Rohde & schwarz Hameg hm1508-2 User manual

150 MHz

Mixed Signal CombiScope®

HM1508-2

Manual

English

2Subject to change without notice

General information regarding the CE marking

HAMEG instruments fulﬁll the regulations of the EMC directive. The

conformity test made by HAMEG is based on the actual generic- and

product standards. In cases where different limit values are applicable,

HAMEG applies the severer standard. For emission the limits for

residential, commercial and light industry are applied. Regarding the

immunity (susceptibility) the limits for industrial environment have

been used.

The measuring- and data lines of the instrument have much inﬂuence

on emission and immunity and therefore on meeting the acceptance

limits. For different applications the lines and/or cables used may

be different. For measurement operation the following hints and

conditions regarding emission and immunity should be observed:

1. Data cables

For the connection between instrument interfaces and external devices,

(computer, printer etc.) sufﬁciently screened cables must be used.

Without a special instruction in the manual for a reduced cable length,

the maximum cable length of a dataline must be less than 3 meters and

not be used outside buildings. If an interface has several connectors

only one connector must have a connection to a cable.

Basically interconnections must have a double screening. For IEEE-bus

purposes the double screened cable HZ72 from HAMEG is suitable.

2. Signal cables

Basically test leads for signal interconnection between test point and

instrument should be as short as possible. Without instruction in the

manual for a shorter length, signal lines must be less than 3 meters

and not be used outside buildings.

Signal lines must screened (coaxial cable - RG58/U). A proper ground

connection is required. In combination with signal generators double

screened cables (RG223/U, RG214/U) must be used.

Die HAMEG Instruments GmbH bescheinigt die Konformität für das Produkt

The HAMEG Instruments GmbH herewith declares conformity of the product

HAMEG Instruments GmbH déclare la conformite du produit

Bezeichnung / Product name / Designation:

Oszilloskop

Oscilloscope

Typ / Type / Type: HM1508-2

mit / with / avec: HO720, HZ200

Optionen / Options / Options: HO730, HO740, HO2010

mit den folgenden Bestimmungen / with applicable regulations / avec les

directives suivantes

EMV Richtlinie 89/336/EWG ergänzt durch 91/263/EWG, 92/31/EWG

EMC Directive 89/336/EEC amended by 91/263/EWG, 92/31/EEC

Directive EMC 89/336/CEE amendée par 91/263/EWG, 92/31/CEE

Niederspannungsrichtlinie 73/23/EWG ergänzt durch 93/68/EWG

Low-Voltage Equipment Directive 73/23/EEC amended by 93/68/EEC

Directive des equipements basse tension 73/23/CEE amendée par 93/68/CEE

Angewendete harmonisierte Normen / Harmonized standards applied / Normes

harmonisées utilisées:

Sicherheit / Safety / Sécurité: EN 61010-1:2001 (IEC 61010-1:2001)

Überspannungskategorie / Overvoltage category / Catégorie de surtension: II

Verschmutzungsgrad / Degree of pollution / Degré de pollution: 2

Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit / Electromagnetic compatibility /

Compatibilité électromagnétique

EN 61326-1/A1 Störaussendung / Radiation / Emission:

Tabelle / table / tableau 4; Klasse / Class / Classe B.

Störfestigkeit / Immunity / Imunitée:Tabelle / table / tableau A1.

EN 61000-3-2/A14 Oberschwingungsströme / Harmonic current emissions /

Émissions de courant harmonique:

Klasse / Class / Classe D.

EN 61000-3-3 Spannungsschwankungen u. Flicker / Voltage ﬂuctuations and ﬂicker /

Fluctuations de tension et du ﬂicker.

Datum /Date /Date

01. 12. 2006

Unterschrift / Signature / Signatur

Manuel Roth

Manager

3. Inﬂuence on measuring instruments

Under the presence of strong high frequency electric or magnetic

ﬁelds, even with careful setup of the measuring equipment, inﬂuence

of such signals is unavoidable.

This will not cause damage or put the instrument out of operation. Small

deviations of the measuring value (reading) exceeding the instruments

speciﬁcations may result from such conditions in individual cases.

4. RF immunity of oscilloscopes.

4.1 Electromagnetic RF ﬁeld

The inﬂuence of electric and magnetic RF ﬁelds may become visible

(e.g. RF superimposed), if the ﬁeld intensity is high. In most cases

the coupling into the oscilloscope takes place via the device under

test, mains/line supply, test leads, control cables and/or radiation.

The device under test as well as the oscilloscope may be effected by

such ﬁelds.

Although the interior of the oscilloscope is screened by the cabinet,

direct radiation can occur via the CRT gap. As the bandwidth of

each ampliﬁer stage is higher than the total –3dB bandwidth of the

oscilloscope, the inﬂuence of RF ﬁelds of even higher frequencies

may be noticeable.

4.2 Electrical fast transients / electrostatic discharge

Electrical fast transient signals (burst) may be coupled into the

oscilloscope directly via the mains/line supply, or indirectly via test

leads and/or control cables. Due to the high trigger and input sensitivity

of the oscilloscopes, such normally high signals may effect the trigger

unit and/or may become visible on the CRT, which is unavoidable.

These effects can also be caused by direct or indirect electrostatic

discharge.

HAMEG Instruments GmbH

Hersteller HAMEG Instruments GmbH KONFORMITÄTSERKLÄRUNG

Manufacturer Industriestraße 6 DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY

Fabricant D-63533 Mainhausen DECLARATION DE CONFORMITE

General information regarding the CE marking

Subject to change without notice

Contents

General information regarding the CE marking 2

150 MHz Mixed Signal CombiScope®HM1508-2 4

Speciﬁcations 5

Important hints 6

List of symbols used: 6

Positioning the instrument 6

Safety 6

Proper operation 6

CAT I 6

Environment of use. 6

Environmental conditions 7

Warranty and repair 7

Maintenance 7

Line voltage 7

Description of the controls 8

Basic signal measurement 10

Signals which can be measured 10

Amplitude of signals 10

Values of a sine wave signal 10

DC and ac components of an input signal 11

Timing relationships 11

Connection of signals 11

First time operation and initial adjustments 12

Trace rotation TR 12

Probe adjustment and use 12

1 kHz adjustment 12

1 MHz adjustment 13

Operating modes of the vertical ampliﬁer 13

XY operation 14

Phase measurements with Lissajous ﬁgures 14

Measurement of phase differences in dual

channel Yt mode 14

Measurement of amplitude modulation 15

Triggering and time base 15

Automatic peak triggering (MODE menu) 15

Normal trigger mode (See menu MODE) 16

Slope selection (Menu FILTER) 16

Trigger coupling (Menu: FILTER) 16

Video (tv triggering) 16

Frame sync pulse triggering 17

Line sync pulse triggering 17

LINE trigger 17

Alternate trigger 17

External triggering 17

Indication of triggered operation (TRIG’D LED) 17

Hold-off time adjustment 17

Time base B (2nd time base). Delaying,

Delayed Sweep. Analog mode. 18

Alternate sweep 18

AUTOSET 19

Component tester 19

CombiScope 21

DSO Operation 22

DSO operating modes 22

Memory resolution 22

Memory depth 23

Horizontal resolution with X magniﬁer 23

Maximum signal frequency in DSO mode 23

Display of aliases 23

Vertical ampliﬁer operating modes 23

Data transfer 23

HO710: RS-232 Interface, Remote control 24

Selection of Baud rate 24

Data transmission 24

Loading of new ﬁrmware 24

General information concerning MENU 25

Controls and Readout 26

4Subject to change without notice

HM1508-2

1GSa/s Real Time Sampling, 10GSa/s Random Sampling

1MPts Memory per Channel, Memory oom up to 50,000:1

FFT for spectral analysis

4 Channels (2 analog, 2 logic inputs)

Deflection coefficients 1mV/div.…20V/div.,

Time Base 5 ns/div.…50 s/div.

8-Bit Low Noise Flash A/D Converters

Acquisition modes: Single, Refresh, Average, Envelope,

Roll, Peak-Detect

Front USB-Stick Connector for Screenshots

USB/RS-232, optional: IEEE-488 or Ethernet/USB

Signal display: Yt, XY and FFT;

Interpolation: Sinx/x, Pulse, Dot Join (linear)

See HM1500-2 for analog mode

150MHz Mixed Signal

CombiScope®

HM1508-2

HM1508 2

Frequency Analysis

with FFT

DSO mode: Signal portion

expanded with zoom

(burst in one line)

DSO mode:

4-channel display of 2

analog and 2 logic signals

Subject to change without notice

150MHz Mixed Signal CombiScope®HM1508-2

All data valid at 23 °C after 30 minute warm-up

Vertical Deflection

Channels:

Analog: 2

Digital: 2 + 2 Logic Channels

Operating Modes:

Analog: CH 1 or CH 2 separate, DUAL (CH 1 and

CH 2 alternate or chopped), Addition

Digital: Analog Signal Channels CH 1 or CH 2

separate, DUAL (CH 1 and CH 2), Addition

Logic Signal Channels: CH 3 and CH 4

X in XY-Mode: CH 1

Invert: CH 1, CH 2

Bandwidth (-3 dB): 2x0…150 MHz

Rise time: ‹ 2.3 ns

Bandwith limiting (selectable):approx. 20 MHz (5 mV/div.…20 V/div.)

Deflection Coefficients(CH 1,2):14 calibrated steps

1…2 mV/div. (10 MHz) ± 5 % (0…10 MHz (-3 dB))

5 mV…20 V/div. ± 3 % (1-2-5 sequence)

variable (uncalibrated): › 2.5 :1 to › 50 V/div.

