Radio Shack TRS-80 User manual

TRS-80
Pocket Computer
Catalog Number 26-3501
CUSTOM MANUFACTURED FOR RADIO SHACK ADIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS >•
Paqe
•INTRODUCTION .
*
•TABLE OF FUNCTIONS AND STATEMENTS !3
•KEYBOARD
•FUNCTIONS OF KEYS
•SECOND FUNCTION .". 13
•MODE *!g
•DISPLAY ............... A
•DISPLAY SYSTEM 16
•INPUTTING DATA
•COMPUTATION RANGE
•MANUAL CALCULATIONS ../.....................[[. 18
1. What is amanual calculation? 18
2. For arithmetic calculations -o
3. Power calculations 9n
4. Calculations with parentheses 2Q
5. Scientific functions
6. Logic functions
7. Calculations using memories
8. Successive designation of expressions in manual calculation 25
9. Recall function ;
10. Editing expressions 9fi
11
.
Priority of calculations 2g
•PROGRAMMED CALCULATIONS 31
1. What is aprogrammed calculation? 32
2. Writing programs 34
3. Checking stored programs 36
4. Program correction 37
5. Executing programs 3g
6. DEBUGing programs 41
7. Defined programs 4„
•VARIABLES AZ
45
1
.
What is avariable? At-
45
2. Specifying variables 46
3. Inputting to variables 43
4. Recalling the contents of variables 49
•PROGRAM STATEMENTS 51
1. LET statement t51
2. INPUT statement !!!!!!'!... 52
3. PRINT statement ,54
4. PAUSE statement 57
5. USING statement 57
6. GOTO statement 5g
7. IFstatement g
8. GOSUB statement, RETURN statement .. . .62

9. FOR statement, NEXT statement 64
10. STOP statement 68
11. END statement -68
12. BEEP statement 68
13. CLEAR statement 68
14. DEGREE, RADIAN, GRAD statements 69
14. AREAD statement 69
16. REM statement 70
•COMMAND STATEMENTS 70
1. RUN command 70
2. DEBUG command 71
3. CONT command 71
4. LIST command •72
5. NEW command 73
6. MEM command 73
•STATEMENTS FOR OPTIONAL CASSETTE INTERFACE (Cat. No. 26-3503) 74
1. CSAVE (Cassette Save) statement. 74
2. CLOAD (Cassette Load) statement 75
3. CLOAD? (Cassette Load?) statement 75
4. CHAIN statement 76
5. PRINT #(Print cross-hatch) statement 78
6. INPUT #(Input cross-hatch) statement 79
•RESERVABLE KEY ••• 80
1. Reserve memory for reservable keys 80
2. Use of reservable keys 81
3. Checking reserve programs 83
4. Correction of reserve programs 83
5. Deleting reserve programs 84
6. Configuration of reserve programs 84
•ERROR CODES 85
•APPENDIX 87
•SPECIFICATIONS 88
•BATTERY REPLACEMENT 89
•CONNECTING THE CASSETTE INTERFACE 90
Replacing the Batteries 90
Connecting the Pocket Computer to the Cassette Interface 91
Connecting the Cassette Interface to aTape Recorder 92
•OPERATING THE CASSETTE INTERFACE AND RECORDER 93
Recording onto Magnetic Tape 93
Loading from aMagnetic Tape 93
Editing Programs on Magnetic Tape 95
CLOAD 1statement 96
Checking the Program 98
Execution of the Program 99
•SOME SAMPLE USER'S PROGRAMS 101
Notes for entering program listings 102
Biorhythm 103
Guess Number Game 105
Impedance in aSeries Circuit 107
Days between Dates •109
Random Numbers 111
Normal Distribution and Percentile 113
•INDEX 119

