Philips PM 3210 User manual
PHILIPS
Operating
manual
PM3210
25
MHz
Duai-trace
oscilloscope
IMPORTANT
In
correspondence
concerning
this
apparatus,
please
quote
the
type
number
and
serial
number
as
given
on
the
type
plate
at
the
bottom
of
the
apparatus.
(©)
N.V.
PHILIPS’
GLOEILAMPENFABRIEKEN
-
EINDHOVEN
-
THE
NETHERLANDS
-
1970
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS
GENERAL
INFORMATION
1.
Introduction
Il.
Technical
data
Il.
Description
of
the
block
diagram
DIRECTIONS
FOR
USE
IV.
Installation
A.
Mains
adjustment
and
fuses
B.
Earthing
C.
Switching
on
V.
Operating
instructions
A.
Controls
and
sockets
B.
Preliminary
settings
LIST
OF
FIGURES
Fig.
1
General
view
Fig.2
Block
diagram
Fig.
3
Controls
and
sockets,
front
Fig.4
Sockets,
rear
Fig.5
Peak-to-peak
voltage
measurements
Fig.6
Instantaneous
voltage
measurements
Fig.
7
Time
measurements
Fig.
8
Rise
time
measurements
Fig.9
Phase
measurements,
X
Y
method
Fig.
10
Frequency
measurements
Fig.
11
Using
the
Y
output
signal
Fig.
12
Adjusting
elements
Fig.
13
Adjusting
elements
Fig.
14.
Adjusting
elements
19
19
19
19
22
22
24
13
21
21
26
27
4
~
28
29
29
30
C.
The
inputs
A
and
B
and
their
possibilities
1.
Y
T
measurements
2.
X
Y
measurements
3.
Influence
of
the
AC-0-DC
switch
D.
Triggering
1.
General
2.
Trigger
coupling
3.
Automatic
triggering
4.
Trigger
level
5.
External
triggering
E.
Magnifier
F,
Z-Modulation
VI.
Applications
A.
Voltage
measurements
B.
Time
and
frequency
measurements
C.
Phase
measurements
D.
X
Y
measurements
E.
Y
output
signal
VII.
Brief
checking
procedure
GENERAL
INFORMATION
This
section
of
the
instruction
manual
deals
with
introductory
material
and
basic
information
of
interest
to
both
operating
and
servicing
personnel.
It
includes
specifications
of
physical
and
electrical
data
and
a
description
of
the
operating
principles
of
the
instrument
to
block
diagram
level.
The
three
chapters
found
in
this
section
are:
I
INTRODUCTION
Il.
TECHNICAL
DATA
Il.
DESCRIPTION
OF
THE
BLOCK
DIAGRAM
Fig.
1.
General
view
I.
Introduction
The
PM
3210
is
a
dual-trace
oscilloscope
with
a
band-
width
of
25
MHz
at
a
maximum
sensitivity
of
1
mV/cm.
The
built-in
electronic
switch
provides
a
great
number
of
operating
modes:
CHANNEL
A,
CHANNEL
B,
CHOPPED,
ALTERNATE,
ADDED
and
XY.
The
mode
XY
with
the
same
high
sensitivity
for
the
X
and
Y
channels,
together
with
a
bandwidth
of
5
MHz
and
a
phase
difference
of
less
than
2°
between
the
channels,
makes
this
instrument
very
useful
for
colour-television
measurements.
The
mechanical
construction
of
the
instrument
shows
a
building-brick
system
that
ensures
an
extremely
quick
and
efficient
service.
ll.
Technical
data
Y
AXIS
Two
identical
amplifier
channels
A
and
B.
The
polarity
of
both
channels
can
be
inverted.
Bandwidth
DC:
0
Hz
...
25
MHz
(—3
dB)
AC:
2
Hz
...
25
MHz
(—3
dB)
Rise
time
14
ns
Deflection
coefficients
14
calibrated
ranges
from
1
mV/cm
to
20
V/cm
in
1-2—5
sequence.
A
vernier
provides
uncalibrated,
continuous
control
between
the
ranges.
Measuring
accuracy
+3%
Overshoot
(in
position
50
mV/cm
of
the
input
attenuator)
less
than
2
°%/o
for
pulses
with
a
rise
time
>
3
ns
and
a
trace
height
of
6
cm
Input
impedance
1
MQ//15
pF
Input
RC
time
with
a.c.
coupling
100
ms
Maximum
input
voltage
500
V
(d.c.
+
a.c.
peak)
Maximum
deflection
for
sine-wave
signals
with
frequencies
up
to
10
MHz,
the
vertical
deflection
is
undistorted
for
a
total
amplitude
equivalent
to
24
cm.
With
the
aid
of
the
shift
controls,
the
peaks
of
such
a
signal
can
be
displayed.
Signal
delay
delay
time
for
each
channel:
150
ns
visible
delay
:
220ns
D.C.
drift
at
maximum
sensitivity
1
cm/hour
at
a
constant
ambient
temperature
of 25
°C
(77
OF)
Display
modes
—
channel
A
only
—
channels
A
and
B
chopped,
the
display
time
for
each
channel
being
|
pus
—
channels
A
and
B
alternate
—
channels
A
and
B
algebraically
added.
Using
the
polarity
inversion
of
both
channels,
the
following
displays
are
possible:
A+B,
A-B,
B—A,
—B—-A.
Common
mode
rejection
factor:
100
(from
0
Hz
to
1
MHz,
after
adjustment
of
GAIN
ADJ.)