Inputs CH 1, 2:

Input Impedance: 1 MΩ II 15 pF

Coupling: DC, AC, GND (ground)

Max. Input Voltage: 400V (DC + peak AC)

Y Delay Line (analog): 70 ns

Measuring Circuits: Measuring Category I

Digital mode only:

Logic Channels: CH 3, CH 4

Select. switching thresholds: TTL, CMOS, ECL

User definable thresholds: 3

within the range: -2…+3V

Analog mode only:

Auxiliary input: CH 4: 100 V (DC + peak AC)

Function (selectable): Extern Trigger, Z (unblank)

Coupling: AC, DC

Max. input voltage: 100 V (DC + peak AC)

Triggering

Analog and Digital Mode

Automatic (Peak to Peak):

Min. signal height: 5mm

Frequency range: 10 Hz…250 MHz

Level control range: from Peak- to Peak+

Normal (without peak):

Min. signal height: 5mm

Frequency range: 0…250 MHz

Level control range: -10…+10 div.

Operating modes: Slope/Video/Logic

Slope: Rising, falling, both

Sources: CH 1, CH 2, alt. CH 1/2 (≥8 mm, analog

mode only), Line, Ext.

Coupling: AC: 10 Hz…250 MHz

DC: 0…250 MHz

HF: 30 kHz…250 MHz

LF: 0…5 kHz

Noise Rej. switchable

Video: pos./neg. Sync. Impulse

Standards: 525 Line/60 Hz Systems

625 Line/50 Hz Systems

Field: even/odd/both

Line: all/line number selectable

Source: CH 1, CH 2, Ext.

Indicator for trigger action: LED

External Trigger via: CH 4 (0.3 Vpp, 150 MHz)

Coupling: AC, DC

Max. input voltage: 100 V (DC +peak AC)

Digital mode:

Logic: AND/OR, TRUE/FALSE

Source: CH1 or 2, CH3 and CH4

State: X, H, L

Pre/ Post Trigger: -100…+400% related to complete memory

Analog mode

2nd Trigger

Min. signal height: 5mm

Frequency range: 0…250 MHz

Coupling: DC

Level control range: -10…+10 div.

Horizontal Deflection

Analog mode

Operating modes: A, ALT (alternating A/B), B

Time base A: 50 ns/div.…0.5 s/div. (1-2-5 sequence)

Time base B: 50 ns/div.…20 ms/div. (1-2-5 sequence)

Accuracy A and B: ±3%

X Magnification x10: to 5 ns/div.

Accuracy: ±5%

Variable time base A/B: cont. 1:2.5

Hold Off time: var. 1:10 LED-Indication

Bandwidth X-Amplifier: 0…3 MHz (-3 dB)

X Y phase shift ‹ 3°: ‹ 220 kHz

Digital mode

Time base range (1-2-5 sequence)

Refresh Mode: 5 ns/div.…20 ms/div.

with Peak Detect: 2…20 ms/div. (min. Pulse Width 10 ns)

Roll Mode: 50 ms/div.…50 s/div.

Accuracy time base

Time base: 50 ppm

Display: ±1%

MEMORY ZOOM: max. 50,000:1

Bandwidth X-Amplifier: 0…150 MHz (-3 dB)

XY phase shift ‹ 3°: ‹ 100 MHz

Digital Storage

Sampling Rate (real time): Analog channels: max. 2 x 500MSa/s or

1 x 1 GSa/s (interleaved); Logic Channels:

2 x 500 MSa/s

Sampling Rate (random sampling): 10GSa/s

Bandwidth: 2 x 0…150 MHz (random)

Memory: 2 x 1 MPts (analog); 2 x 1 MPts (logic)

Operating modes: Refresh, Average, Envelope/

Roll: Free Run/Triggered, Peak-Detect

Resolution (vertical): 8 Bit (25 Pts/div.)

Resolution (horizontal):

Yt: 11Bit (200 Pts/div.)

XY: 8Bit (25 Pts /div.)

Interpolation: Sinx/x, Dot Join (linear),

Delay: 1 Million x 1/Sampling Rate to

4 Million x 1/Sampling Rate

Display refresh rate: max.170/s at 1 MPts

Display: Dots (acquired points only), Vectors (partly

interpolated), optimal (complete memory

weighting and vectors)

Reference Memories: 9 with 2 kPts each (for recorded signals)

Display: 2 signals of 9 (free selectable)

FFT Mode

Display X: Frequency Range

Disaplay Y: True rms value of spectrum

Scaling: Linear or logarithmic

Level display: dBV, V

Window: Square, Hanning, Hamming, Blackman

Control: Center frequency, Span

Marker: Frequency, Amplitude

Zoom (frequency axis): up to x 20

Operation/Measuring/Interfaces

Operation: Menu (multilingual), Autoset,

help functions (multilingual)

Save/Recall (instrument parameter settings): 9

Signal display: max. 4 signals or 4 traces

analog: CH 1, 2 (Time Base A) in combination with

CH 1, 2 (Time Base B)

digital: CH 1, 2 and CH 3, 4 or ZOOM or Reference

or Mathematics

USB Memory-Stick:

Save/Recall external:

Instrument settings and Signals: CH 1, 2 and CH 3, 4 or ZOOM or

Reference or Mathematics

Screen-shot: as Bitmap

Signal display data (2k per channel): Binary (SCPI-Data), Text (ASCII-

Format), CSV (Spread Sheet)

Frequency counter:

6 digit resolution: › 1 MHz…250 MHz

5 digit resolution: 0.5 Hz…1 MHz

Accuracy: 50 ppm

Auto Measurements:

Analog mode: Frequency, Period, Vdc, Vpp, Vp+, Vp-

also in digital mode: Vrms, Vavg

Cursor Measurements:

Analog mode: Δt, 1/Δt (f), tr, ΔV, V to GND, ratio X, ratio Y

plus in digital mode: Vpp, Vp+, Vp-, Vavg, Vrms, pulse count

Specifications

Operation/Measuring/Interfaces

Operation: Menu (multilingual), Autoset,

help functions (multilingual)

Save/Recall (instrument parameter settings): 9

Signal display: max. 4 signals or 4 traces

analog: CH 1, 2 (Time Base A) in combination with

CH 1, 2 (Time Base B)

digital: CH 1, 2 and CH 3, 4 or ZOOM or Reference

or Mathematics

USB Memory-Stick:

Save/Recall external:

Instrument settings and Signals: CH 1, 2 and CH 3, 4 or ZOOM or

Reference or Mathematics

Screen-shot: as Bitmap

Signal display data (2k per channel): Binary (SCPI-Data), Text (ASCII-

Format), CSV (Spread Sheet)

Frequency counter:

6 digit resolution: › 1 MHz…250 MHz

5 digit resolution: 0.5 Hz…1 MHz

Accuracy: 50 ppm

Auto Measurements:

Analog mode: Frequency, Period, Vdc, Vpp, Vp+, Vp-

also in digital mode: Vrms, Vavg

Cursor Measurements:

Analog mode: Δt, 1/Δt (f), tr, ΔV, V to GND, ratio X, ratio Y

plus in digital mode: Vpp, Vp+, Vp-, Vavg, Vrms, pulse count

6Subject to change without notice

Important hints

Please check the instrument for mechanical damage or loose

parts immediately after unpacking. In case of damage we advise

to contact the sender. Do not operate.

List of symbols used

Consult the manual High voltage

STOP

Important note Ground

Positioning the instrument

As can be seen from the ﬁgures, the handle can be set into

different positions:

A and B = carrying

C = horizontal operating

D and E = operating at different angles

F = handle removal

T = shipping (handle unlocked)

STOP

Attention!

When changing the handle position, the instrument

must be placed so that it can not fall (e.g. placed

Important hints

PUkT

PUk PUk PUk PUk PUk PUk

PUkT PUkT

PUkT

HGOPFFD

PUkT

HGOFFD

PUOPFGkT

PUkT

PUkTKl

15pF

max

400Vp

PUOPFGkT

PGkT PUOPFGkT

PUOPFGkT PFGkT

PUOPFGkTPUOPFGkT

PUOPFGkT PUOPFGkT

PUOPFGkT

HAMEG

PUOPFGkT

ANALOG

DIGITAL

MIXED SIGNAL

COMBISCOPE

HM1508

1 GSa · 1MB

150 MHz

PUOGkT

VOLTS/DIVV

HGOPFFD

VOLTS/DIVV

HGOPFFD

VOLTS/DIVV

HGOPFFD

PUkT

HGOPFFD

PUkT

HGOPFFD

PUkT

PUkT PUkT

PUkTKl

15pF

max

400Vp

PUOPFGkT

INPUTS

PUOPF

PUOPF PUOPF

C O M B I S C O P E

on a table). Then the handle locking knobs must be

simultaneously pulled outwards and rotated to the

required position. Without pulling the locking knobs

they will latch in into the next locking position.

Handle mounting/dismounting

The handle can be removed by pulling it out further, depending

on the instrument model in position B or F.

Safety

The instrument fulﬁls the VDE 0411 part 1 regulations for

electrical measuring, control and laboratory instruments and

was manufactured and tested accordingly. It left the factory in

perfect safe condition. Hence it also corresponds to European

Standard EN 61010-1 resp. International Standard IEC 1010-1.

In order to maintain this condition and to ensure safe operation

the user is required to observe the warnings and other directions

for use in this manual. Housing, chassis as well as all measu-

ring terminals are connected to safety ground of the mains.

All accessible metal parts were tested against the mains with

2200 VDC. The instrument conforms to safety class I.

The oscilloscope may only be operated from mains outlets with

a safety ground connector. The plug has to be installed prior to

connecting any signals. It is prohibited to separate the safety

ground connection.

Resolution Readout/Cursor: 1000 x 2000 Pts, Signals: 250 x 2000

Interfaces (plug-in): USB/RS-232 (HO720)

Optional: IEEE-488, Ethernet/USB

Mathematic functions

Number of Formula Sets: 5 with 5 formulas each

Sources: CH 1, CH 2, Math 1–Math 5

Targets: 5 math. memories, Math 1–5

Functions: ADD, SUB, 1/X, ABS, MUL, DIV, SQ, POS,

NEG, INV

Display: max. 2 math. memories (Math 1–5)

Display

CRT: D14-375GH

Display area (with graticule): 8 div. x 10 div.