INTRODUCTIdN
This new TRS-80 Computer is another "first" from the company which brought you the best-
selling, world renowned TRS-80. Atruly pocket-sized Computer (not aprogrammable calculator).
Of course it is an ultra-powerful calculator too ...And it "speaks" BASIC --the most common
computer language, and the easiest to learn. You'll soon be impressed by the phenomenal
computing power of this hand-held TRS-80 --ideal for mathematical, scientific, engineering and
business applications.
FEATURES
Programmable, with BASIC language.
24-digit alphanumeric dot matrix Liquid Crystal Display, enables easy use of BASIC language, or
standard calculator function.
Program capacity 1424 steps, 26 memories with memory safe guard.
Reservable and definable key systems. (See page 80 and 42)
When used with an optional Cassette Interface (26-3503), you can store or recall programs and
data on acassette tape. (See page 90)
Some Special Notes
Since the Liquid Crystal Display is made of glass material, treat the Computer with care.
Do not put your Pocket Computer in your back pocket - - you may sit on it and break the
LCD display. »
To insure trouble-free operation:
1. The Computer should be kept in areas free from extreme temperature changes, moisture and
dust.
2. Use asoft, dry cloth to clean the Computer. Do not use solvents or awet cloth.
3. If you're not going to use the Computer for an extended period of time, remove the batteries to
avoid possible damage caused by battery leakage.
4. If service is required, use only an authorized Radio Shack Service Center.
5. Keep this Manual for further reference.
Name label
Write your name on the attached name label and stick it on the back of the Computer.
For your own protection and security, we urge you to record the Serial Number of this unit in the
space provided. You'll find the Serial Number on the bottom of the Computer.
Serial Number:

S^SifasUs^^^^^
vWhere We Are Going ..
.
r
Since this is such aradically new product and most people won't know how or where to start we
thought it might be helpful to tell you where we are going with the rest of this Manual.
But first -where were coming from! This manual is written assuming at least alittle familiarity
with BASIC You don't have to have hands-on experience, just be familiar with s.mple concepts of
programming and BASIC. If you are looking for alead-'em-by-the-hand Manual th.s ,s not .t. For
that appmach! stop by your Radio Shack store or Computer Center and take alook at some of our
books. Two or three of them start from scratch.
Back to this Manual.
First were going to give you an over-view of the Computer
Keyboard
Functions
Display
Then show you how to use the Computer
Manual Calculations
Programmed Calculations
And then you'll be ready for some
Programming in BASIC
The back of the Manual has some vital information in the Appendices.
Aseparate Quick Reference Card has all the information you need for using your TRS-80 Pocket
Computer, but in an extremely abbreviated form.

TABLE OF FUNCTIONS ANDlSl^TEMENTS
This Table will provide aquick reference for the BASIC Language functions as used by the Pocket
Computer. The Page reference shows the page on which the Function/Statement is discussed,
You can use abbreviations for the Functions and statements as noted.
1. Functions
,—Remember to press the I•Ikey.
Functions Abbreviations Remarks Ref.
page
SIN SI „sin
*Trigonometric functions 21
cos
tan
COS
TAN TA.
ASN AS. sin" 1
cos" 1
tan" 1
>Inverse trigonometric functions 21
ACS AC.
ATN AT.
LN logeXNatural logarithm ,
1Logarithmic
(functions
log^o XCommon logarithm
22
LOG LO.
EXP EX. exExponential function (Antilogarithm for LN) 22
yT Extraction of square root 22
DMS DM. Dec al to degree/minute/second conversion 22
DEG Degree/minute/second to decimal conversion 22
INT integer 23
ABS AB. Absolute value 23
SGN SG. Signum 23