Maximum
signal
per
channel:
24x
attenuator
setting
—
X-Y
operation.
Channel
B
forms
the
horizontal
channel
Bandwidth:
0
Hz
...
5
MHz
with
a
phase
difference
of
2°
at
maximun
between
the
channels.
Maximum
deflection
in
X
direction:
6
cm
for
sine-wave
signals
with
frequencies
up
to
5
MHz.
—
channel
B
only
Y
signal
output
approximately
200
mV/cm.
The
output
is
protected
against
short-circuis
CALIBRATION
Calibration
voltage
1V
+
1
%o,
square
wave
Frequency
approximately
2.5
kHz
TIME
AXIS
Time
coefficients
Measuring
accuracy
Magnifier
Time-base
output
TRIGGERING
Trigger
system
Trigger
source
Trigger
slope
Trigger
coupling
Trigger
sensitivity
and
bandwidth
0
Hz—10
Hz
0.5
cm!
0.5
V
Input
impedance
of
the
external
trigger
input
Maximum
input
voltage
Level
range
(measured
with
10
kHz
signal
and
continuous
attenuator
in
position
CAL)
C.R.T.
Type
Use
ful
screen
area
Graticule
Total
acceleration
voltage
10
Hz—10
kHz
21
calibrated
ranges
from
100
ns/cm
to
0.5
s/em
in
1-2—5
sequence.
A
vernier
provides
uncalibrated,
continuous
contro!
between
the
ranges.
+3%
5x
(50
cm).
Any
10
cm
of
the
expanded
sweep
can
be
displayed.
The
maximum
effective
time
coefficient
is
20
ns/cm.
The
measuring
accuracy
with
expanded
sweep
is
+
5
%o
(measured
between
10
%o
and
90
%
of
the
time-base
sweep).
5
V,
sawtooth
voltage.
The
output
is
protected
against
short-circuits.
Output
resistance:
2
kQ
Load:
With
an
RJgad
2
5
kQ
and
a
Cjgad
<
100
pF,
the
deviation
of
the
time
coefficient
is
less
than
10
%o
the
time-base
generator
operates
in
the
triggered
mode
when
an
input
signal
is
applied.
An
auto-circuit
can
be
switched
in
to
provide
a
time-base
line
in
the
absence
of
an
input
signal.
channel
A,
channel
B
or
external
source
+
or—
in
position
LEVEL
in
position
AUTO
DC
:
O
Hz...
25
MHz
DC
:10
Hz...
25
MHz
HF:
10
kHz...
25
MHz
HF
:
10
kHz...
25
MHz
LF
:10
Hz...
10
kHz
LF
:10
Hz...
10
kHz
10
kHz-5
MHz
5
MHz—15
MHz
15
MHz—25
MHz
1MQ//40
pF
500
V
(d.c.
+
a.c.
peak)
—
internal
level
:
more
than
16
cm
~—
internalauto
:
approximately
3
cm
—
external
level
:
more
than
10
Vp-p
—
external
auto
:
approximately
1.5
Vp-p
D14—120GH
with
medium-short
persistence
phosphor
*)
8cmx
10cm
external,
with
cm-divisions
10kV
*)
Instruments
fitted
with
a
GM-tube
with
long
persistence
phosphor
are
available
under
type
number
PM
3210G.
Z-MODULATION
Internal
unblanking
by
time-base
generator.
In
position
CHOPPED
the
beam
is
suppressed
during
switching.
External
D.C.
coupled
Required
voltage
5
Vp-p
(50
Vp-p
at
maximum)
Short-term
overload
500
Vp-p
at
maximum
Input
impedance
approximately
10
kQ.//20
pF
Bandwidth
0
Hz...
10
MHz
SUPPLY
PART
Mains
voltages
110
V,
125
V,
145
V,
200
V,
220
V,
245
V
Mains
frequency
46-400
Hz
Power
consumption
95
W
Influence
of
+
10
%
mains
voltage
fluctuations
nil
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS
The
instrument
can
be
used
either
in
horizontal
or
vertical
position.
Temperature
range
Operating
within
specification
:
0...
+45
°C
Operating
>
-10...
+55
°C
Storage
:
—40
...
+70
°C
The
instrument
meets
the
VDE
0875
Stérgrad
K
requirement.
OVERALL
DIMENSIONS
AND
WEIGHT
Height
:
20
cm
Width
:30
cm
Depth
>
47.5
cm
Weight
:
13
kg
Properties
expressed
in
numerical
values
with
tolerances
stated
are
guaranteed
by
the
factory.
Numerical
values
without
tolerances
stated
represent
the
properties
of
an
average
instrument
and
merely
serve
as
a
guide.
All
data
apply
in
cae
of
nominal
mains
voltage
unless
otherwise
stated.
OPTIONAL
ACCESSORIES
(The
standard
accessories
supplied
with
the
instrument
have
been
listed
in
Chapter
IV.
INSTALLATION.)
—
Passive
probe
with
1.15
m
cable
PM
9326
—
Passive
probe
with
2
m
cable
PM
9327
—
Passive
h.f.
probe
PM
9350
—
Polaroid
oscilloscope
camera
PM
9380
—
Adapter
for
camera
PM
9378
—
Supplementary
lens
PM
9373
—
Rack-mount
kit
PM
9361
—
Trolley
PM
9395
10
Ill.
Description
of
the
block
diagram
Y-AXIS
An
input
signal
applied
to
socket
Ya
or
YB
is
fed
to
unit
|
or
unit
2.