Acceleration voltage: approx. 14 kV

General Information

Component tester

Test voltage: approx. 7 Vrms (open circuit), approx. 50 Hz

Test current: max. 7 mArms (short circuit)

Reference Potential : Ground (safety earth)

Probe ADJ Output: 1 kHz/1 MHz square wave signal 0.2 Vpp (tr ‹ 4 ns)

Trace rotation: electronic

Line voltage: 105…253 V, 50/60 Hz ±10 %, CAT II

Power consumption: 47 Watt at 230 V, 50 Hz

Protective system: Safety class I (EN61010-1)

Operating temperature: +5…+40°C

Storage temperature: -20…+70°C

Rel. humidity: 5…80% (non condensing)

Dimensions (W x H x D):285 x 125 x 380 mm

Weight: 5.6 kg

Accessories supplied: Line cord, Operating manual, 4 Probes 10:1 with

attenuation ID (HZ200), USB/RS-232 Interface (HO720), Windows Software for

control and data transfer

Optionales Zubehör:

HO730 Dual-Interface Ethernet/USB,

HO740 Interface IEEE-488 (GPIB)

HZ13 Interface cable (USB) 1,8m

HZ14 Interface cable (serial) 1:1

HZ20 Adapter, BNC to 4mm banana

HZ33 Test cable 50Ω, BNC/BNC, 0,5m

HZ34 Test cable 50Ω, BNC/BNC, 1m

HZ45 19''-Rackmount Kit 4RU

HZ51 Probe 10:1 (150MHz)

Subject to change without notice

Type of fuse:

Size 5 x 20 mm; 250V~, C;

IEC 127, Bl. III; DIN 41 662

(or DIN 41 571, Bl. 3).

Cut off: slow blow (T) 0,8A.

Important hints

Most electron tubes generate X-rays; the ion dose rate of this in-

strument remains well below the 36 pA/kg permitted by law.

In case safe operation may not be guaranteed do not use the

instrument any more and lock it away in a secure place.

Safe operation may be endangered if any of the following

was noticed:

– in case of visible damage.

– in case loose parts were noticed

– if it does not function any more.

– after prolonged storage under unfavourable conditions (e.g.

like in the open or in moist atmosphere).

– after any improper transport (e.g. insufﬁcient packing not

conforming to the minimum standards of post, rail or trans-

port ﬁrm)

Proper operation

Please note: This instrument is only destined for use by person-

nel well instructed and familiar with the dangers of electrical

measurements.For safety reasons the oscilloscope may only

be operated from mains outlets with safety ground connector.

It is prohibited to separate the safety ground connection. The

plug must be inserted prior to connecting any signals.

CAT I

This oscilloscope is destined for measurements in circuits not

connected to the mains or only indirectly. Direct measurements,

i.e. with a galvanic connection to circuits corresponding to the

categories II, III, or IV are prohibited!

The measuring circuits are considered not connected to the

mains if a suitable isolation transformer fulﬁlling safety class

II is used. Measurements on the mains are also possible if

suitable probes like current probes are used which fulﬁl the

safety class II. The measurement category of such probes must

be checked and observed.

Measurement categories

The measurement categories were derived corresponding to

the distance from the power station and the transients to be

expected hence. Transients are short, very fast voltage or cur-

rent excursions which may be periodic or not.

Measurement CAT IV:

Measurements close to the power station, e.g. on electricity

meters

Measurement CAT III:

Measurements in the interior of buildings (power distribution

installations, mains outlets, motors which are permanently

installed).

Measurement CAT II:

Measurements in circuits directly connected to the mains

(household appliances, power tools etc).

Measurement CAT I:

Electronic instruments and circuits which contain circuit

breakers resp. fuses.

Environmental conditions

The oscilloscope is destined for operation in industrial, business,

manufacturing, and living sites.

Operating ambient temperature: +5°C to +40 °C. During trans-

port or storage the temperature may be –20°C to +70 °C. Please

note that after exposure to such temperatures or in case of

condensation proper time must be allowed until the instru-

ment has reached the permissible temperature, resp. until the

condensation has evaporated before it may be turned on!

Ordinarily this will be the case after 2 hours. The oscilloscope

is destined for use in clean and dry environments. Do not ope-

rate in dusty or chemically aggressive atmosphere or if there

is danger of explosion.

The operating position may be any, however, sufﬁcient ventila-

tion must be ensured (convection cooling). Prolonged operation

requires the horizontal or inclined position.

STOP

Do not obstruct the ventilation holes!

Speciﬁcations are valid after a 30 minute warm-up period

between 15 and 30 degr. C. Speciﬁcations without tolerances

are average values.

Warranty and repair

HAMEG instruments are subjected to a strict quality control.

Prior to leaving the factory, each instrument is burnt-in for 10

hours. By intermittent operation during this period almost all

defects are detected. Following the burn-in, each instrument is

tested for function and quality, the speciﬁcations are checked

in all operating modes; the test gear is calibrated to national

standards.

The warranty standards applicable are those of the country

in which the instrument was sold. Reclamations should be

directed to the dealer.

Only valid in EU countries

In order to speed reclamations customers in EU countries may

also contact HAMEG directly. Also, after the warranty expired,

the HAMEG service will be at your disposal for any repairs.

Return material authorization (RMA):

Prior to returning an instrument to HAMEG ask for a RMA

number either by internet (http://www.hameg.com) or fax. If

you do not have an original shipping carton, you may obtain one

by calling the HAMEG service dept (++49 (0) 6182 800 500) or by

sending an email to [email protected].

Maintenance

Clean the outer shell using a dust brush in regular intervals.

Dirt can be removed from housing, handle, all metal and plastic

parts using a cloth moistened with water and 1 % detergent.

Greasy dirt may be removed with benzene (petroleum ether) or

alcohol, there after wipe the surfaces with a dry cloth. Plastic

parts should be treated with an antistatic solution destined

for such parts. No ﬂuid may enter the instrument. Do not use

other cleansing agents as they may adversely affect the plastic

or lacquered surfaces.

Line voltage

The instrument has a wide range power supply from 105 to 253

V, 50 or 60 Hz ±10%. There is hence no line voltage selector.

The line fuse is accessible on the rear panel and part of the line

input connector. Prior to exchanging a fuse the line cord must

be pulled out. Exchange is only allowed if the fuse holder is

undamaged, it can be taken out using a screwdriver put into the

slot. The fuse can be pushed out of its holder and exchanged.

The holder with the new fuse can then be pushed back in place

against the spring. It is prohibited to ”repair“ blown fuses or to

bridge the fuse. Any damages incurred by such measures will

void the warranty.

8Subject to change without notice

Front Panel Elements – Brief Description

POWER (pushbutton) 26

Turns scope on and off.

INTENS (knob) 26

Intensity for trace- and readout brightness, focus and trace

rotation control.

FOCUS/TRACE/MENU (pushbutton) 26

Calls the Intensity Knob menu to be displayed and enables

the change of different settings using the INTENS knob. See

item 2.

CURSOR MEASURE (pushbutton) 26

Calls the ”Cursor” menu and offers measurement selection

and activation.

ANALOG/DIGITAL (pushbutton) 27

Switches between analog (green) and digital mode (blue).

RUN/STOP (pushbutton) 28

RUN: Signal data acquisition enabled.

STOP (constantly lit): Signal data acquisition is stopped

STOP (ﬂashing): Signal data acquisition is in progress and

ﬂashing stops when completed.

MATH (pushbutton) 28

Calls mathematical function menu if digital mode is pre-

sent.

ACQUIRE (pushbutton) 29

Calls the signal capture and display mode menu in digital

mode.

SAVE/RECALL (pushbutton) 30

Offers access to the reference signal (digital mode only) and

the instrument settings memory.

SETTINGS (pushbutton) 31

Opens menu for language and miscellaneous function; in

digital mode also signal display mode.

AUTOSET (pushbutton) 32

Enables appropriate, signal related, automatic instrument

settings.

HELP (pushbutton) 32

Switches help texts regarding controls and menus on and

off.

POSITION 1 (knob) 32

Controls position of actual present functions: Signal (current,

reference or mathematics), Cursor and ZOOM (digital).

POSITION 2 (knob) 33

Controls position of actual present functions: Signal (current,

reference or mathematics) Cursor and ZOOM (digital).

CH1/2-CURSOR-CH3/4-MA/REF-ZOOM (pushbutton) 34

Calls the menu and indicates the current function of POSI-

TION 1 and 2 controls.

VOLTS/DIV-SCALE-VAR (knob) 34

Channel 1 Y deﬂection coefﬁcient, Y variabel and Y scaling

setting.

VOLTS/DIV-SCALE-VAR (knob) 34

Channel 2 Y deﬂection coefﬁcient, Y variabel and Y scaling

setting.

AUTO MEASURE (pushbutton) 35

Calls menus and submenus for automatic measurement.

LEVEL A/B - FFT-Marker (knob) 36

Trigger level control for A- and B Time Base. Marker position

shift in FFT mode.

MODE (pushbutton) 36

Calls selectable trigger modes.

FILTER (pushbutton) 37

Calls selectable trigger ﬁlter (coupling), noise reject and

slope selection.

SOURCE (pushbutton) 38

Calls trigger source menu (e.g. CH1, CH2, Alt. 1/2, External,

AC Line).

TRIG’d (LED) 38

Lit when the trigger signal meets the trigger conditions.

NORM (LED) 38

Lit if NORMAL or SINGLE event triggering is chosen.

HOLD OFF (LED) 38

Lit if a hold off time is set (only in analog mode) >0% in the

HOR menu (HOR/VAR pushbutton

X-POS / DELAY (pushbutton) 39

Calls and indicates (colour) the actual function of the

HORIZONTAL knob

, (X-POS dark).