2. Statements
State-
ments
LET
(assign-
ment
statement)
INPUT
PRINT
•
PAUSE
USING
GOTO
IF
THEN
Abbrevia-
tions
LE.
I.
IN.
INP.
INPU.
P.
PR.
PRI.
PRIN.
PA.
PAU.
PAUS.
U.
US.
USI.
USIN.
G.
GO.
GOT.
T.
TH.
THE.
General forms
(1) LET [numerical variable] =< expression >
(2) LET [Character variable] ="character"
(3) LET [Character variable] =[Character variable]
(1) INPUT [variable], [variable],
(2) INPUT "character", [variable] /'character",
[variable]
(3) INPUT "character"; [variable], "character";
[variable] ,•
(1) PRINT <expression )
(2) PRINT "character"
(3) PRINT [Character variable]
(expression ><expression >
(4) PRINT |"character" I, J"character"
[Character variablej '[Character variable]
(expression) ("character"
(5) PRINT "character ;[character variable]
[Character variable]' '
("character" J
1[Character variable] /
Remarks
LET can be omitted
{except when
following an IF
statement).
Input instruction
Data is input.
Output instruction.
Specified contents
are displayed.
Ref.
page
General forms are the same as those for PRINT statement.
(1) USING "#...#,#••# A"
(2) (a) {pAUST
E}US,NG "F0RMAT"'
HEEl—*-
(3) USING (end of statement)
!ENTER: or :(colon)
Output instruction.
Specified contents
are programmed
after being displayed
for about 0.85
second.
(1) GOTO< expression >
"character"
(2) GOTO [Character variable]
(1) IF (expression) logic operator (expression)
execution statement
(2) IF <expression >excution statement
|"character" I=I"character"
|[Character variable]/ I[Character variable]
execution statement
(4) IF [Character variable] execute statement
Format designation
instruction.
Displaying format
for numerical data
is designated.
Format designation
is cancelled.
Jump instruction.
Specified line or
label is executed.
51
52
Decision instruction.
Based on conditions
the program
branches or con-
tinues execution.
This statement is defined as aexecution statement in an
IF statement.
Genera! form is the same as that of GOTO statement.
Jump instruction.
Used only with
an IF statement.
54
57
57
59
60
61

State-
ments Abbrevia-
tions General forms Remarks Ref.
page
GOSUB GOS.
GOSU. (1) GOSUB (expression)
(2) GOSUB l"character"I
t[Character variable] J
Subroutine jump
instruction.
Execution is
shifted to specified
line or label, where
subroutine is
executed.
62
RETURN RE.
RET.
RETU.
RETUR.
RETURN Return instruction.
Used after execu-
tion of aGOSUB
(at end of sub-
routine) to return
execution to main
program.
62
FOR
STEP
F.
FO.
STE.
(1) FOR [numerical variable] =(expression 1)TO
<expression 2)
(2) FOR [numerical variable] =<expression 1>TO
<expression 2>STEP <expression 3)
(expression 1>: Initial value
<expression 2>: End value
<expression 3): Increment
Starts FOR loop.
Used in combina-
tion with NEXT
statement. 64
NEXT N.
NE.
NEX.
NEXT [numerical variable]
This [numerical variable] must correspond to that
for FOR statement.
Ends FOR loop.
Used in combina-
tion with FOR
statement.
64
STOP S.
ST.
STO.
STOP To stop executing
program. 68
END E.
EN. END To indicate program
end. 68
BEEP B.
BE.
BEE.
BEEP {expression >Beep sound instruc-
tion
Beep tone is generat-
ed as many times as
the number of value
in (expression ).
68
CLEAR CL.
CLE.
CLEA.
CLEAR
(Possible to execute by manual operation)
CLEAR [BJTER]
Data memory clear
instruction 68
DEGREE DEG.
DEGR.
DEGRE.
DEGREE
(Possible to execute by manual operation)
DEGREE gJTEii)
Angular mode
designation.
Degree {°)
is designated.
69
RADIAN RA.
RAD.
RADI.
RADIA.
RADIAN
(Possible to execute by manual operation)
RADIAN |5^1
Angular mode
designation.
Radian ([rad]
)
is designated. 69
•
#