These
units
are
identical
and
contain
the
following
circuits:
an
input
step-attenuator,
a
protection
circuit,
a
pre-amplifier
and
a
drift-compen-
sation
circuit,
the
continuous
attenuator
and
the
gain
pre-set
control.
The
protection
circuit
prevents
damage
to
the
input
field-effecttransistors
by
too
high
an
input
voltage.
The
drift-reduction
circuit
reduces
the
drift
inherent
in
the
high
sensitivity
of
the
amplifier.
Via
the
delay
line
the
signal
is
fed
to
the
intermediate
amplifier
on
printed-wiring
card
4.
Printed-wiring
card
4
comprises
four
main
parts:
1.
an
intermediate
amplifier
receiving
the
signal
from
the
pre-amplifier
of
channel
A.
2.
anidentical
amplifier
for
channel
B.
These
two
ampli-
fiers
are
equipped
with
shift
and
polarity
controls.
3.
the
diode
switch,
which
is
controlled
by
the
switch-
driver
circuit.
4.
the
Y
output
amplifier
that
feeds
the
signal
to
the
vertical-deflection
plates.
TRIGGERING
The
triggering
signal
from
the
pre-amplifier
of
channel
A
or
B,
or
from
an
external
source
can
start
the
time-base
generator
(unit
3).
TIME
BASE
The
time-base
unit
is
provided
with
an
optional
auto-
circuit
that
makes
the
time-base
generator
free-running
when
there
is
no
triggering
signal.
The
time-base
unit
supplies
the
following
output
vol
tages:
1.
a
sawtooth
voltage.
Via
the
printed-wiring
board
this
sawtooth
voltage
is
fed
to
the
X-amplifier
unit
7
and
toa
socket
on
the
rear
panel
of
the
instrument.
2.
a
gate
pulse
which
is
fed
to
combination
unit
8
via
the
printed-wiring
board.
This
gate
pulse
controls
the
unblanking
of
the
c.r.t.
during
the
sweep.
3.
analternate
pulse.
This
pulse
controls
the
switch
driver
unit
5,
which
in
its
turn
controls
the
diode
switches.
X-AXIS
The
X
amplifier
consists
of
three
parts:
1.
i)
the
time-base
amplifier.
This
amplifier
feeds
the
saw-
tooth
voltage
from
time-base
unit
3
symmetrical
and
amplified
to:
.
the
diode
switch
which,
as
dictated
by
switch
driver
unit
5,
connects
the
time-base
signal
or
the
signal
from
channel
B
to:
.
the
X-output
amplifier
which
feeds
the
signal
to
the
X-deflection
plates
of
the
c.r.t.
DIODE
SWITCH
The
diode
switch
is
part
of
the
horizontal
as
well
as
of
the
vertical
path
and
can,
together
with
the
switch
driver,
accomplish
the
following
situations.
1.
Channel
A
is
connected
to
the
Y
output
amplifier
and
the
sawtooth
voltage
from
unit
3
is
fed
to
the
X-ampilifier.
.
Channels
A
and
B
are
in
turns
connected
to
the
Y
out-
put
amplifier
for
approx.
1000
ns
(position
CHOPPED).
The
sawtooth
voltage
from
unit
3
is
connected
to
the
X-amplifier.
.
Channels
A
and
B
are
alternately
connected
to
the
Y
output
amplifier
at
every
fly-back
of
the
time-base
sweep
(position
ALTERNATE).
The
sawtooth
voltage
from
unit
3
is
fed
to
the
X-amplifier.
.
Channel
B
is
connected
to
the
X
output
amplifier
and
channel
A
to
the
Y
output
amplifier
(position
X-Y).
In
this
position
the
bandwidth
is
limited
in
the
Y
output
amplifier.
The
bandwidths
of
the
two
channels
(A
vertical
and
B
horizontal)
are
now
the
same
(5
MHz
at
a
phase
difference
<
2°),
.
Channel
B
is
connected
to
the
Y
output
amplifier,
the
sawtooth
voltage
from
unit
3
is
fed
to
the
X-amplifier.
SWITCH
DRIVER
The
switch
driver
unit
5
consists
of
the
following
parts.
1.
2.
a
push-button
switch,
which
enables
the
switching
in
of
the
positions
described
above.
a
blocking
oscillator
which
oscillates
at
a
frequency
of
about
2
MHz,
in
position
CHOPPED.
In
position
ALTERNATE
the
blocking
oscillator
is
triggered
by
the
alternate
pulse.
Triggering
is
such
that
the
oscillator
supplies
a
pulse
at
every
fly-back
of
the
DIRECTIONS
FOR
USE
This
section
of
the
instruction
manual
is
essentially
of
interest
to
operating
personnel.
It
deals
with
the
information
necessary
for
installing
and
operating
the
equipment
correctly,
outlines
its
capabilities,
reviews
basic
measuring
principles
and
suggests
techniques
for
obtaining
the
best
results
in
various
applications.
The
three
chapters
found
in
this
section
are:
IV.
INSTALLATION
V.
OPERATING
INSTRUCTIONS
VI.
APPLICATIONS
VII.
BRIEF
CHECKING
PROCEDURE
Channel
A/B
AC-0—DC
(SK9/SK
11)
AMPL.
(SK12/SK
13)
CAL-AMPL.
(R8/R13)
GAIN
ADJ.