HORIZONTAL (knob) 39

Changes the X position or in digital mode, the delay time (Pre-

/Post-Trigger). In FFT mode for center frequency control.

TIME/DIV-SCALE-VAR (knob) 39

Setting of A and B time base (deﬂection coefﬁcient), time

ﬁne control (VAR; analog mode only) and scaling; Span in

FFT mode.

MAG x10 (pushbutton) 41

10 fold expansion in X direction in analog Yt mode, with

simultaneous change of the deﬂection coefﬁcient display

in the readout.

HOR / VAR (pushbutton) 41

Calls ZOOM function (digital) and analog mode time base A

and B, time base variable and hold off control.

CH1 / VAR (pushbutton) 42

Calls channel 1 menu with input coupling (AC, DC, GND),

inverting, probe and Y variable control.

VERT/XY (pushbutton) 43

Calls vertical mode selection, addition, XY mode and band-

width limiter.

CH2 / VAR (pushbutton) 44

Calls channel 1 menu with input coupling (AC, DC, GND),

inverting, probe and Y variable control.

INPUT CH1 (BNC socket) 45

Channel 1 signal input and input for horizontal deﬂection in

XY mode.

The ﬁgures indicate the page for complete discription

in the chapter CONTROLS AND READOUT ▼

Subject to change without notice

Front Panel Elements – Brief Description

INPUT CH2 (BNC socket) 45

Channel 2 signal input.

CH3/4 (pushbutton) 45

Digital mode: Logic signal channels 3 and 4. On condition

OFF, CH4 becomes the external trigger input.

Analog mode: CH4 can be used for intensity modulation (Z)

if external triggering is switched off.

FFT (pushbutton) 46

Calls FFT menu, offers window and scaling selection, as well

as function switch off. Calls FFT menu if FFT mode is present.

Direct switch over from digital Yt mode to FFT mode.

CH3 LOGIC INPUT (BNC socket) 47

Input for logic signals in digital mode.

CH4 LOGIC INPUT (BNC-socket) 47

Digital mode: Input for logic signals or external trigger

signals. Analog mode: Input for intensity modulation (Z) or

external trigger signals.

PROBE / ADJ (socket) 47

Square wave signal output for frequency compensation of

x10 probes.

PROBE / ADJ (pushbutton) 47

Calls menu that offers COMPONENT Tester operation, fre-

quency selection of PROBE ADJ square wave signal, hard-

ware and software information and details about interface

(rear side) and “USB Stick“ (ﬂash drive) connector.

COMPONENT TESTER (2 sockets with 4 mm Ø) 48

Connectors for test leads of the Component Tester. Left

socket is galvanically connected with protective earth.

USB Stick (USB ﬂash drive connector; front side) 48

Enables storage and load of signals and signal parameters

in connection with USB ﬂash drives.

MENU OFF (pushbutton) 48

Switches the menu display off or one step back in the menu

hierarchy.

VA R VA R VA R x10

FFT-

Marker

POSITION 1 POSITION 2 HORIZONTAL

CH 3 CH 4

MATH

SAVE/

RECALL AUTOSET

ACQUIRE SETTINGS HELP

CH 1/2

VOLTS / DIV

SCALE ·VAR

VOLTS / DIV

SCALE ·VAR

TIME / DIV

SCALE ·VAR

20V 1 mV 20V 1 mV

X-POS

INPUTS

1MΩII15pF

max

400 Vp

X-INP

LOGIC

INPUTS

1MΩII15pF

max

100 Vp

INTENS

TRIGGER

LEVEL A/B

HM1508-2

ANALOG

DIGITAL

MIXED SIGNAL

OSCILLOSCOPE

1 GSa ·1 MB

150 MHz

50s 5ns

CURSOR

DIGITAL

ANALOG

DELAY

CH 3/4

MA/REF

ZOOM

FOCUS

TRACE

CAT I

MODE

FILTER

SOURCE

TRIG’d

NORM

HOLD OFF

VERT/XY

CH 3/4

CURSOR

MEASURE

FFT

RUN / STOP

CH 1 CH 2

TRIG. EXT. / Z-INP.

CH 1 CH 2 HOR MAG

AUTO

MEASURE

POWERPOWER

MENUMENU

OFFOFF

121110

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

31 34 32 33 35 36 38 37 39

COMBISCOPE

USB

Stick

COMP.

TESTER

PROBE

ADJ

POWER

MENUMENU

OFFOFF

43 42 41 40 44

10 Subject to change without notice

Basic signal measurement

Signals which can be measured

The following description pertains to analog and digital ope-

ration. The different speciﬁcations in both operating modes

should be kept in mind.

The oscilloscope HM1508-2 can display all repetitive signals

with a fundamental repetition frequency of at least 150MHz.

The frequency response is 0 to 150MHz (-3 dB). The vertical

ampliﬁers will not distort signals by overshoots, undershoots,

ringing etc.

Simple electrical signals like sine waves from line frequency

ripple to hf will be displayed without problems. However, when

measuring sine waves, the amplitudes will be displayed with an

error increasing with frequency. At 100MHz the amplitude error

will be around –10 %. As the bandwidths of individual instru-

ments will show a certain spread (the 150MHz is a guaranteed

minimum) the actual measurement error for sine waves cannot

be exactly determined.

Pulse signals contain harmonics of their fundamental fre-

quency which must be represented, so the maximum useful

repetition frequency of non sinusoidal signals is much lower

than 150 MHz (5 to 10 times). The criterion is the relationship

between the rise times of the signal and the scope; the scope’s

rise time should be <1/3 of the signal’s rise time if a faithful

reproduction without too much rounding of the signal shape

is to be preserved.

The display of a mixture of signals is especially difﬁcult if it

contains no single frequency with a higher amplitude as the

scope’s trigger system normally discriminates by amplitude.

This is typical of burst signals for example. Display of such

signals may require using the HOLD OFF control.

Composite video signals may be displayed easily as the instru-

ment has a tv sync separator.

The maximum sweep speed of 5 ns/cm allows sufﬁcient time

resolution, e.g. a 100MHz sine wave will be displayed one period

per 2 cm.

The vertical ampliﬁer inputs may be DC or AC coupled. Use DC

coupling only if necessary and preferably with a probe.

Low frequency signals when AC coupled will show tilt (AC low

frequency – 3 dB point is 1.6 Hz), so if possible use DC coupling.

Using a probe with 10:1 or higher attenuation will lower the

–3 dB point by the probe factor. If a probe cannot be used due

to the loss of sensitivity, DC coupling the scope and an external

large capacitor may help which, of course, must have a sufﬁcient

DC rating. Care must be taken, however, when charging and

discharging a large capacitor.

DC coupling is preferable with all signals of varying duty cycle,

otherwise the display will move up and down depending on the

duty cycle. Of course, pure DC can only be measured with DC

coupling.

The readout will show which coupling was chosen: = stands for

DC, ~ stands for AC.

Amplitude of signals

In contrast to the general use of rms values in electrical engi-

neering oscilloscopes are calibrated in Vpp as that is what is

displayed.

To derive rms from Vpp: divide by 2.84. To derive Vpp from rms:

multiply by 2.84.

Values of a sine wave signal

Vrms = rms value

Vpp = pp – value

Vmom = momentary value, depends on time vs. period.

The minimum signal for a one cm display is 1 mVpp ±5 % provi-

ded 1 mV/cm was selected and the variable is in the calibrated

position.

The available sensitivities are given in mVpp or Vpp. The cursors

let you read the amplitudes of the signals immediately on the

readout as the attenuation of probes is automatically taken into

account. Even if the probe attenuation was selected manually

this will be overridden if the scope identiﬁes a probe with an

identiﬁcation contact as different. The readout will always give

the true amplitude.

It is important that the variable be in its calibrated position.

The sensitivity may be continuously decreased by using the

variable (see Controls and Readout). Each intermediate value

between the calibrated positions 1–2–5 may be selected. Thus

a maximum of 400 Vpp may be displayed without using a probe

(20 V/div x 8 cm screen x 2.5 variable).

Amplitudes may be directly read off the screen by measuring

the height and multiplying by the V/div. setting.

STOP

Please note: Without a probe the maximum permis-

sible voltage at the inputs must not exceed 400 Vp

irrespective of polarity.

In case of signals with a DC content the peak value DC + AC

peak must not exceed + or – 400 Vp. Pure AC of up to 800 Vpp

is permissible.

STOP

If probes are used their possibly higher ratings are

only usable if the scope is DC coupled.

In case of measuring DC with a probe while the scope input is

AC coupled the capacitor in the scope input will see the input

DC voltage as it is in series with the internal 1 MΩ resistor.

This means that the maximum DC voltage (or DC + peak AC) is

that of the scope input, i.e. 400 VP! With signals which contain

DC and AC the DC content will stress the input capacitor while

the AC content will be divided depending on the AC impedance

Basic signal measurement

VpVrms

Vmom

Vpp

Subject to change without notice

of the capacitor. It may be assumed that this is negligible for

frequencies >40 Hz.

Considering the foregoing you may measure DC signals of

up to 400 V or pure AC signals of up to 800 Vpp with a HZ200

probe. Probes with higher attenuation like HZ53 100:1 allow

you to measure DC up to 1200 V and pure AC of up to 2400 Vpp.

(Please note the derating for higher frequencies, consult the

HZ53 manual). Stressing a 10:1 probe beyond its ratings will

risk destruction of the capacitor bridging the input resistor with

possible ensuing damage of the scope input!

If the residual ripple of a high voltage is to be measured, a high

voltage capacitor may be inserted in front of a 10:1 probe, it will

take most of the voltage as the value of the probe’s internal

capacitor is very low, 22 to 68 nF will be sufﬁcient.

If the input selector is switched to Ground the reference trace

on the screen may be positioned at graticule center or else-

where.

