Radio Shack TRS-80 User manual

TRS-80
Pocket Computer
Catalog Number 26-3501
CUSTOM MANUFACTURED FOR RADIO SHACK ADIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS >•
Paqe
•INTRODUCTION .
*
•TABLE OF FUNCTIONS AND STATEMENTS !3
•KEYBOARD
•FUNCTIONS OF KEYS
•SECOND FUNCTION .". 13
•MODE *!g
•DISPLAY ............... A
•DISPLAY SYSTEM 16
•INPUTTING DATA
•COMPUTATION RANGE
•MANUAL CALCULATIONS ../.....................[[. 18
1. What is amanual calculation? 18
2. For arithmetic calculations -o
3. Power calculations 9n
4. Calculations with parentheses 2Q
5. Scientific functions
6. Logic functions
7. Calculations using memories
8. Successive designation of expressions in manual calculation 25
9. Recall function ;
10. Editing expressions 9fi
11
.
Priority of calculations 2g
•PROGRAMMED CALCULATIONS 31
1. What is aprogrammed calculation? 32
2. Writing programs 34
3. Checking stored programs 36
4. Program correction 37
5. Executing programs 3g
6. DEBUGing programs 41
7. Defined programs 4„
•VARIABLES AZ
45
1
.
What is avariable? At-
45
2. Specifying variables 46
3. Inputting to variables 43
4. Recalling the contents of variables 49
•PROGRAM STATEMENTS 51
1. LET statement t51
2. INPUT statement !!!!!!'!... 52
3. PRINT statement ,54
4. PAUSE statement 57
5. USING statement 57
6. GOTO statement 5g
7. IFstatement g
8. GOSUB statement, RETURN statement .. . .62

9. FOR statement, NEXT statement 64
10. STOP statement 68
11. END statement -68
12. BEEP statement 68
13. CLEAR statement 68
14. DEGREE, RADIAN, GRAD statements 69
14. AREAD statement 69
16. REM statement 70
•COMMAND STATEMENTS 70
1. RUN command 70
2. DEBUG command 71
3. CONT command 71
4. LIST command •72
5. NEW command 73
6. MEM command 73
•STATEMENTS FOR OPTIONAL CASSETTE INTERFACE (Cat. No. 26-3503) 74
1. CSAVE (Cassette Save) statement. 74
2. CLOAD (Cassette Load) statement 75
3. CLOAD? (Cassette Load?) statement 75
4. CHAIN statement 76
5. PRINT #(Print cross-hatch) statement 78
6. INPUT #(Input cross-hatch) statement 79
•RESERVABLE KEY ••• 80
1. Reserve memory for reservable keys 80
2. Use of reservable keys 81
3. Checking reserve programs 83
4. Correction of reserve programs 83
5. Deleting reserve programs 84
6. Configuration of reserve programs 84
•ERROR CODES 85
•APPENDIX 87
•SPECIFICATIONS 88
•BATTERY REPLACEMENT 89
•CONNECTING THE CASSETTE INTERFACE 90
Replacing the Batteries 90
Connecting the Pocket Computer to the Cassette Interface 91
Connecting the Cassette Interface to aTape Recorder 92
•OPERATING THE CASSETTE INTERFACE AND RECORDER 93
Recording onto Magnetic Tape 93
Loading from aMagnetic Tape 93
Editing Programs on Magnetic Tape 95
CLOAD 1statement 96
Checking the Program 98
Execution of the Program 99
•SOME SAMPLE USER'S PROGRAMS 101
Notes for entering program listings 102
Biorhythm 103
Guess Number Game 105
Impedance in aSeries Circuit 107
Days between Dates •109
Random Numbers 111
Normal Distribution and Percentile 113
•INDEX 119

INTRODUCTIdN
This new TRS-80 Computer is another "first" from the company which brought you the best-
selling, world renowned TRS-80. Atruly pocket-sized Computer (not aprogrammable calculator).
Of course it is an ultra-powerful calculator too ...And it "speaks" BASIC --the most common
computer language, and the easiest to learn. You'll soon be impressed by the phenomenal
computing power of this hand-held TRS-80 --ideal for mathematical, scientific, engineering and
business applications.
FEATURES
Programmable, with BASIC language.
24-digit alphanumeric dot matrix Liquid Crystal Display, enables easy use of BASIC language, or
standard calculator function.
Program capacity 1424 steps, 26 memories with memory safe guard.
Reservable and definable key systems. (See page 80 and 42)
When used with an optional Cassette Interface (26-3503), you can store or recall programs and
data on acassette tape. (See page 90)
Some Special Notes
Since the Liquid Crystal Display is made of glass material, treat the Computer with care.
Do not put your Pocket Computer in your back pocket - - you may sit on it and break the
LCD display. »
To insure trouble-free operation:
1. The Computer should be kept in areas free from extreme temperature changes, moisture and
dust.
2. Use asoft, dry cloth to clean the Computer. Do not use solvents or awet cloth.
3. If you're not going to use the Computer for an extended period of time, remove the batteries to
avoid possible damage caused by battery leakage.
4. If service is required, use only an authorized Radio Shack Service Center.
5. Keep this Manual for further reference.
Name label
Write your name on the attached name label and stick it on the back of the Computer.
For your own protection and security, we urge you to record the Serial Number of this unit in the
space provided. You'll find the Serial Number on the bottom of the Computer.
Serial Number:

S^SifasUs^^^^^
vWhere We Are Going ..
.
r
Since this is such aradically new product and most people won't know how or where to start we
thought it might be helpful to tell you where we are going with the rest of this Manual.
But first -where were coming from! This manual is written assuming at least alittle familiarity
with BASIC You don't have to have hands-on experience, just be familiar with s.mple concepts of
programming and BASIC. If you are looking for alead-'em-by-the-hand Manual th.s ,s not .t. For
that appmach! stop by your Radio Shack store or Computer Center and take alook at some of our
books. Two or three of them start from scratch.
Back to this Manual.
First were going to give you an over-view of the Computer
Keyboard
Functions
Display
Then show you how to use the Computer
Manual Calculations
Programmed Calculations
And then you'll be ready for some
Programming in BASIC
The back of the Manual has some vital information in the Appendices.
Aseparate Quick Reference Card has all the information you need for using your TRS-80 Pocket
Computer, but in an extremely abbreviated form.

TABLE OF FUNCTIONS ANDlSl^TEMENTS
This Table will provide aquick reference for the BASIC Language functions as used by the Pocket
Computer. The Page reference shows the page on which the Function/Statement is discussed,
You can use abbreviations for the Functions and statements as noted.
1. Functions
,—Remember to press the I•Ikey.
Functions Abbreviations Remarks Ref.
page
SIN SI „sin
*Trigonometric functions 21
cos
tan
COS
TAN TA.
ASN AS. sin" 1
cos" 1
tan" 1
>Inverse trigonometric functions 21
ACS AC.
ATN AT.
LN logeXNatural logarithm ,
1Logarithmic
(functions
log^o XCommon logarithm
22
LOG LO.
EXP EX. exExponential function (Antilogarithm for LN) 22
yT Extraction of square root 22
DMS DM. Dec al to degree/minute/second conversion 22
DEG Degree/minute/second to decimal conversion 22
INT integer 23
ABS AB. Absolute value 23
SGN SG. Signum 23

2. Statements
State-
ments
LET
(assign-
ment
statement)
INPUT
PRINT
•
PAUSE
USING
GOTO
IF
THEN
Abbrevia-
tions
LE.
I.
IN.
INP.
INPU.
P.
PR.
PRI.
PRIN.
PA.
PAU.
PAUS.
U.
US.
USI.
USIN.
G.
GO.
GOT.
T.
TH.
THE.
General forms
(1) LET [numerical variable] =< expression >
(2) LET [Character variable] ="character"
(3) LET [Character variable] =[Character variable]
(1) INPUT [variable], [variable],
(2) INPUT "character", [variable] /'character",
[variable]
(3) INPUT "character"; [variable], "character";
[variable] ,•
(1) PRINT <expression )
(2) PRINT "character"
(3) PRINT [Character variable]
(expression ><expression >
(4) PRINT |"character" I, J"character"
[Character variablej '[Character variable]
(expression) ("character"
(5) PRINT "character ;[character variable]
[Character variable]' '
("character" J
1[Character variable] /
Remarks
LET can be omitted
{except when
following an IF
statement).
Input instruction
Data is input.
Output instruction.
Specified contents
are displayed.
Ref.
page
General forms are the same as those for PRINT statement.
(1) USING "#...#,#••# A"
(2) (a) {pAUST
E}US,NG "F0RMAT"'
HEEl—*-
(3) USING (end of statement)
!ENTER: or :(colon)
Output instruction.
Specified contents
are programmed
after being displayed
for about 0.85
second.
(1) GOTO< expression >
"character"
(2) GOTO [Character variable]
(1) IF (expression) logic operator (expression)
execution statement
(2) IF <expression >excution statement
|"character" I=I"character"
|[Character variable]/ I[Character variable]
execution statement
(4) IF [Character variable] execute statement
Format designation
instruction.
Displaying format
for numerical data
is designated.
Format designation
is cancelled.
Jump instruction.
Specified line or
label is executed.
51
52
Decision instruction.
Based on conditions
the program
branches or con-
tinues execution.
This statement is defined as aexecution statement in an
IF statement.
Genera! form is the same as that of GOTO statement.
Jump instruction.
Used only with
an IF statement.
54
57
57
59
60
61