(R9/R12)
(screw-driver
operated)
DC
BAL
(R10/R11)
(screw-driver
operated)
1
MQ/15
pF
(BU3/BUS)
SHIFT
(R14/R15)
PULL
FOR
—A/—B
(SK14/SK
15)
Cathode
Ray
Tube
Controls
INTENS.
(R2)
FOCUS
(R3)
ILLUM.
(RS)
Miscellaneous
Controls
POWER
ON
(SK1)
CAL.
1
V
(BU2)
=
(BU4)
Sockets
on
the
rear
panel
(Fig.
4)
TB
OUT
(BU6)
Y
OUT
(BU7)
Z-MOD
(BU8)
23
ADDED
:
vertical
deflection
is
achieved
by
the
sum
signal
of
channels
A
and
B.
XY
:
horizontal
deflection
is
achieved
by
a
signal
applied
to
the
B
channel
and
vertical
deflection
by
a
signal
connected
to
the
A
channel.
B
:
vertical
deflection
is
achieved
by
the
signal
connected
to
the
channel
B
input.
signal
coupling,
three
position
switch:
AC
:
via
a
coupling
capacitor.
0:
interruption
of
connection
between
input
socket
and
input
circuit,
the
latter
being
earthed.
DC
:
direct
coupling.
control
of
the
vertical
deflection
coefficients,
14-way
switch.
continuously
variable
control
of
the
vertical
deflection
coefficients.
In
the
CAL.
position
the
deflection
coefficient
is
calibrated.
continuously
variable
control
of
the
gain
of
the
vertical
channels.
continuously
variable
control
of
the
direct
voltage
balance
of
the
vertical
amplifiers.
input
BNC
socket
for
the
vertical
deflection
signals.
continuously
variable
control
giving
vertical
positioning
of
the
display.
push-button
control
for
inversion
of
the
signal
polarity.
variable
control
of
trace
brightness.
variable
control
of
electron
beam
focusing.
variable
control
of
graticule
illumination.
toggle
switch
for
the
mains
supply
to
the
oscilloscope.
output
BNC
socket
for
1
V
square-wave
voltage
for
calibration
purpos
s.
earth
socket.
sawtooth
output
BNC
socket.
Y-amplifier
output
BNC
socket.
input
BNC
socket
for
intensity-modulation
voltages.
24
B.
PRELIMINARY
SETTINGS
We
recommend
to
allow
a
warming-up
period
of
approximately
5
minutes
before
you
start
your
measurements.
—
Check
that
the
mains
voltage
adapter
indicates
the
local
mains
voltage.
If
necessary
remove
the
cover
and
set
the
adapter
to
the
relevant
value
and
see
that
the
right
fuse
has
been
inserted.
—
Switch
on
the
instrument.
—
Set
ILLUM
RS
for
a
suitable
graticule
illumination.
—
Set
INTENS
R2
and
FOCUS
R3
to
their
mid-positions.
—
Pull
LEVEL
SKS
to
position
AUTO.
—
Display
two
traces
by
means
of
SHIFT
controls.
The
oscilloscope
is
then
ready
for
use.
For
minor
adjustments,
such
as
d.c.
balance
or
gain,
refer
to
chapter
VII.
BRIEF
CHECKING
PROCEDURE.
C.
THE
INPUTS
A
AND
B
AND
THEIR
POSSIBILITIES
The
PM
3210
has
been
provided
with
two
identical
inputs
and
pre-amplifiers
which
can
be
used
in
various
combinations,
either
for
YT
measurements
in
combina-
tion
with
the
time-base
generator,
or
for
XY
measure-
ments
up
to
frequencies
of
5
MHz.
1.
YT
Measurements
a.
Displaying
one
signal
To
display
one
phenomenon
either
of
the
two
vertical
inputs
can
be
selected
by
operating
push-button
A
or
B
of
switch
SK
10.
The
polarity
of
the
display
can
be
inverted
by
pulling
the
SHIFT
knob
of
the
relevant
channel.
One
channel
display ensures
the
highest
intensity,
and
writing-speed
for
single
transients
and
other
signals
with
low
duty-cycies.
b.
Displaying
two
signals
When
push-button
CHOPPED
or
ALTERN.
of
switch
SK
10
is
operated,
two
different
signals
can
be
displayed
simultaneously.
The
Y
deflection
coefficient
and
the
polarity
can
be
selected
for
each
channel
individually.
When
push-button
ALTERN.
of
SK10
is
depressed,
the
display
is
switched
over
from
one
channel
to
the
other
at
the
fly-back
of
the
time-base
signal.
Although
the
ALTERN.
mode
can
be
used
at
all
sweep
times
of
the
time-base
generator,
the
CHOPPED
mode
will
give
a
better
display
quality
for
long
sweep-times,
because
during
these
long
sweep-times
the
alternate
display
of
the
two
connected
signals
is
clearly
visible
to
the
eye.
In
the
CHOPPED
mode,
the
display
is
switched
over
from
one
channel
to
the
other
with
a
fixed
frequency.
With
short
sweep-times
the
display
quality
will
be
better
in
the
ALTERN.
mode.
If
push-button
ADDED
of
switch
SK
10
is
operated,
the
voltages
of
both
vertical
channels
are
added.
Depending
on
the
positions
of
the
polarity
switches,
either
the
sum
or
the
difference
of
the
input
signals
is
displayed.
The
ADDED
mode
also
enables
differential
measurements.
With
these
measurements
advantage
is
taken
from
the
common
mode
rejection
in
the
ADDED
mode.