State-
ments Abbrevia-
tions
GRAD
AREAD
(auto
read)
REM
(remark)
GR.
GRA.
A.
AR.
ARE.
AREA.
General forms
GRAD
{Possible to execute by manual operation)
GRAD fof^l
AREAD [variable]
REM( note)
Command statement >Possible only to execute by manual operation.
RUN
DEBUG
CO NT
R.
RU.
D.
DE.
DEB.
DEBU.
LIST
NEW
C.
CO.
CON.
L.
LI.
LIS.
MEM M.
ME.
(1) RUN (enter)
(2) RUN <expression >(enter)
I"character" \.,
(3)RUN I[Character variable] }S
The general forms are defined in the same manner as
those for RUN statement.
CONT [5m*]
The general forms are defined in the same manner as
those for RUN statement.
NEW (wter)
MEM 1ewteb|
Remarks
Angular mode
designation.
Grad ([g]) is
designated.
Ref.
page
69
The contents
displayed at start
of definable
program is read
into the specified
[variable]
.
To designate non-
execute statement
in program (notes).
Program execute
start instruction.
Effective only in
DEF and RUN
modes.
69
70
Debugging start
instruction.
Effective only in
DEF and RUN
modes.
70
71
To restart an
interrupted program.
Effective in DEF
and RUN modes.
For listing programs,
Effective in PRO
mode.
In DEF, RUN and
PRO modes,
program memory
and data memory
are completely
cleared.
In RESERVE mode,
reserve memory is
cleared.
71
72
Remaining area of
program memory is
displayed
(number of program
steps and flexible
memories).
73
73

State-
ments Abbrevia-
tions General forms Remarks Ref.
page
(Magnetic fc
CSAVE
(cassette
save)
ape control s
CS.
CSA.
CSAV.
tatement )
CSAVE "file name" [5ro|
(Possible only by manual operation)
Program or reserve
program is recorded
on magnetic tape.
74
CLOAD
(cassette
load)
CLO.
CLOA. CLOAD "file name" [enter]
(Possible only by manual operation)
Program or reserve
program is trans-
ferred from magne-
tic tape to the
Computer.
75
CLOAD?
(cassette
load?)
CLO. ?
CLOA. ?
CLOAD? "filename" [imil
(Possible only by manual operation)
Checks contents of
program or reserve
program with those
placed on magnetic
tape.
75
CHAIN CH.
CHA.
CHAI.
(1) CHAIN "filename"
(2) CHAIN "file name", <expression )
(3) CHAIN "file name" I
''character"I
I[Character variable])
(To be executed by program)
Program recorded
on magnetic tape is
read in and then
executed. 76
PRINT #P. #
PR.#
PRI. #
PRIN. #
(1) PRINT #"file name"
(2) PRINT #"file name"; [Label of variable]
(Possible to execute both by program and manual
operation)
Data memory
contents are
recorded on
magnetic tape.
78
INPUT #IN.#
INP. #
INPU. #
(1) INPUT ^"filename"
(2) INPUT #"file name" ;[Label of variable]
(Possible to execute both by program and manual
operation)
Data recorded on
magnetic tape is
transferred into
data memory of
the Computer.
79
•
•

KEYBOARD
Display
g®|^s#*;X|Y=5000:G0SUB 28
I&^SREAft
45PMoN^powER .
.%,.(gjrj [^3 (|g {]fg |#j opj
es3 El Efa ED Cab CD Ell tMW3&
m[S EH ED CD CD CD E3SS
mc*i CD E3 CD GO E3 EDIiy?»*» r1
-Power OFF key
-Power ON key
RESERVAE _E KEYS
Reservabte keys ENTER key
(Executes
calculations or
enters programs)
arithmetic
calculation keys

F-UNCTIdNS OF KEYS *
Here is abrief explanation of the main keys. For details, refer to the rest of this Manual.
Key Function
CA/BREAK
[ON]
•Use to power-on.
•Breaking (temporarily interrupting) the program being executed.
•Clearing the Computer completely. (Reset after error condition.)
[OFF] •Press to power-off.
[SHFf] •Secondary functions noted above the keys (such as -n and Asymbols)
are activated.
To obtain pi, press following sequence:
[SHFf] m->7T will be displayed. Display shows a[shft] at left when a
shift function is pending.
•In "DEF" mode, press before keying in the predefined function labeled
as A, S, D, etc. (Definable key designation) Example, [shft] [a1
•In "RESERVE" mode, press before activating akey used for labeling a
reserve program. (Reserve key designation) Example, [shft] jbj
•In "PRO" or "RUN" mode, press before activating akey used for
labeling areserve program, (Reserve key designation)
Example, [shft] \jt\
CS~ 33 •Use to enter numbers.
en •Enters adecimal point.
•Use to designate abbreviations when inputting instructions.
•Use to designate adisplay format in aUSING statement instruction.
(See page 57.)
S*E •Use to input exponents. (This key function is displayed as E.)
CE -33 •These alphabetical keys serve to designate instructions,
•Specify variables (A to Zmemory)
czd •Use for division instructions.
CE •Use for multiplication instructions.
cs •Use to input apositive sign for numbers. (Usually omitted.)
•Use for addition instructions.
C3 •Use to input anegative sign for numbers,
•Use for subtraction instructions.
[SHFTJ fAl •Use for power calculation instructions.
•Use to specify the floating decimal point system (exponent display) for
numerical data in USING statement instructions.
USE] •Use when inputting logical operators, such as <,<=,< >.
•
m