State-
ments Abbrevia-
tions General forms Remarks Ref.
page
GOSUB GOS.
GOSU. (1) GOSUB (expression)
(2) GOSUB l"character"I
t[Character variable] J
Subroutine jump
instruction.
Execution is
shifted to specified
line or label, where
subroutine is
executed.
62
RETURN RE.
RET.
RETU.
RETUR.
RETURN Return instruction.
Used after execu-
tion of aGOSUB
(at end of sub-
routine) to return
execution to main
program.
62
FOR
STEP
F.
FO.
STE.
(1) FOR [numerical variable] =(expression 1)TO
<expression 2)
(2) FOR [numerical variable] =<expression 1>TO
<expression 2>STEP <expression 3)
(expression 1>: Initial value
<expression 2>: End value
<expression 3): Increment
Starts FOR loop.
Used in combina-
tion with NEXT
statement. 64
NEXT N.
NE.
NEX.
NEXT [numerical variable]
This [numerical variable] must correspond to that
for FOR statement.
Ends FOR loop.
Used in combina-
tion with FOR
statement.
64
STOP S.
ST.
STO.
STOP To stop executing
program. 68
END E.
EN. END To indicate program
end. 68
BEEP B.
BE.
BEE.
BEEP {expression >Beep sound instruc-
tion
Beep tone is generat-
ed as many times as
the number of value
in (expression ).
68
CLEAR CL.
CLE.
CLEA.
CLEAR
(Possible to execute by manual operation)
CLEAR [BJTER]
Data memory clear
instruction 68
DEGREE DEG.
DEGR.
DEGRE.
DEGREE
(Possible to execute by manual operation)
DEGREE gJTEii)
Angular mode
designation.
Degree {°)
is designated.
69
RADIAN RA.
RAD.
RADI.
RADIA.
RADIAN
(Possible to execute by manual operation)
RADIAN |5^1
Angular mode
designation.
Radian ([rad]
)
is designated. 69
•
#

State-
ments Abbrevia-
tions
GRAD
AREAD
(auto
read)
REM
(remark)
GR.
GRA.
A.
AR.
ARE.
AREA.
General forms
GRAD
{Possible to execute by manual operation)
GRAD fof^l
AREAD [variable]
REM( note)
Command statement >Possible only to execute by manual operation.
RUN
DEBUG
CO NT
R.
RU.
D.
DE.
DEB.
DEBU.
LIST
NEW
C.
CO.
CON.
L.
LI.
LIS.
MEM M.
ME.
(1) RUN (enter)
(2) RUN <expression >(enter)
I"character" \.,
(3)RUN I[Character variable] }S
The general forms are defined in the same manner as
those for RUN statement.
CONT [5m*]
The general forms are defined in the same manner as
those for RUN statement.
NEW (wter)
MEM 1ewteb|
Remarks
Angular mode
designation.
Grad ([g]) is
designated.
Ref.
page
69
The contents
displayed at start
of definable
program is read
into the specified
[variable]
.
To designate non-
execute statement
in program (notes).
Program execute
start instruction.
Effective only in
DEF and RUN
modes.
69
70
Debugging start
instruction.
Effective only in
DEF and RUN
modes.
70
71
To restart an
interrupted program.
Effective in DEF
and RUN modes.
For listing programs,
Effective in PRO
mode.
In DEF, RUN and
PRO modes,
program memory
and data memory
are completely
cleared.
In RESERVE mode,
reserve memory is
cleared.
71
72
Remaining area of
program memory is
displayed
(number of program
steps and flexible
memories).
73
73

State-
ments Abbrevia-
tions General forms Remarks Ref.
page
(Magnetic fc
CSAVE
(cassette
save)
ape control s
CS.
CSA.
CSAV.
tatement )
CSAVE "file name" [5ro|
(Possible only by manual operation)
Program or reserve
program is recorded
on magnetic tape.
74
CLOAD
(cassette
load)
CLO.
CLOA. CLOAD "file name" [enter]
(Possible only by manual operation)
Program or reserve
program is trans-
ferred from magne-
tic tape to the
Computer.
75
CLOAD?
(cassette
load?)
CLO. ?
CLOA. ?
CLOAD? "filename" [imil
(Possible only by manual operation)
Checks contents of
program or reserve
program with those
placed on magnetic
tape.
75
CHAIN CH.
CHA.
CHAI.
(1) CHAIN "filename"
(2) CHAIN "file name", <expression )
(3) CHAIN "file name" I
''character"I
I[Character variable])
(To be executed by program)
Program recorded
on magnetic tape is
read in and then
executed. 76
PRINT #P. #
PR.#
PRI. #
PRIN. #
(1) PRINT #"file name"
(2) PRINT #"file name"; [Label of variable]
(Possible to execute both by program and manual
operation)
Data memory
contents are
recorded on
magnetic tape.
78
INPUT #IN.#
INP. #
INPU. #
(1) INPUT ^"filename"
(2) INPUT #"file name" ;[Label of variable]
(Possible to execute both by program and manual
operation)
Data recorded on
magnetic tape is
transferred into
data memory of
the Computer.
79
•
•