When
the
polarity
switches
are
set
to
opposite
positions,
the
common
mode
parts
of
the
signals
on
sockets
YA
and
YB
will
undergo
a
very
slight
amplification
only,
with
respect
to
the
differential
mode
parts.
2.
XY
Measurements
If
push-button
XY
of
switch
SK10
is
operated,
the
time-
base
generator
is
switched
off.
The
signal
of
the
B
channel
is
horizontally
displayed.
The
B
channel
knobs
then
control
the
horizontal
deflection.
In
this
mode,
calibrated
XY
measurements
can
be
effected
at
frequencies
up
to
5
MHz.
For
this
frequency
range
the
phase
difference
between
both
channels
is
less
than
2°.
3.
Influence
of
the
AC—O0—DC
switch
The
signals
to
be
studied
are
fed
to
the
input
sockets
YA,
Yp,
or
both.
Depending
on
the
composition
of
this
signal,
switch
AC-O--DC
should
be
set
to
position
AC
or
DC.
In
position
DC,
the
input
is
directly
coupled
to
the
Y
amplifier.
Because
the
Y
amplifier
is
a
d.c.
coupled
amplifier
the
complete
bandwidth
of
the
instrument
is
available.
This
means
that
input
voltages
are
fed
entirely
to
the
deflection
plates,
which
implies
that
d.c.
compo-
nents
result
in
trace
shifts
on
the
screen.
This
may
cause
difficulties
when
signals
superimposed
on
high
direct
voltages
have
to
be
displayed.
In
order
to
make
the
a.c.
signal
visible
in
those
cases,
a
greater
attenuation
will
be
necessary
with
the
result
that
the
a.c.
signal
will
also
be
strongly
attenuated.
In
this
case
the
AC—0-—DC
switch
can
be
set
to
position
AC.
Then
a
blocking
capacitor
is
connected
between
the
input
socket
and
the
Y
amplifier
and,
therefore,
not
only
the
direct
voltages
but
also
the
lower
frequencies
are
suppressed
or
attenuated.
When
square-wave
signals
of
low
frequency
are
displayed,
this
will
result
in
some
pulse
droop.
In
position
0
of
the
AC-O—DC
switch,
it
is
possible
to
quickly
determine
the
zero
volt
d.c.
level.
In
this
position
the
connection
between
the
input
socket
and
the
ampli-
fier
is
interrupted
and
the
amplifier
input
earthed.
D.
TRIGGERING
1.
General
To
display
a
signal,
the
horizontal
deflection
must
always
be
started
at
ONE
fixed
point
of
the
signal,
in
order
to
obtain
a
stationary
trace.
The
time-base
generator
is,
therefore,
started
by
narrow
trigger
pulses
formed
in
the
trigger
unit,
controlled
by
a
signal
originating
from
the
vertical
input
signal
or
an
external
source.
2.
Trigger
coupling
The
LF-HF-DC
switch
determines
the
method
of
coupling
the
signal
into
the
trigger
circuit.
LF
coupling
blocks
undesired
d.c.
levels
and
h.f.
interference
but
responds
to
Lf.
triggering
signals.
HF
coupling
blocks
d.c.
and
1-f.
signals,
e.g.
hum,
but
respond
to
h.f.
triggering
signals.
DC
coupling
makes
the
full
signal
bandwidth
available
for
triggering.
3.
Automatic
triggering
Automatic
triggering,
when
the
LEVEL
knob
is
pulled
out,
is
most
often
used
on
account
of
its
simple
operation.
In
this
position
it is
possible
to
display
a
large
number
of
wave
forms
having
different
amplitude
and
shape,
without
it
being
necessary
to
operate
any
of
the
trigger
controls.
If
no
triggering
signal
is
present,
a
time-base
line
remains
visible
on
the
screen.
This
is
useful
for
reference
purposes.
In
this
trigger
mode,
the
level
can
be
adjusted
over
approximately
3
cm
of
the
trace.
4.
Trigger
level
Incase
of
a
complicated
signal
in
which
a
number
of
non-identical
voltage
shapes
occur
periodically,
the
time
axis
should
always
be
started
with
the
same
voltage
shape,
so
as
to
obtain
a
stationnary
trace.
This
is
possible
when
one
of
the
details
has
a
deviating
amplitude.
By
means
of
knob
LEVEL,
the
trigger
level
can
then
be
adjusted
so
that
only
this
larger
voltage
variation
passes
this
level.
The
LEVEL
setting
is
also
useful
for
the
study
ofa
leading
edge.
Then
the
trigger
level
can
be
set
in
such
way
that
the
time-base
is
already
started
at
the
beginning
of
this
leading
edge,
owing
to
the
delay
line.
25
5.
External
triggering
External
triggering
is
applied
for
signals
having
a
strongly
varying
amplitude,
if
a
signal
having
a
fixed
amplitude
and
equal
frequency
is
available.
This
obviates
the
necessity
of
readjusting
the
level
setting
at
every
variation
of
the
input
signal.
E.
TIME-BASE
MAGNIFIER
The
magnifier
is
operated
by
a
push-pull
switch.
When
this
switch
is
in
position
x5,
the
time-base
is
increased
5
times.
In
position
x5
of
the
magnifier,
the
sweep
time
of
the
sawtooth
is
determined
by
dividing
the
indicated
TIME/cm
value
by
5.
F.
