17.0 ln. (43.2
em
. 46.0
ln.
(116.8
em
19.26lbs./sq
.
ft
.
(94 kg/sq.
m)
. 12.02 lbs./HP
(5.46
kg/HP)
All
correspondence
r*rding
your airplane
should
Include
the
Serial
Number
as
depicted
on
the Identification
plate.
The
identification plate
Is
located
on
the left
hand
side,
aft
end
of
the tall
cone,
below the horizontal stabilizer leading
edge.
The
aircraft
Serial
Number
and
type
certif.cate are
shown.
ISYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS & TERMINOLOGY I
GENERAL
AIRSPEED
TERMINOLOGY
&
SYMBOLS
GS
GROUND
SPEED
-
Speed
of
an
airplane
relative
to
the
ground.
KCAS
KIAS
KNOTS
CAUBRATED
AIRSPEED
-The indicated
speed
of
an
alrcraft,corrected for position
and
instrument
error.
Calibrated
airspeed
is
equal
to
true
airspeed
in
standard
atmosphere
at
sea
level.
KNOTS
INDICATED
AIRSPEED
-
The
sp
eed
of
an
aircraft
as
shown
on
its airspeed Indicator.
lAS
values
published
in this handbook
assume
zero
instrument error.
KTAS
KNOTS
TRUE
AIRSPEED
-
The
airspeed
of
an
airplane
relative to
undisturbed air which
Is
the
KCAS
corrected for altitude
and
"temperature.
Va
Vte
ISSUED
6-94
MANEUVERING
SPEED
-The
maximum
speed at which
application of
full
available
aerodynamic control
will
not
overstress
the
airplane.
MAXIMUM
FLAP
EXTENDED
SPEED
-
The
highest
speed
permissible
with
wing
flaps
in
a prescribed
extended
position.
MAXIMUM
LANDING
GEAR
EXTENDED
SPEED
-The
maximum
speed
at which
an
aircraft
can
be
safely
flown
with
the
landing gear
extended.
1
-5

SECTION I
GENERAL MOONEY
M20R
GENERAL AIRSPEED TERMINOLOGY & SYMBOLS
(con't.)
Vio
Vne
Vno
Vs
Vso
Vx
Vy
MAXIMUM LANDING GEAR OPERATING
SPEED-
The
maximum speed at which the landing gear can be safely
extended
or
retracted.
NEVER EXCEED SPEED -The speed limit that may not be
exceeded at any time.
MAXIMUM STRUCTURAL CRUISING SPEED -The speed
that should not
be
exceeded except
in
smooth air and then
only with caution.
STALLING SPEED -The minimum steadyflight speed at which
the airplane is controllable.
STALLING
SPEED-
The minimum steady flight speed at
which the airplane is controllable
in
the landing configuration.
BEST ANGLE-OF-CLIMB SPEED -The airspeed which
delivers the greatest gain
of
altitude
in
the shortest possible
horizontal distance.
BEST RATE-OF-CLIMB
SPEED-
The airspeed which delivers
the greatest gain
in
altitude in the shortest possible time with
gear and flaps
up.
ENGINE POWER TERMINOLOGY
BHP
CHT
EGT
MCP
MP
RPM
BRAKE HORSEPOWER -Power developed by the engine.
CYLINDER HEAD TEMPERATURE- Operating temperature
of
engine cylinder(s) being monitored by sensor unit. Expressed
in°F
.
EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE- The exhaust gas temperature
measured
in
the exhaust pipe manifold: Expressed in
°F.
MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS POWER -The maximum power
for takeoff, normal, abnonnal
or
emergency operations.
MANIFOLD PRESSURE -Pressure measured
in
the engine's
induction system and expressed
in
inches
of
mercury (Hg).
REVOLUTIONS PER MINUTE -Engine speed.
AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE AND FLIGHT PLANNING TERMINOLOGY
Demon-
strated
Crosswind
Velocity
g
Service
Ceiling
1
-6
The velocity
of
the crosswind component for which adequate
control
of
the airplane during takeoff and landing test was
actually demonstrated during certification. The value shown
is not considered to be limiting.
Acceleration due to gravity.
The maximum altitude at which aircraft at gross weight has the
capability
of
climbing at the rate
of
100 ft/min.
REV.G
ISSUED
6-94