DC and AC components of an input signal

The dashed curve shows an AC signal symmetrical about zero. If

there is a DC component the peak value will be DC + AC peak.

Timing relationships

In most cases repetitive signals must be measured. The repe-

tition frequency of a signal is equal to the number of periods

per second. Depending on the TIME/DIV setting one or more

periods or part of a period of the signal may be displayed. The

time base settings will be indicated on the readout in s/cm,

ms/cm, μs/cm and ns/cm (1 cm is the equivalent of 1 div. on

the crt graticule). Also the cursors may be used to measure the

frequency or the period.

Without cursor the cycle duration can be determined by multi-

plying the length (cm) with the (calibrated) time coefﬁcient. The

reciprocal value is the frequency.

If portions of the signal are to be measured use delayed sweep

(analog mode) or zoom (digital mode) or the magniﬁer x10. Use

the HORIZONTAL positioning control to shift the portion to be

zoomed into the screen center.

Pulse signals are characterized by their rise and fall times

which are measured between the 10 % and 90 % portions. The

following example uses the internal graticule of the crt, but also

the cursors may be used for measurement.

Measurement:

– Adjust the rising portion of the signal to 5 cm.

– Position the rising portion symmetrically to the graticule

centre line, using both Y and X positioning controls.

– Notice the intersections of the signal with the 10 and 90 %

lines and project these points to the centre line in order to

read the time difference.

In the example it was 1.6 cm at 5 ns/cm equals 8 ns rise time.

When measuring very short rise times coming close to the scope

rise time it is necessary to subtract the scope’s (and if used the

probe’s) rise times geometrically from the rise time as seen on

the screen. The true signal rise time will become:

ttot is the rise time seen, tosc is the scope’s own rise time (2.3

ns with the HM1508-2), ttis the rise time of the probe, e.g. 2 ns.

If the signal’s rise time is >22 ns, the rise times of scope and

probe may be neglected.

For the measurement of rise times proceed mainly as outlined

above, however rise times may be measured anywhere on the

screen. It is mandatory that the rising portion of the signal be

measured in full and that the 10 to 90 % are observed. In case of

signals with over or undershoot, the 0 and 100 % levels are those

of the horizontal portions of the signal, i.e. the over/undershoot

must be disregarded for rise and fall time measurements. Also,

glitches should be disregarded. If signals are very distorted, ho-

wever, rise and fall time measurements may be of no value.

For most ampliﬁers, even if their pulse behaviour is far from

ideal, the following relationship holds:

350 350

ta=

——

B =

——

B ta

tr/ns = 350/Bandwidth/MHz

Connection of signals

In most cases pressing the AUTOSET button will yield a satisf-

actory display (see AUTOSET). The following relates to special

cases where manual settings will be advisable. For a description

of controls refer to ”Controls and Readout“.

STOP

Take care when connecting unknown signals to the

inputs!

It is recommended to use probes whenever possible. Without

a probe start with the attenuator set to its 20 V/cm position. If

the trace disappears the signal amplitude may be too large,

overdriving the vertical ampliﬁer and/or its DC content may be

too high. Reduce the sensitivity until the trace will reappears

on screen. If calibrated measurements are desired it will be

necessary to use a probe if the signal becomes >160 Vp. Check

the probe speciﬁcations in order to avoid overstressing. If the

time base is set too fast the trace may become invisible, then

reduce the time base speed.

Basic signal measurement

ta= 82- 2.32- 22= 7,4ns

ta= ttot2– tosc2– tt2

voltage

peak

DC + ACpeak = 400Vmax

5 cm

ttot

100%

90%

10%

12 Subject to change without notice

If no probe is used at least screened cable should be used,

such as HZ32 or HZ34. However, this is only advisable for low

impedance sources or low frequencies (<50 kHz). With high

frequencies impedance matching will be necessary.

Nonsinusoidal signals require impedance matching, at both

ends preferably. At the scope input a feed through 50Ω-termi-

nation will be required. HAMEG offers a HZ22 termination. If

proper terminations are not used, sizeable pulse aberrations

will result. Also sine wave signals of >100 kHz should be pro-

perly terminated. Most generators control signal amplitudes

only if correctly terminated.

HZ22 may only be used up to 7 Vrms or 20 Vpp i.e. 1 W.

For probes, terminations are neither required nor allowed, they

would ruin the signal.

Probes feature very low loads at fairly low frequencies: 10 MΩ

in parallel with few pF, valid up to several hundred kHz. How-

ever, the input impedance diminishes with rising frequency to

quite low values. This has to be borne in mind as probes are,

e.g., entirely unsuitable to measure signals across high impe-

dance high frequency circuits such as bandﬁlters etc.! Here

only FET probes can be used. Use of a probe as a rule will also

protect the scope input due to the high probe series resistance

(9MΩ). As probes cannot be calibrated precisely enough during

manufacturing, individual calibration with the scope input used

is mandatory! (See Probe Calibration).

Passive probes will, as a rule, decrease the scope bandwidth and

increase the rise time. We recommend to use HZ200 probes in

order to make maximum use of the combined bandwidth. HZ200

features 2 additional hf compensation adjustments.

Whenever the DC content is >400 V, DC coupling must be used

in order to prevent overstressing the scope input capacitor.

This is especially important if a 100:1 probe is used as this is

speciﬁed for 1200 VDC + peak AC.

AC coupling of low frequency signals may produce tilt.

If the DC content of a signal must be blocked, it is possible to

insert a capacitor of proper size and voltage rating in front of the

probe, a typical application would be a ripple measurement.

When measuring small voltages the selection of the ground

connection is of vital importance. It should be as close to voltage

take off point as possible, otherwise ground currents may de-

teriorate the measurement. The ground connections of probes

are especially critical, they should be as short as possible and

of large diameter.

STOP

If a probe is to be connected to a BNC connector use

a probe tip to BNC adapter.

If ripple or other interference is visible, especially at high sen-

sitivity, one possible reason may be multiple grounding. The

scope itself and most other equipment are connected to safety

ground, so ground loops may exist. Also, most instruments will

have capacitors between line and safety ground installed, which

conduct current from the live wire into the safety ground.

First time operation and initial adjustments

Prior to ﬁrst time operation the connection between the instru-

ment and safety ground must be ensured, hence the plug must

be inserted ﬁrst.

Use the red POWER pushbutton to turn the scope on. Several

displays will light up. The scope will then assume the set up,

which was selected before it was turned off. If no trace and

no readout are visible after approximately 20 sec, push the

AUTOSET button.

As soon as the trace becomes visible select an average inten-

sity with INTENS, then select FOCUS and adjust it, then select

TRACE ROTATION and adjust for a horizontal trace.

With respect to crt life, use only as much intensity as necessary

and convenient under given ambient light conditions. When not

in use, turn the intensity fully off rather than switching the scope

on and off too much as this is detrimental to the life of the crt

heater. Do not allow a stationary point on the screen, it might

burn the crt phosphor.

With unknown signals start with the lowest sensitivity 20 V/cm,

connect the input cables to the scope, and then to the measuring

object which should be de energized beforehand. Then turn the

measuring object on. If the trace disappears, push AUTOSET.

Trace rotation TR

The crt has an internal graticule. In order to adjust the deﬂected

beam with respect to this graticule the Trace Rotation control

is provided. Select the function Trace Rotation and adjust for a

trace which is exactly parallel to the graticule.

Probe adjustment and use

In order to ensure proper matching of the probe used to the

scope input impedance the oscilloscope contains a calibrator

with short rise time and an amplitude of 0.2 Vpp ± 1 %, equivalent

to 4 cm at 5 mV/cm when using 10:1 probes.

The inner diameter of the calibrator connector is 4.9 mm and

standardized for series F probes. Using this special connec-

tor is the only way to connect a probe to a fast signal source

minimizing signal and ground lead lengths and to ensure true

displays of pulse signals.

1 kHz – adjustment

This basic adjustment will ensure that the capacitive at-

tenuation equals the resistive attenuation thus rendering the

attenuation of the probe independent of frequency. 1:1 probes

can not be adjusted and need no such adjustment anyway.

Prior to adjustment make sure that the trace rotation adjust-

ment has been performed.

First time operation and initial adjustments

incorrect correct incorrect

Subject to change without notice

Operating modes of the vertical ampliﬁer

The controls most important for the vertical ampliﬁer are: VERT/

, CH1

, CH2

– and in digital mode also – CH3/4

They give access to the menus containing the operating modes

and the parameters of the individual channels.

Changing the operating mode is described in the chapter:

”Controls and Readout“.

Remark: Any reference to ”both channels“ always refers to

channels 1 and 2.

Usually oscilloscopes are used in the Yt mode. In analog mode

the amplitude of the measuring signal will deﬂect the trace

vertically while a time base will deﬂect it from left to right.

The vertical ampliﬁers offer these modes:

– One signal only with CH1.

– One signal only with CH2.

– Two signals with channels 1 and 2 (DUAL trace mode)

In DIGITAL mode the channels 3 and 4 are also available, but

for logic signals only.

In DUAL mode both channels are operative. In analog mode

the method of signal display is governed by the time base (see

also ”Controls and Readout“). Channel switching may either

take place after each sweep (alternate) or during sweeps at

high frequency (chopped).

The normal choice is alternate, however, at slow time base set-

tings the channel switching will become visible and disturbing,

when this occurs select the chopped mode in order to achieve

a stable quiet display.

In DIGITAL mode no channel switching is necessary as each

input has its own A/D converter, signal acquisition is simul-

taneous.

In ADD mode the two channels 1 and 2 are algebraically ad-

ded (±CH1 ±CH2). With +polarity the channel is normal, with

–polarity inverted. If +CH1 and –CH2 are selected the difference

will be displayed or vice versa.

Same polarity input signals:

Both channels not inverted: = sum

Both channels inverted: = sum

Only one channel inverted: = difference

Opposite polarity input signals:

Both channels not inverted: = difference

Both channels inverted: = difference

One channel inverted: = sum.