Z-MODULATION
In
order
to
bring
extra
information
in
the
c.r.t.
display
without
changing
the
wave
form,
the
intensity
of
the
trace
can
be
varied
by
an
externally
applied
voltage.
The
external
signal
must,
therefore,
be
fed
to
the
socket
Z-MOD
on
the
rear
side
of
the
instrument.
The
vol
tage
required
for
visible
intensity
modulation
dependson
the
position
of
the
INTENS
control.
With
an
average
bright-
ness
of
the
trace,
a
5
Vp-p
voltage
is
amply
sufficient
for
obtaining
a
good
visible
Z-modulation.
26
VI.
Applications
In
the
following
we
describe
the
procedure
and
the
technique
for
basic
measurements
with
a
PM
3210
oscilloscope.
A.
VOLTAGE
MEASUREMENTS
Display
the
waveform
as
large
as
possible
in
order
to
obtain
maximum
accuracy.
For
all
voltage
measurements,
the
AMPL.
potentiometer
must
be
in
the
CAL
position,
otherwise
the
deflection
co-efficients
are
not
calibrated.
When
using
a
10:1
attenuator
probe,
observe
that
the
displayed
amplitude
must
be
multiplied
by
a
factor
10.
Ensure
that
the
probe
is
adjusted
for
good
step
response,
and,
in
the
interests
of
accuracy,
that
the
GAIN
preset
of
the
oscilloscope
is
checked.
A1.
Peak-to-peak
voltage
measurements
To
measure
the
peak-to-peak
value
of
the
a.c.
component
of
a
waveform,
connect
the
signal
to
one
of
the
Y
input
sockets
and
adjust
the
Y
controls
to
display
as
large
a
trace
as
possible.
Then
proceed
as
follows:
1.
Set
the
TIME/cm
switch
to
display
a
few
cycles
of
the
waveform
as
illustrated
in
Fig.
5.
Fig.
5.
Peak-to-peak
voltage
measurements
2.
Adjust
the
Y
POSITION
control
so
that
the
lower
peaks
of
the
waveform
coincide
with
the
nearest
horizontal
graticule
line.
3.
Adjust
the
X
POSITION
control
so
that
one
of
the
upper
peaks
of
the
signal
coincides
with
the
central
vertical
graticule
line.
4.
Measure
the
vertical
distance
between
the
peaks
to
the
signal.
5.
Multiply
this
measured
distance
by
the
voltage
setting
of
the
Y
AMPL
switch
and
by
the
attenuation
factor
of
the
probe,
if
any.
Example:
Assume
that
the
AMPL
switch
is
set
to
2
mV/cm
and
a
10:1
attenuator
probe
is
used.
The
measured
vertical
distance
is
5.3
cm.
Using
the
formula:
__wertical
AMPL,
_
probe
Melitep
-\aistanee
(setting)
eC
verivation:
=
5.3x
2.10-3x
10
=
106.10-3
=
106
mV
If
the
waveform
is
purely
sinusoidal,
the
r.m.s.
voltage
is:
Vp-p
106.10-3
Vr.m.s.
=
=
=
382mV
2/2
2/2
A2.
Instantaneous
voltage
measurements
To
measure
the
instantaneous
value
of
a
waveform,
connect
the
signal
to
one
of
the
Y
input
sockets
and
adjust
the
Y
controls
to
display
as
large
a
trace
as
possible.
Then
proceed
as
follows:
1.
Set
the
Y
input
switch
to
0
and
adjust
the
Y
POSITION
control
so,
that
the
zero
reference
line
coincides
with
the
nearest
horizontal
graticule
line.
NOTE:
The
Y
POSITION
control
must
not
be
moved
after
this
reference
line
has
been
established.
2.
Set
the
Y
input
switch
to
DC.
3.
If
desired,
rotate
the
X
POSITION
control
so
that
the
point
to
be
measured
lies
on
the
vertical
centre
line.
4.
Measure
the
vertical
distance
between
this
point
and
the
zero-reference
line;
if
the
point
lies
above
the
reference
line,
the
voltage
is
positive;
if
the
point
lies
below
the
line,
the
voltage
is
negative.
(Make
sure
that
the
INVERT
switches
are
in
NORMAL
position.)
5.
Multiply
the
measured
distance
by
the
voltage
setting
of
the
Y
AMPL
switch
and
the
attenuation
factor
of
the
probe,
if
any.
Example:
Assume
that
the
Y
AMPL
switch
is
set
to
.1
V/cm
and
that
a
10:1
attenuator
probe
is
used.
The
measured
vertical
distance
is
5
cm
(Fig.
6).
Fig.
6.
Instantaneous
voltage
measurements
Using
the
formula:
Instantaneous
_
comes
)x
Ce
cides
.
gprove
)
voltage
distance’
‘setting
attenuation
=5x
10-1x
10
=
5
V,
of
negative
polarity
NOTE:
To
measure
a
voltage
level
with
respect
to
another
voltage
rather
than
to
earth,
apply
the
reference
voltage
to
the
input
socket.
Adjust
the
Y
POSITION
control,
so
that
the
trace
coincides
with
a
horizontal
graticule
line,
which
can
now
be
used
as
the
reference
line.
This
replaces
the
zero-
reference
procedure
described
in
step
1.
B.
TIME
AND
FREQUENCY
MEASUREMENTS
For
all
time
and
frequency
measurements,
the
TIME/cm
potentiometer
must
be
in
the
CAL
position,
otherwise
the
sweep
speeds
are
not
calibrated.
B1.