Key Function
IsHFfl m•Use when inputting logical operators, such as >,>=,<>.
C=]•In assignment statements, use to assign the content (number or
character) on the right for the variable specified on the left.
•Use when inputting logical operators, such as =,<=,> =.
CD ,m•Use to input parentheses.
m•Use to extract square root.
[SPCl •Use to provide space when inputting programs or characters. The space
is ignored in programming, executing operations, etc.
[shfti rn •Use to divide two or more statements in one line.
fsHFfirri •Use with PRINT statement instructions, to provide multi-dispfay (two
or more values/contents displayed at atime).
•Use with INPUT statement instructions, to provide pauses in comment.
•Use with PRINT #statement and INPUT #statement instructions to
provide pause between the instruction and the variable.
ISHFfl m•Use to provide pause between two equations in continuous calculation
sequences.
•Use with PRINT statement instructions, to provide dual displayftwo
different values/contentsare displayed at atime).
•Use with INPUT statement instructions, to provide pause between com-
ments or variables.
•Use with CHAIN statement, to provide pause between file and expres-
sion, or between file and label when setting the opening line subsequent
to execution.
[SHFT] (jF) •Use with USING statement, to provide the instruction to define the
display format of numerical data.
•Use with PRINT #and INPUT #statements.
[SHFfj [T] •Use with CLOAD? statement.
f^nrxi •Use when assigning character variables.
[shft] rrn •Use to designate and cancel characters.
•Use to specify labels.
JMOOJ •Use to change modes (DEF, RUN, PRO, RESERVE).
fCLl •Use to clear incorrect manual input.
•Use as an instruction to clear the display contents (such as calculation
results).
•Use to reset after error.
s•Shifts the cursor to the right (press once to advance one position, hold
down for automatic advance)
•Executes playback instructions.
•Recalls cursor (in case it is not displayed during program operation;
recalls to right of colon)
10

Key
ra
[shft] [InsI
1SHFT] [DEL]
Function
•Shifts cursor to the left.
•For other functions, the same as the C^D key.
•Inserts one space (ZZ appears) of 1-step capacity between the address
(N) indicated by the cursor and the preceding address (N-1 ).
Deletes the contents of the address (N) indicated by the cursor.
Enters aprogram line into the Computer.
Use when writing in programs or reserve programs (function as above).
Requests manual calculation or direct execution of aCOMMAND
statement by the Computer.
Enters arestart instruction after inputting data required by an INPUT
statement or after executing aPRINT statement.
The CE ,[T] and [on] keys have the following functions, depending on designated modes, as
well as the state of the Computer.
Mode State mm[on]
Power off ^^^^ ^^—^ To power-on
RUN
or
DEF
Program being
executed ^^^^ BREAKS
(program is
temporarily
interrupted)
INPUT statement being
executed
To display program
line being executed
or already
executed, hold
this key down
To execute
debugging opera-
tion
PRINT statement just
now executed
Under BREAK To execute the
next line
To clear com-
pletely
Error condition during
executing program
To display error-
producing line,
hold this key
down.
PRO (Whe:n program line is not bein<
PRINT statement just
now executed
gdisplayed; e.g. such a
To display the
interrupted line
swhen changing to F
Same as left
>RO mode)
To clear com-
pletely
Under BREAK
Error has been cleared
with any key other
than the (W| key
To display program
line in which the
error occurred
Same as left
11