Please note that in ADD mode both position controls will be

operative. The INVERT function will not affect positioning.

Often the difference of two signals is to be measured at signal

points which are both at a high common mode (CM) potential.

While this one typical application of the difference mode one

important precaution has to be borne in mind: The oscilloscope

vertical ampliﬁers are two separate ampliﬁers and do not con-

stitute a true difference ampliﬁer with both a high CM rejection

and a high permissible CM range! Therefore please observe the

following rule: Always look at the two signals in the one channel

only or the dual modes (not in Add mode) and make sure that

Connect the 10:1 probe to the input. Use DC coupling. Set

the VOLTS/DIV to 5 mV/cm and TIME/DIV to 0.2 ms/cm, both

calibrated. Insert the probe tip into the calibrator connector

PROBE ADJ.

You should see 2 signal periods. Adjust the compensation ca-

pacitor (see the probe manual for the location) until the square

wave tops are exactly parallel to the graticule lines (see picture

1 kHz). The signal height should be 4 cm ±1.6 mm (3% oscillo-

scope and 1% probe tolerance). The rising and falling portions

of the square wave will be invisible.

1 MHz adjustment

The HAMEG probes feature additional adjustments in the

compensation box which allow you to optimise their hf be-

haviour. This adjustment is a precondition for achieving the

maximum bandwidth with the probe and a minimum of pulse

aberrations.

This adjustment requires a calibrator with a short rise time

(typ. 4 ns) and a 50Ω output, a frequency of 1 MHz, an amplitude

of 0.2 Vpp. The PROBE ADJ. output of the scope fulﬁls these

requirements.

Connect the probe to the scope input with which it is to be adju-

sted. Select the PROBE ADJ. signal 1 MHz. Select DC coupling and

5mV/cm with VOLTS/DIV. and 0.1 μs/cm with TIME/DIV., both

calibrated. Insert the probe tip into the calibrator output con-

nector. The screen should show the signal, and the rise and

fall times will be visible. Watch the rising portion and the top

left pulse corner, consult the manual for the location of the

adjustments.

The criteria for a correct adjustment are:

– short rise time, steep slope.

– clean top left corner with minimum over or undershoot, ﬂat

top.

After adjustment check the amplitude which should be the

same as with 1 kHz.

It is important to ﬁrst adjust 1 kHz, then 1 MHz. It may be ne-

cessary to check the 1 kHz adjustment again.

Please note that the frequency of the calibrator signals is not

calibrated and thus must not be used to check the time base

accuracy, also the duty cycle may differ from 1:1.The probe

adjustment is completed if the pulse tops are horizontal and

the amplitude calibration is correct.

Operating modes of the vertical amplifier

incorrect correct incorrect

14 Subject to change without notice

they are within the permissible input signal range; this is the

case if they can be displayed in these modes. Only then switch

to ADD. If this precaution is disregarded grossly false displays

may result as the input range of one or both ampliﬁers may

be exceeded.

Another precondition for obtaining true displays is the use of

two identical probes at both inputs. But note that normal probe

tolerances (percent) will cause the CM rejection to be expected

to be rather moderate. In order to obtain the best possible re-

sults proceed as follows: First adjust both probes as carefully

as possible, then in Add mode select the same sensitivity at

both inputs and connect both probes to the output of a pulse

generator with sufﬁcient amplitude to yield a good display. Re-

adjust one (!) of the probe adjustment capacitors for a minimum

of over or undershoot. As there is no adjustment provided with

which the resistors can be matched a residual pulse signal will

be unavoidable. When making difference measurements it is

good practice to ﬁrst connect the ground cables of the probes

to the object prior to connecting the probe tips. There may be

high potentials between the object and the scope. If a probe tip

is connected ﬁrst there is danger of overstressing the probe or/

and the scope inputs! Never perform difference measurements

without both probe ground cables connected.

XY operation

This mode is accessed by VERT/XY

>XY. In analog mode the

timebase will be turned off. The channel 1 signal will deﬂect in X

direction (X INP. = horizontal input), hence the input attenuators,

the variable and the POSITION 1 control will be operative. The

HORIZONTAL control will also remain functional.

Channel 2 will deﬂect in Y direction.

The x10 magniﬁer will be inoperative in XY mode. Please note the

differences in the Y and X bandwidths, the X ampliﬁer has a lower

–3 dB frequency than the Y ampliﬁer. Consequently the phase

difference between X and Y will increase with frequency.

In XY mode the X signal (CH1 = X INP). cannot be inverted.

The XY mode may generate Lissajous ﬁgures which simplify

some measuring tasks and make others possible:

– Comparison of two signals of different frequency or adjust-

ment of one frequency until it is equal to the other and

becomes synchronized.

– This is also possible for multiples or fractions of one of the

frequencies.

Phase measurements with Lissajous ﬁgures

The following pictures show two sine waves of equal amplitude

and frequency but differing phase.

Calculation of the phase angle between the X and Ysignals (after

reading a and b off the screen) is possible using the following

formulas and a pocket calculator with trigonometric functions.

This calculation is independent of the signal amplitudes:

Please note:

– As the trigonometric functions are periodic, limit the cal-

culation to angles <90 degrees. This is where this function

is most useful.

– Do not use too high frequencies,

because, as explained above, the

two amplifiers are not identical,

their phase difference increases

with frequency. The spec gives the

frequency at which the phase diffe-

rence will stay <3 degrees.

– The display will not show which of the two frequencies does

lead or lag. Use a CR combination in front of the input of the

frequency tested. As the input has a 1MΩ resistor it will be

sufﬁcient to insert a suitable capacitor in series. If the ellipse

increases with the C compared to the C short circuited the

test signal will lead and vice versa. This is only valid <90

degrees. Hence C should be large and just create a barely

visible change.

If in XY mode, one or both signals may disappear, showing only

a line or a point, mostly very bright. In case of only a point there

is danger of phosphor burn, so turn the intensity down imme-

diately; if only a line is shown the danger of burn will increase

the shorter the line is. Phosphor burn is permanent.

Measurement of phase differences in dual channel

Yt mode

Please note: Do not use ”alternate trigger“ because the time

differences shown are arbitrary and depend only on the respec-

tive signal shapes! Make it a rule to use alternate trigger only

in rare special cases.

The best method of measuring time or phase differences is using

the dual channel Yt mode. Of course, only times may be read off

the screen, the phase must then be calculated as the frequency

is known. This is a much more accurate and convenient method

as the full bandwidth of the scope is used, and both ampliﬁers

are almost identical. Trigger the time base from the signal

which will be the reference. It is necessary to position both

traces without signal exactly on the graticule center (POSITION

1 and 2). The variables and trigger level controls may be used,

this will not inﬂuence the time difference measurement. For

best accuracy display only one period at high amplitude and

observe the zero crossings. One period equals 360 degrees.

It may be advantageous to use ac coupling if there is an offset

in the signals.

In this example t = 3 cm and T = 10 cm, the phase difference in

degrees will result from:

5 3

ϕ° =

—

·360° =

—

·360° = 108°

T 10

or in angular units:

t 3

arc ϕ° =

—

· 2π=

—

· 2π= 1,885 rad

T 10

Operating modes of the vertical amplifier

t = horizontal spacing of the zero

transitions in div

T= horizontal spacing for one

period in div

0° 35° 90° 180°

sin ϕ=

—

cos ϕ= 1 –

(

—

ϕ= arc sin

—

Subject to change without notice

Very small phase differences with moderately high frequencies

may yield better results with Lissajous ﬁgures.

However, in order to get higher precision it is possible to switch

to higher sensitivities after accurately positioning at graticule

centre, thus overdriving the inputs resulting in sharper zero

crossings. Also, it is possible to use half a period over the full

10 cm. As the time base is quite accurate, increasing the time

base speed after adjusting for e.g. one period = 10 cm and

positioning the ﬁrst crossing on the ﬁrst graticule line will also

give better resolution.

Measurement of amplitude modulation

Please note: Use this only in analog mode because in digital

mode alias displays may void the measurement! For the display

of low modulation frequencies a slow time base (TIME/DIV) has

to be selected in order to display one full period of the modula-

ting signal. As the sampling frequency of any digital oscilloscope

must be reduced at slow time bases it may become too low for

a true representation.

The momentary amplitude at time t of a hf carrier frequency

modulated by a sinusoidal low frequency is given by:

u = UT·sinΩt + 0,5m ·UT·cos (Ω- ω) t - 0,5m ·UT·cos (Ω- ω) t

where: UT= amplitude of the unmodulated carrier

Ω= 2πF = angular carrier frequency

ω= 2πf = modulation angular frequency

m = modulation degree (≤1 v100%)

In addition to the carrier a lower side band F – f and an upper

side band F + f will be generated by the modulation.

Picture 1: Amplitudes and frequencies with AM (m = 50 %) of

the spectra

As long as the frequencies involved remain within the scope’s

bandwidth the amplitude modulated HF can be displayed. Pre-

ferably the time base is adjusted so that several signal periods

will be displayed. Triggering is best done from the modulation

frequency. Sometimes a stable displayed can be achieved by

adjusting the time base variable.

Picture 2: Amplitude modulated hf. F = 1 MHz, f = 1 kHz,

m = 50 %, UT= 28,3 mVrms

Set the scope controls as follows in order to display the picture

2 signal:

CH1 only, 20 mV/cm, AC

TIME/DIV: 0.2 ms/cm

Triggering: NORMAL, AC, internal.

Use the time base variable or external triggering.

Reading a and b off the screen the modulation degree will

result:

a – b a – b

m =

——

bzw. m =

—— ·100 [%]

a + b a + b

a = UT (1 + m) and b = UT(1 – m)

When measuring the modulation degree the amplitude and time

variables can be used without any inﬂuence on the result.