MOONEY
M20R SECTION I
GENERAL
ENGINE CONTROLS & INSTRUMENTS TERMINOLOGY
Propeller
Control
Throttle
Control
Mixture
Control
CHTGauge
Tachometer
Propeller
Governor
The control used to select engine speed.
The control used to select engine power by controlling MP.
Provides a mechanical linkage to the fuel injector mixture control
to control the size
of
the fuel
feed
aperture, and therefore the air/fuel
mixture. It is the primary method to shut the engine down.
Cylinder
head
temperature
indicator
used
to detennine that
engine
operating temperature is within manufacturers specifications.
An instrument that indicates rotational speed
of
the engine.
The speed· is shown as propeller revolutions per minute (RPM).
The device that regulates RPM
of
the engine/propeller
by
increasing
or
decreasing the propeller pitch, through a pitch
change mechanism in the propeller hub.
METEOROLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY
AGL
Density
Altitude
Indicated
Altitude
ISA
OAT
Pressure
Altitude
Station
Pressure
Above ground level.
Altitude as detennined by pressure altitude and existing ambient
temperature.
In
standard atmosphere (ISA) density
and
pressure
altitude are equal.
For
a given pressure altitude, the higher the
the temperature, the higher the density altitude.
The altitude actually
read
from
an
altimeter when,
and
only when
barometric subscale (Kollsman window) has been set
to
Station Pressure.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ATMOSPHERE assumes that
(1) The
air
is
a
dry
perfect gas; (2) The temperature
at
sea level is
15
degrees Celsius (59°F); (3) The pressure at sea level is
29
.92
inches Hg (1013.2 mb); (4) The temperature gradient from sea level
to the altitude at which the temperature is -56.5°C (-69.7°F) is
-0.00198°C (-0.003564°F) per root.
OUTSIDE AIR
TEMPERATURE-
The free
air
static temperature,
obtained either from inflight temperature indications
or
ground
meteorological sources. It is expressed
in
°C.
The
indicated
altitude
when
Kollsman
window
is
setto 29.92
ln.
Hg.
or
1013.2 MB.
In
this handbook, altimeter instrument errors are
assumed to
be
zero.
Actual atmospheric pressure at field elevation.
WEIGHT AND
BALANCE
TERMINOLOGY
Ann
Basic
Empty
Weight
Center
of
Gravity
(C.G.)
ISSUED
6-94
The horizontal distance from the reference datum to the center
of
gravity (C.G.)
of
an
item.
The actual weight
of
the airplane and includes all operating
equipment (including optional equipment) that has a fixed
location and is actually installed
in
the aircraft.
It includes the weight
of
unusable fuel and full oil.
The point
at
which
an
airplane would balance
if
suspended.
Its distance from the reference datum
is
found by dividing the
total moment by the total weight
of
the airplane.
REV
. G 1 - 7

SECTION I
GENERAL MOONEY
M20R
WEIGHT
AND
BALANCE
TERMINOLOGY (can't.)
C.G. Arm
e.
G.
in
%MAC
C.G.
Umits
MAC
Maximum
Weight
Maximum
Landing Weight
Moment
lions
Reference
Datum
Station
Tare
Unusable
Fuel
Usable
Fuel
Useful
Load
The arm obtained by adding the airplane's individual moments
and dividing the sum by the total weight.
Center
of
Gravity expressed
in
percent
of
mean aerodynamic
chord (MAC).
The extreme center
of
gravity locations within which the airplane
must be operated at a given weight.
Mean Aerodynamic Chord.
The maximum authorized weight
of
the aircraft and its contents as
listed
in
the aircraft specifications.
The maximum authorized weight
of
the aircraft and its contents
when a normal landing
is
to
be
made.
The product
of
the weight
of
an
item multiplied by its arm;
(Moment divided by a constant
is
used to simplify balance calcula-
by reducing the number
of
digits.)
An imaginary vertical plane from which all horizontal distances are
are measured for balance purposes.
A location along the airplane fuselage usually given in terms
of
distance from the reference datum.
The weight
of
chocks, blocks, stands, etc. used when weighing an
airplane, and
is
included
in
the scale readings. Tare is deducted
from the scale reading to obtain the actual (net) airplane weight.
Fuel remaining after a runout test has been completed
in
accordance with governmental regulations.
Fuel available for aircraft engine combustion.
The basic empty weight subtracted from the maximum weight
of
the aircraft. This load consists
of
the pilot, crew
Qf
applicable),
useable fuel, passengers, and baggage.
IMEASUREMENT CONVERSION TABLES I
LENGTH
U. S.
Customary
Unit
1 inch
Metric
Equi•1alents
2.54 centimeters
0.3048 meter
0.9144 meter
1, 609 meters
1, 852 meters
1 foot
1 yard . .
1 mile (statute, land)
1 mile (nautical,
international)
U. S.
Customary
Unit
1 square inch
1 square foot
1 square yard
1
-8
AREA
REV.G
Metric
Equivalents
6.4516 sq. centimeters
929 sq. centimeters
0.836 sq. meter
ISSUED
6-94