Mode State mm\m
PRO (When program line is being displayed)
To display the
preceeding program
line
To display the
next program line
To clear com-
pletely
RESERVE ^-^^ ^^^^
When aletter or symbol is used in quotations (" "), it is to be considered as acharacter (input or
displayed that way).
When the A, S, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, =, Z, X, C, V, B, N, M, or SPC keys are pressed, following
theSHFTkey,
1
.
In DEF mode, aprogram defined with the label of the same character begins execution.
2. In RESERVE mode, areserve program is recalled or written in.
3. In PRO or RUN mode, the contents reserved by the key is recalled. If nothing is reserved, the
symbol of the key is displayed.
The [off] key does not function when the Computer is executing acalculation or program.
If no key entry is made for about 7minutes the power is automatically turned off (unless a
program operation is pending, etc.).
Two templates are supplied with your Computer. Use them to identify the functional operation
assigned to the reservable keys or defined programs assigned to the definition keys.
Example: Reserved keys (For reservable key information: refer to page 80.)
SIN COS TAN ASN ACS ATN LN LOG
nc
RUN NEW MEM INPUT PRINT A*A B*B
Example: Program-defined keys (For program-key information defined see page 42.)
c
innnnn i
12

SECOND FUNCTION
You must use the yellow SHFT key to operate the functions printed above each key. When you
press this key, SHFT will appear in the display. If you press this key in error, press it asecond time
and SHFT will disappear.
A
Example: [shr] iv~) -» "A" is entered.
In this Manual, we'll always show the keys' second functions as follows;
A
[SHFfl [7f] -[SHFT] [A]
MODE
Your TRS-80 Pocket Computer has four modes: DEFinable, RUN, PROgram and RESERVE
program. Set mode by pressing the (Mooij key.
Definable mode (DEF): The defined program execution mode.
Perform defined program calculations with this mode.
Run mode (RUN) :The calculation execution mode.
Perform program or manual calculations with this mode.
Program mode (PRO): The program writing mode.
Enter programs when in this mode.
Reserve program mode (RESERVE): The reserve program writing mode.
Enter reserve programs when in this mode.
The JMOQEJ key changes the mode in the following sequence:
->DEF -> RUN
Press [mod§
-> PRO- -> RESERVE
13

i> DISPLAY
Your Pocket Computer has a24-digit dot matrix liquid crystal display.
Display when the power is on or when the mode is changed:
-Angular symbol (DEG RAD GRAD)
I—Mode symbol
(DEF RUN PRO RESERVE)
-Battery indicator (batteries
are OK as long as this is on)
L,Prompt symbol (shows that the Computer is waiting for akey input)
When you turn on the power the first time after battery replacement, the prompt symbol, DEG
and RUN will appear.
When you switch it on other times, the Computer will display the prompt symbol, along with the
angular symbol and mode symbol which was last displayed (just before power was turned off,
either with Ioffj or by automatic power-off).
When you change the Computer program mode (by pressing |mod§ key), the Computer will
display the prompt symbol, then the existing angular symbol and the new mode symbol.
To change the angular mode (for trigonometric functions), enter the name of the mode you want
with the alpha keys. E.g. CE CE CE CE CE CE Sfor DEG,CE CE CE CE C3 CE
Sfor RAD and CS CE CB CE Sfor GRAD mode.
Display when you input an "expression" etc. with the keys.
1. RUN mode:
i
:..
;
RUN
*:': :>
.11.
Cursor (indicating the
position of next entry)
2. RESERVE mode:
Cursor
If you input more than 24 characters, the display "rolls" over to the left to provide aspace to
display the new input. (A maximum of 80 characters can be entered per line. The characters
which disappear to the left are not "lost", just not being displayed.)
14