Triggering and time base

The most important controls and displays for these functions

are to be found in the shaded TRIGGER area, they are described

in „Controls and Readout“.-

In YT mode the signal will deﬂect the trace vertically while the

time will deﬂect it horizontally, the speed can be selected.

In general periodic voltage signals are displayed with a peri-

odically repeating time base. In order to have a stable display,

successive periods must trigger the time base at exactly the

same time position of the signal (amplitude and slope).

STOP

Pure DC can not trigger the time base, a voltage

change is necessary.

Triggering may be internal from any of the input signals or

externally from a time related signal.

For triggering a minimum signal amplitude is required which

can be determined with a sine wave signal. With internal trigge-

ring the trigger take off within the vertical ampliﬁers is directly

following the attenuators. The minimum amplitude is speciﬁed

in mm on the screen. Thus it is not necessary to give a minimum

voltage for each setting of the attenuator.

For external triggering the appropriate input connector is used,

thus the input amplitude necessary is given in Vpp. The voltage

for triggering may be much higher than the minimum, however,

it should be limited to 20 times the minimum. Please note that

for good triggering the external voltage should be a good deal

above the minimum. The scope features two trigger modes to

be described in the following:

Automatic peak triggering (MODE menu)

Consult the chapters MODE

>AUTO, LEVEL A/B

, FILTER

and SOURCE

in ”Controls and Readout“. Using AUTOSET

this trigger mode will be automatically selected. With DC cou-

pling and with alternate trigger this mode will be left while the

automatic triggering will remain.

Automatic triggering causes a new time base start after the

end of each foregoing sweep and after the hold off time has

Triggering and time base

F – f FF + f

0,5m · UT0,5m · UT

m · UT

16 Subject to change without notice

elapsed even without any input signal. Thus there is always

a visible trace in analog or digital mode. The position of the

trace(s) without any signal is then given by the settings of the

POSITION controls.

As long as there is a signal, scope operation will not need more

than a correct amplitude and time base setting. With signals

<20 Hz their period is longer than the time the auto trigger

circuit will wait for a new trigger, consequently the auto trigger

circuit will start the time base irrespective of the signal. Hence

the the display will not be triggered and free run, quite inde-

pendent of the signal’s amplitude which may be much larger

than the minimum.

Also in auto peak trigger mode, the trigger level control is active.

Its range will be automatically adjusted to coincide with the

signal’s peak to peak amplitude, hence the name. The trigger

point will thus become almost independent of signal amplitu-

de. This means that even if the signal is decreased the trigger

will follow, the display will not lose trigger. As an example: the

duty cycle of a square wave may change between 1:1 and 100:1

without losing the trigger.

Depending on the signal the LEVEL A/B control may have to be

set to one of its extreme positions.

The simplicity of this mode recommends it for most uncompli-

cated signals. It is also preferable for unknown signals.

This trigger mode is independent of the trigger source and

usable as well for internal as external triggering. But the signal

must be >20 Hz.

Normal trigger mode (See menu MODE)

Consult the chapters: MODE

>AUTO, LEVEL A/B

, FILTER

and SOURCE

in ”Controls and Readout“. Information

about how to trigger very difﬁcult signals can be found in the

HOR VAR menu

where the functions time base, ﬁne adjust-

ment VAR, HOLD OFF time setting, and time base B operation

are explained.

With normal triggering and suitable trigger level setting, trigge-

ring may be chosen on any point of the signal slope. Here, the

range of the trigger level control depends on the trigger signal

amplitude. With signals <1 cm care is necessary.

In normal mode triggering there will be no trace visible in the

absence of a signal or when the signal is below the minimum

trigger amplitude requirement!

Normal triggering will function even with complicated signals. If

a mixture of signals is displayed triggering will require repetition

of amplitudes to which the level can be set. This may require

special care in adjustment.

Slope selection (Menu FILTER)

After entering FILTER

the trigger slope may be selected using

the function keys. See also ”Controls and Readout“. AUTOSET

will not change the slope.

Positive or negative slope may be selected in auto or normal

trigger modes. Also, a setting ”both“ may be selected which will

cause a trigger irrespective of the polarity of the next slope.

Rising slope means that a signal comes from a negative po-

tential and rises towards a positive one. This is independent

of the vertical position. A positive slope may exist also in the

negative portion of a signal. This is valid in automatic and

normal modes.

Trigger coupling (Menu: FILTER)

Consult chapters: MODE

>AUTO, LEVEL A/B

, FILTER

and SOURCE

in ”Controls and Readout“. In AUTOSET DC

coupling will be used unless ac coupling was selected before.

The frequency responses in the diverse trigger modes may be

found in the speciﬁcations.

With internal DC coupling with or without LF ﬁlter use normal

triggering and the level control. The trigger coupling selected

will determine the frequency response of the trigger channel.

AC:

This is the standard mode. Below and above the fall off of the

frequency response, more trigger signal will be necessary.

DC:

With direct coupling there is no lower frequency limit, so this

is used with very slowly varying signals. Use normal triggering

and the level control. This coupling is also indicated if the signal

varies in its duty cycle.

HF:

A high pass is inserted in the trigger channel, thus blocking low

frequency interference like ﬂicker, noise etc.

Noise Reject:

This trigger coupling mode or ﬁlter is a low pass suppressing

high frequencies. This is useful in order to eliminate hf inter-

ference of low frequency signals. This ﬁlter may be used in

combination with DC or ac coupling, in the latter case very low

frequencies will also be attenuated.

LF:

This is also a low pass ﬁlter with a still lower cut off frequency

than above which also can be combined with DC or ac coupling.

Selecting this ﬁlter may be more advantageous than using DC

coupling in order to suppress noise producing jitter or double

images. Above the pass band the necessary trigger signal will

rise. Together with ac coupling there will also result a low

frequency cut off.

Video (tv triggering)

Selecting MODE >Video will activate the built in TV sync se-

parator. It separates the sync pulses from the picture content

and thus enables stable triggering independent of the changing

video content.

Composite video signals may be positive or negative. The sync

pulses will only be properly extracted if the polarity is correct.

The deﬁnition of polarity is as follows: if the video is above the

sync it is positive, otherwise it is negative. The polarity can be

selected after selecting FILTER. If the polarity is wrong the

display will be unstable or not triggered at all as triggering will

then initiated by the video content. With internal triggering a

minimum signal height of 5 mm is necessary.

The PAL sync signal consists of line and frame signals which

differ in duration. Pulse duration is 5 μs in 64 μs intervals. Frame

sync pulses consist of several pulses each 28 μs repeating each

half frame in 20 ms intervals.

Both sync pulses differ in duration and in their repetition inter-

vals. Triggering is possible with both.

Triggering and time base

Subject to change without notice

Frame sync pulse triggering

Remark:

Using frame sync triggering in dual trace chopped mode

may result in interference, so here the dual trace alternate

mode should be chosen. It may also be necessary to turn the

readout off.

In order to achieve frame sync pulse triggering call MODE,

select video signal triggering and then FILTER to select frame

triggering. It may be selected further whether ”all“, ”only even“

or ”only odd“ half frames shall trigger. Of course, the correct tv

standard must be selected ﬁrst of all (625/50 or 525/60).

The time base setting should be selected to suit, with 2 ms/cm

a complete half frame will be displayed. Frame sync pulses

consist of several pulses with a half line rep rate.

Line sync pulse triggering

In order to choose line snyc triggering call MODE and select

VIDEO, enter FILTER, make sure that the correct video standard

is selected (625/50 or 525/60) and select Line.

If ALL was selected each line sync pulse will trigger. It is also

possible to select a line number ”LINE No.“.

In order to display single lines a time base setting of TIME/DIV.

= 10 μs/cm is recommended, this will show 1½ lines. In general

the composite video signal contains a high DC component which

can be removed by ac coupling, provided the picture is steady.

Use the POSITION control to keep the display within the screen.

If the video content changes such as with a regular TV program,

only DC coupling is useful, otherwise the vertical position would

continuously move.

The sync separator is also operative with external triggering.

Consult the speciﬁcations for the permissible range of trigger

voltage. The correct slope must be chosen as the external

trigger may have a different polarity from the composite video.

In case of doubt display the external trigger signal.

LINE trigger

Consult SOURCE

in ”Controls and Readout“ for speciﬁc

information.

If the readout shows Tr:Line the trigger signal will be internally

taken from the line (50 or 60 Hz).

This trigger signal is independent of the scope input signals and

is recommended for all signals synchronous with the line. Within

limits this will also be true for multiples or fractions of the line

frequency. As the trigger signal is taken off internally there is

no minimum signal height on the screen for a stable display.

Hence even very small voltages like ripple or line frequency

interference can be measured.

Please note that with line triggering the polarity switching will

select either the positive or negative half period of the line, not

the slope. The trigger level control will move the trigger point

over most of a half wave.

Line frequency interference may be checked using a search

coil which preferably should have a high number of turns and

a shielded cable. Insert a 100Ω resistor between the center

conductor and the BNC connector. If possible the coil should

be shielded without creating a shorted winding.

Alternate trigger

This mode (only available in analog mode) is selected with

SOURCE

>Alt. 1/2. The readout will display Tr:alt, but no

trigger point symbol indicating level and time position. Instead

an arrow pointing upwards will indicate the trigger time posi-

tion if this lies within the screen area. The Trigger symbol is

not indicated.

This trigger mode is to be used with greatest care and should be

an exception rather than the rule, because the time relationships

visible on the screen are completely meaningless, they depend

only on the shape of the signals and the trigger level!

In this mode the trigger source will be switched together with

the channel switching, so that when CH1 is displayed in the dual

channel alternate mode, the trigger is taken from CH1 and when

CH2 is displayed, the trigger is taken from CH2. This way two

uncorrelated signals can be displayed together. If this mode is

inadvertently chosen the time relationships between the signals

will also be lost when both signals are correlated! (Except for the

special case that both happen to be square waves with extremely

fast rise times). Of course, this trigger mode is only possible in

the dual channel alternate mode and also not with external or

line trigger. AC coupling is recommended for most cases.