Time
measurements
To
measure
the
time
interval
between
two
points
of
a
wavefom,
connect
the
signal
to
one
of
the
Y
input
sockets
and
adjust
the
Y
controls
to
display
as
large
a
trace
as
possible.
Then
proceed
as
follows:
1.
Set
the
TIME/cm
switch
so
that
the
horizontal
distance
between
the
time-measuring
points
is
as
large
as
possible.
27
2.
Rotate
the
X
POSITION
control
so
that
one
of
the
measuring
points
coincides
with
the
nearest
vertical
graticule
line.
3.
Rotate
the
Y
POSITION
control
to
bring
the
other
point
to
the
horizontal
centre
line.
4.
Measure
the
horizontal
distance
between
the
two
time-measuring
points.
5.
Multiply
the
measured
distance
by
the
TIME/cm
setting
(if
magnification
is
used,
divide
this
product
by
5).
Example:
Assume
that
the
TIME/cm
setting
is
.5
us
and
the
magnifier
is
on.
The
measured
distance
is
8.2
cm
(Fig.7).
Fig.
7.
Time
measurements
Using
the
formula:
Time
_
horizontal
distance
x
TIME/cm
setting
interval
magnification
8,2
x
5.10-7
5
=
0.82
ps
After
measuring
the
time
duration
of
one
cycle
in
the
way
described
above,
the
frequency
can
be
easily
calculated:
1
frequency
=
-
time-duration
of
one
cycle
B2.
Rise-time
measurements
Rise-time
is
defined
as
the
time
required
by
the
leadng
edge
of
a
signal
to
rise
from
10
%
to
90
%o
of
the
amplitude.
When
the
oscilloscope
rise-time
is
comparable
with
he
signal
under
test,
the
actual
rise-time
should
be
calcijated
as
follows:
actual
tr
=
»/
(measured
t,)2
—
(oscilloscope
t,)2
28
This
calculation
is
not
necessary
when
the
signal
rise-time
is
longer
than
50
ns
(the
error
is
then
5
%o
and
decreases
rapidly
when
the
rise-time
becomes
longer).
To
measure
the
rise-time
of
a
signal,
connect
the
signal
to
one
of
the
Y
input
sockets
and
adjust
Y
controls
to
display
as
large
a
trace
as
possible.
Then
proceed
as
follows:
1.
Set
the
TIME/cm
switch
to
display
the
total
voltage
step
on
the
screen.
2.
Adjust
the
Y
amplitude
so
that
the
vertical
deflection
is
exactly
8
cm.
The
10
and
90
%
points
now
coincide
with
the
dotted
lines
of
the
graticule.
3.
Adjust
the
X
POSITION
control
so
that
the
10
%o
coincides
with
the
nearest
vertical
graticule
line;
this
line
is
now
the
time
reference
line,
and
no
further
adjustment
of
the
X
POSITION
control
should
be
made.
4.
Measure
the
horizontal
distance
between
the
time-
reference
line
(coincident
with
the
10
%o
point)
and
the
point
of
intersection
of
the
signal
and
the
horizontal
90
°%o
line.
5.
The
rise-time
is
given
by
the
product
of
the
horizontal
distance
in
centimetres
and
the
TIME/cm
setting.
If
magnification
is
used,
this
product
must
be
divided
by
5.
Example
(Fig.
8):
Assume
that
the
TIME/cm
setting
is
200
ns
and
magnification
is
used.
The
oscilloscope
rise-time
is
14
ns.
The
measured
distance
is
0.6
cm.
Measured
TIME/cm
setting
x
Horizontal
distance
rise-time
Magnification
2.10-7
x
6.10-1
=
;
=
24
ns
Substituting
in
the
formula:
actual
~~.
=
4/
(measured
rise-time2—
oscilloscope
rise-time2)
rise-time
=1/
576
—
196
=
/
380
=
19.5
ns
horizontal
|
'
i
Fig,
8.
Rise
time
measurements
C.
PHASE
MEASUREMENTS
To
measure
the
phase
difference
between
two
sinusoidal
signals
of
the
same
frequency,
use
the
following
method.
Connect
one
signal
to
one
of
the
Y
input
sockets
and
the
other
signal
to
the
other
Y
input
socket,
using
probes
or
coaxial
cables
with
equal
time
delays.
Display
the
traces
using
the
AUTO
mode
of
the
time-base
with
the
Y
display-
mode
switch
at
CHOPPED
(suitable
for
low
frequencies)
or
ALTERN.
(suitable
for
high
frequencies).
If
the
signals
are
of
opposite
polarity
then
pull
one
of
the
Y
position
controls
to
invert
the
lagging
signal.
Note
that
the
total
phase
difference
must
be
subtracted
from
180°
in
this
event.
With
a
stable
display
of
maximum
amplitude,
adjust
the
Y
POSITION
controls
for
symmetry
about
the
horizontal
centre-line.
When
you
have
set
up
the
display,
proceed
as
follows:
1.
Set
the
TIME/cm
switch
and
potentiometer
so
that
one
cycle
of
the
first
signal
occupies
exactly
8
cm
horizontally;
i.e.
each
cm
represents
3609/8
=
45°.
2.
Measure
the
horizontal
distance
between
the
two
corresponding
points
on
the
waveforms,
and
multiply
this
by
45°
to
obtain
the
phase
difference.
If
one
of
the
Y
POSITION
controls
is
pulled,
subtract
the
result
from
180°.