MOONEY
SECTION
I
M20R
GENERAL
VOLUME OR CAPACITY
U. S. Customary Unit Metric Equivalents
1 cubic Inch 16.39 cubic centimeters
1 cubic foot . 0.028 cubic meter
1 cubic
yard
.
0.
765 cubic meter
U.S. Customary
Liquid
Measure Metric Equivalents
1 fluid ounce 29.573 miiiHiters
1 pint 0.4731iter
1 quart 0.946 liter
1 gallon 3.7851iters
U.S. Customary
Dry
Measure Metric Equivalents
1 pint 0.
551
liter
1 quart
1.101
liters
British Imperial .u.s.
Metric
Liquid
and
Dry
Measure •Equivalents Equivalents
1 fluid ounce .0.961
u.s.
28.412 milliliters
fluid ounce,
1.734 cubic
Inches
1 pint . 1.032 u.
s.
568.26 miiiUiters
dry pints.
1.201
u.s.
liquid pts.,
34.678 cubic
Inches
1 quart .1.032 u.
s.
1.1361iters
dry quarts
1.
201
u.s.
liquid qts.,
69.354 cubic
Inches
1 gallon .1.201 u.
s.
4.54611ters
277.420
cubic inches
WEIGHT
U.
S.
Customary Unit
(Avoirdupois)
Metric
Equivalents
1 grain .64.
79891
milligrams
1dram
1.772 grams
1 ounce . 28.350 grams
1 pound 453.6 grams
PRESSURE
U.S. Customary Unit
Metric
Equivalents
1
PSIG
6.895 KPA
1 Inch Hg
1 Inch Hg 3.388KPA
: 25.40
mm
Hg
ISSUED
6-94
1
-9

SECTION
I
GENERAL
1
pound/square
foot
1
pound
/sq.
Inch
1
Pound/HP
1
-10
COMMON
CONVERSIONS
MOONEY
M20R
0.488 kg/ meiersquare
. .2.036
Inch
t:Jg
.
. • 0.4538 kg{HP
ISSUED
6-94

MOONEY
M20R SECTION
II
LIMITATIONS
ITABLE OF CONTENTS I
TITLE
..
. •
INTRODUCTION
NOISE LIMITS .
AIRSPEED LIMITATIONS .
AIRSPEED INDICATOR MARKINGS .
POWER PLANT LIMITATIONS
POWER PLANT INSTRUMENT MARKINGS .
FUEL LIMITATIONS
WEIGHT LIMITS
CENTER OF GRAVITY (GEAR DOWN)
MANEUVER LIMITS
FLIGHT LOAD FACTOR LIMITS
FLIGHT
CREW
.
OPERATING LIMITATIONS
OXYGEN SYSTEM LIMITATIONS.
KINDS OF OPERATION LIMITS
KINDS OF OPERATION EQUIPMENT LIST .
DECALS & PLACARDS
CABIN INTERIOR
FUSELAGE INTF,RIOR .
EXTERIOR
FAA APPROVED
ISSUED
6-94
REV. G
PAGE
2-2
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
2-7
2-7
2-7
2-8
2-8
2-8
2-8
2-8
2-8
2-8
2-11
2-11
2-15
2-16
AIRPLANE FLIGHT MANUAL
2-1
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