Display of recalled information
1. RUN mode: •
j. .: —r.
iH- "V I
RUN
7-i-CCi:
hCursor (If the position indicated by the cursor has acharacter, ablock wil
alternately flash with the character in that position.)
2. PRO mode:
:.•*"• D.-:
-Line number (Displays the line number of the program. Refer to page
31)
Display of calculation result
1. Normal Display
.i. .:.- «.*
2. Scientific notation
"» a.-i —.
:
BLJ7
:—r .::::: i.• :i:
Mantissa Exponent
•Calculation results are always displayed at the right.
Display of Error condition
1. Manual calculation
nsn::
L.Error code
2. Programmed calculation
a:: sa:: :: :j
L,
-Error code
-Line number (Displays the line number in which an error is detected.)
§
15

Display of Symbols
^/rShift symbol (Appears when the SHFT key is pressed.)
pAngular symbol rMode symbol
DEG RAD GRAD def run pro reserve -Battery indicator
Angular symbols
DEG: Appears when DEGree mode is set.
RAD: Appears when RADian mode is set.
GRAD: Appears when GRAD mode is set.
Mode symbols
DEF:
RUN:
PRO:
RESERVE:
Appears when the DEFinable mode is set.
Appears when the RUN mode is set.
Appears when the PROgram mode is set.
Appears when the RESERVE mode is set.
Battery indicator
The battery indicator is adot located in the upper right corner of the display. When this dot
dissappears, the batteries must be replaced. See page 89.
Number of input characters
When you enter numbers, characters and instructions into the Computer (via the keyboard)
this data is stored in an input buffer. When you press the l**™] key, the Computer executes
the instructions as required.
The input buffer can hold up to amaximum of 80 characters. When you have entered 80
characters into the input buffer (i.e. 80 characters on a"single line") the cursor will flash in
the last display position. Further inputs will merely change this last position.
Amanual calculation will not be correctly executed if it contains more than 80 characters
(including l*<™\ key).
DISPLAY SYSTEM
This Computer displays anumber in the normal manner or with scientific notation system.
Numbers in programmed calculations are displayed according to the designated format, but in
manual calculations, numbers within the following range are displayed in the normal manner, and
other numbers are displayed in scientific notation.
Range of numbers displayed in the normal manner:
-9999999999 ^^1x 10"9
;c =
1x10"9<x< 9999999999
•Within the range shown above, if anumber can not be displayed in the normal manner the
display is automatically changed over to scientific notation.
Ex. 0.0001234561 78 -» 1.2345678 x10-4
Acalculation result is displayed in either the normal manner or scientific notation, but it is
stored in the memory in the form of
Ax 10 B(1 <IAI^9.999999999, -99 ^B^99)
or as 0.

INPUTTING bATA
To input anumber to the Calculator, press CH or [3 key first to input asign, and then a
numeric key or the decimal point key. (The operation of the QD key can be omitted.) To input a
number in the scientific notation system (A x10B), input the mantissa, press the EE3 key and
input the exponent.
Example: -12.345 -» Hmm H mf4l fsl
6.7 x108~> CS CZD ET\ (OeI ce
-9.12 xio'34 ^rirgnnnmryi^Fimm
To input data with amantissa over 10 digits, the most significant 10 digits will be displayed, but
internal calculations are performed using all the data input.
1234567898765
9.87654321234
0.0000000002345678 -
0.00001234567 S*3 24-
Example: 1234567898765 -» displayed as 1.234567898 x10 12
displayed as 9.876543212
displayed as 2.345678 x10"10
displayed as 1.234567 x10 19
For the exponent, the last 2entries are effective.
Example: 3Sw] 123 -> displayed as 3 x 1023
4Sw] CE) 3210 -> displayed as 4x10"10
More on inputting data when we get to programming.
^WPUTATI^NTRlNil
The computing range is -9.999999999 x1099 to -1 x10"", and 1x10"" to 9.999999999 x
10".
Any calculation results outside of this range will result in an overflow error or 0. (See the
illustration below.)
-9.999999999X10" -1X10^91X10^9
I
9.999999999X10"
*+oo
irror Computation
range
Regarded
asO
Computation
range Error
4
17