NOTE:
For
small
phase
difference
(less
than
45°)
use
the
x5
MAGN.
push-button
and
divide
the
result
by
5.
The
phase
scale
is
now
9°/cm,
therefore,
the
measured
distance
in
centimetres
should
be
multiplied
by
9
to
obtain
the
desired
phase
difference
measurement.
D.
X-Y
MEASUREMENTS
The
X-Y
measuring
method
can
be
used
for
making
phase
measurements,
frequency
measurements,
hysteresis
measurements
or
for
using
the
oscilloscope
as
a
vector
scope.
D1.
Phase
measurements
To
measure
the
phase
difference
between
two
sinusoidal
signals
of
the
same
frequency,
use
the
following
method:
Connect
one
signal
to
one
of
the
Y
input
sockets
and
the
other
signal
to
the
other
Y
input
socket,
using
probes
or
coaxial
cables
with
equal
time
delays.
Set
the
Y
display-
mode
switch
to
X-Y
and
adjust
the
Y
controls
to
display
as
large
a
trace
as
possible.
Then
proceed
as
follows:
1.
centre
the
display;
2.
measure
the
distances
a
and
b
(see
Fig.
9);
3.
the
sine
of
the
phase
angle
is
given
by
a/b.
The
phase
angle
can
now
be
obtained
from
a
trigonometric
table.
When
a
phase
graticule
is
used,
the
phase
difference
can
be
read
at
once.
Fig.
9.
Phase
measurements,
X
Y
method
D2.
Frequency
measurement
To
measure
frequencies,
a
signal
with
a
known,
adjustable
frequency
must
be
connected
to
input
socket
Ygp.
The
signal
with
the
frequency
to
be
measured
must
be
applied
to
socket
YA.
Set
the
Y
display-mode
switch
to
X-Y
and
proceed
as
follows:
1.
adjust
the
known
frequency
to
obtain
a
stable
display;
2.
imagine
a
horizontal
and
vertical
tangent
to
the
obtained
Lissajous
figure;
3.
count
the
points
of
contact
nx
of
the
trace
and
the
vertical
tangent
and
the
points
of
contact
ny
of
the
trace
and
the
horizontal
tangent.
If
the
Lissajous
figure
is
not
closed,
the
point
of
contact
of
the
tan-
gent
with
the
open
figure
must
be
taken
into
account
as
half
a
point
of
contact.
Example:
Assume
that
nx
=
4,
ny
=
3
and
that
the
known
frequency
is
500
Hz
(see
Fig.
10).
Fig.
10.
Frequency
measurements
29
Using
the
formula:
n
unknown
frequency
=
=
(known
frequency)
nx
=
3/4
x
500
=
375
Hz
E.
Y
OUTPUT
SIGNAL
Many
advantages
accrue
from
the
fact
that
in
this
oscilloscope
the
internal
triggering
signal
can
be
derived
from
either
channel
and
is
taken
off
before
the
electronic
switch.
The
main
advantages
are:
—
the
trigger
signal
is
merely
a
part
of
the
input
signal
and
is,
therefore,
devoid
of
interfering
components
such
as
are
present
in
the
chopped
mode
and
may
result
in
display
instability;
—
in
the
alternate
mode,
the
possibility
of
time
relation-
ship
errors
between
the
displayed
waveforms
is
avoided
since
the
trigger
signal
is
not
a
combination
of
two
or
more
signals;
--
the
triggering
is
unaffected
by
the
continuous
AMPL.
controls
and
the
SHIFT/polarity
controls
of
the
Y
amplifiers;
—
asimple
method
is
provided
for
triggering
from
either
channel
without
the
necessity
of
changing
input
connections
or
applying
one
of
the
signals
to
the
external
trigger
input.
In
this
way
misleading
displays
are
prevented
and
a
stable
display
is
obtained
very
easily.
Sometimes,
however,
it
may
be
necessary
to
displaytwo
signals
with
unrelated
frequencies.
External
triggeritg
with
the
Y
signal
of
socket
Y
OUT,
will
then
provid:
a
stable
display,
when
the
instrument
is
operated
in
the
ALTERN.
mode.
Example:
Assume
that
you
want
to
adjust
a
frequency
to
be
a
certain
ratio
of
an
accurately
known
frequency.
Suppose
that
the
known
frequency
is
exactly
2
MHz
and
thatthe
other
frequency
has
to
be
adjusted
to
5
MHz.
—
Set
the
time
base
to
display
about
3
complete
cydes
of
the
2
MHz
signal.
—
Set
the
display
switch
to
position
ALTERN.
The
input
signals
will
be
present
at
the
Y
output
iocket
alternately
for
a
complete
sweep
time.
~
Connect
the
Y
output
socket
to
socket
TRIGG
(U1).
The
d.c.
level
of
each
signal
can
be
varied
by
meais.
of
the
relevant
SHIFT
control.
30
Fig.
11.
Using
the
Y
output
signal
~—
Set
coupling
selector
LF-HF-DC
(SK
2)
to
DC
or
HF
to
obtain
stable
triggering.
~
Adjust
LEVEL
(R1)
so
that
the
sweep
starts
for
both
signals
on
the
horizontal
centre
line
of
the
graticule.
The
frequency
can
now
be
adjusted
to
the
desired
value
by
making
the
end
of
the
fifth
cycle
coincide
with
the
end
of
the
second
cycle
of
the
known
frequency,
as
shown
in
Fig.
11.
This
method
is
extremely
accurate
since
measurements
are
independent
of
time-base
inaccuracies.
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