External triggering

If Yt (time base) mode is present, this trigger mode may be

selected with SOURCE

>Extern. In digital mode it is only

possible if channels 3 and 4 are turned off. The readout will dis-

play Tr:ext. CH4

will be the input for the external trigger, all

internal sources will be disconnected. In this mode the trigger

point symbol (level and time position) will not be displayed, only

the trigger time position will be indicated. External triggering

requires a signal of 0.3 to 3 Vpp, synchronous with the vertical

input signal(s).

Triggering will also be possible within limits with multiples or

fractions of the vertical input signal frequency. As the trigger

signal may have any polarity, it may happen that the vertical

input signal will start with a negative slope in spite of having

selected positive slope; slope selection refers now to the ex-

ternal trigger.

Indication of triggered operation (TRIG’D LED)

Refer item

in ”Controls and Readout“. The LED labelled

TRIG’D indicates triggered operation provided:

– Sufﬁcient amplitude of the internal or external trigger signal.

– The trigger point symbol is not above or below the signal.

If these conditions are met the trigger comparator will output

triggers to start the time base and to turn on the trigger indi-

cation. The trigger indicator is helpful for setting the trigger

up, especially with low frequency signals (use normal trigger)

and very short pulses.

The trigger indication will store and display triggers for 100 ms.

With signals of very low rep rate the indicator will ﬂash accor-

dingly. If more than one signal period is shown on the screen

the indicator will ﬂash each period.

Hold off time adjustment

Consult ”Controls and Readout“ HOR VAR

>Hold off time

for speciﬁc information.

Triggering and time base

18 Subject to change without notice

After the time base has deﬂected the trace from left to right,

the trace will be blanked so the retrace is invisible. The next

sweep will, however, not immediately start. Time is required to

perform internal switching, so the next start is delayed for the

so called hold off time, irrespective of the presence of triggers.

The hold off time can be extended from its minimum by a factor

of 10:1. Manipulation of the hold off time and thus of the time for

a complete sweep period from start to start can be useful e.g.

when data packets are to be displayed. It may seem that such

signals can not be triggered. The reason is that the possible

start of a new sweep does not coincide with the start of a data

packet, it may start anywhere, even before a data packet. By

varying the hold off time, a stable display will be achieved by

setting it so that the hold off ends just before the start of a data

packet. This is also handy with burst signals or non periodic

pulse trains.

A signal may be corrupted by noise or hf interference so a double

display will appear. Sometimes varying the trigger level cannot

prevent the double display but will only affect the apparent time

relationship between two signals. Here the variable hold off time

will help to arrive at a single display.

Sometimes a double display will appear when a pulse signal

contains pulses of slightly differing height requiring delicate

trigger level adjustment. Also here increasing the hold off time

will help.

Whenever the hold off time has been increased it should reset

to its minimum for other measurements, otherwise the bright-

ness will suffer as the sweep rep rate will not be maximum. The

following pictures demonstrate the function of the hold off:

Fig. 1: Display with minimum hold off time (basic setting).

Double image, no stable display.

Fig. 2: By increasing the hold off a stable display is achieved.

Time base B (2nd time base). Delaying, Delayed

Sweep. Analog mode

Consult ”Controls and Readout“ HOR VAR

and TIME/DIV.

for speciﬁc information.

As was described in ”Triggering and time base“ a trigger will

start the time base. While waiting for a trigger, after completion

of the hold off time, the trace will remain blanked. A trigger will

cause trace unblanking and the sweep ramp which deﬂects

the trace from left to right with the speed set with TIME/DIV.

At the end of the sweep the trace will be blanked again and

reset to the start position. During a sweep the trace will also be

deﬂected vertically by the input signal. In fact the input signal

does continuously deﬂect the trace vertically, but this will be

only visible during the unblanking time. This is, by the way, one

marked difference to digital operation where the input signal is

only measured during the acquisition time, for most of the time

the digital oscilloscope will not see the signal. Also, in analog

mode the signal itself will be seen on the screen in real time,

whereas a digital oscilloscope can only show some time later

a reconstruction of the signal acquired.

In analog mode the display will always start on the left. Let us

assume one period of a signal is displayed at a convenient time

base setting. Increasing the sweep speed with TIME/DIV. will

expand the display from the start, so that parts of the signal

will disappear from the screen. It is thus possible to expand

the beginning of the signal period and show ﬁne detail, but it

is impossible to show such ﬁne detail for ”later“ parts of the

signal.

The x10 Magniﬁer (MAG x10) may be used to expand the display

and the horizontal positioning control can shift any part of the

display into the centre, but the factor of 10 is ﬁxed.

The solution requires a second time base, called time base B.

In this mode time base A is called the delaying sweep and

time base B the delayed sweep. The signal is ﬁrst displayed

by TB A alone. Then TB B is also turned on which is the mode

”A intensiﬁed by B“. TB B should always be set to a higher sweep

rate than A, thus its sweep duration will be also shorter than

that of A. The TB A sweep sawtooth is compared to a voltage

which can be varied such that TB A functions as a precision

time delay generator. Depending on the amplitude of the com-

parison voltage a signal is generated anywhere between sweep

start and end.

In one of two operating modes this signal will start TB B imme-

diately. The TB A display will be intensiﬁed for the duration of

TB B, so that one sees which portion of the signal is covered by

TB B. By varying the comparison voltage the start of TB B can

be moved over the whole signal as it is displayed by TB A. Then

the mode is switched to TB B. The signal portion thus selected is

now displayed by TB B. This is called „B delayed by A“. Portions

of the signal can thus be expanded enormously, however, the

higher the speed of TB B the darker the display will become as

the rep rate will remain that of the accepted signal triggers while

the duration of TB B is reduced with increasing speed.

In cases where there is jitter the TB B can be switched to wait

for a trigger rather than starting immediately. When a trigger

arrives TB B will be started by it. The jitter is removed, however,

the effect is also, that the TB B start now can be only from signal

period to signal period, no continuous adjustment is possible

in this mode.

Alternate sweep

In this mode the signal is displayed twice, with both time bases.

An artiﬁcial Y offset can be added in order to separate the two

displays on the screen. The operation is analogous to Y dual

trace alternate mode, i.e., the signal is alternately displayed by

both time bases, not simultaneously which is not possible with

a single gun crt. TB B operation is the same here.

Triggering and time base

period

heavy parts are displayed

signal

adjusting

HOLD OFF time

sweep

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Subject to change without notice

AUTOSET

For speciﬁc information consult ”Controls and Readout“ AU-

TOSET

The following description is valid for both analog and digital

mode. AUTOSET does not change from analog to digital mode

or vice versa. If in digital mode the modes ”Roll“, ”Envelope“ or

”Average“ (ACQUIRE) are present or the trigger mode „Single“

(MODE) is selected, theses modes will be switched off as AU-

TOSET always switches to ”Refresh“ acquistion. The signal to

be displayed must meet the amplitude and frequency require-

ments of automatic triggering, to enable a useful automatic

instrument setting.

All controls except for the POWER switch are electronically

scanned, all functions can also be controlled by the microcom-

puter, i.e. also via the interfaces.

This is a precondition for AUTOSET as this function must be able

to control all functions independent of control settings. With the

exception of FFT, AUTOSET will always switch to YT mode, but

preserve the previous selection of CH1, CH2 or dual trace; ADD

or XY modes will be switched to dual trace Yt.

AUTOSET helps in combination with FFT to avoid scaling pro-

blems and ensures that the signal height is within A/D converter

limits.

Automatic setting of the vertical sensitivities and the time base

will present a display within 6 cm height (4 cm per signal in dual

trace) and about 2 signal periods. This is true for signals not

differing too much from a 1:1 duty cycle. For signals containing

several frequencies like video signals the display may vary.

Initiating the AUTOSET function will set the following operating

conditions:

– last selection of ac or DC coupling

– internal triggering

– automatic triggering

– automatic trigger source selection

– trigger level set to the center of its range

– calibrated Y sensitivities

– calibrated time base

– AC or DC trigger coupling unmodiﬁed

– HF trigger coupling switched to DC

– LF or Noise Reject ﬁlters left

– X magniﬁer switched off

– Y and X positioning automatic

Please note:

For pulse signals with duty cycles approaching 400:1 no au-

tomatic signal display will be possible.

In such cases switch to normal trigger mode and set the trigger

position about 5 mm above the centre. If the trigger LED lights

up, a trigger is generated and the time base is operating. In

order to obtain a visible display it may be necessary to change

the time base and V/DIV settings. Depending on the duty cycle

and the frequency, the signal may still remain invisible. This

applies only to analog mode. In digital mode the trace is always

of equal brightness because not the actual signal is shown,

but a low frequency construction of it. Also there is no stored

information about the trace intensity.

Component Tester

Speciﬁc information can be found in ”Controls and Readout“ un-

der COMPONENT/PROBE

and COMPONENT TESTER

The scope has a built in component tester. The test object is con-

nected with 4 mm banana plugs. In this mode the Y ampliﬁers

and the time base are turned off. If the components are part of a

circuit this must be de energized and disconnected from safety

ground. Except for the two test leads there must be no further

connection between scope and component. (See ”Tests within a

circuit“). As described in section ”Safety“ all ground connections

of the scope are connected to safety ground including those of

the component tester. As long as individual components are

tested this is of no consequence.

The display can only be affected by the controls contained in

the FOCUS/TRACE menu: A-Int., Focus, Trace rotation, HORI-

ZONTAL position.

If components are to be tested which are part of a circuit or

an instrument they must ﬁrst be de energized. If they are con-

nected to the mains they must be unplugged. This will prevent

a connection between scope and circuit via the safety ground

which may affect the measurement.

STOP

Do not test charged capacitors.

The principle of the test is very simple: a sine wave generator

within the scope generates a 50 Hz ±10 % voltage which is

applied to a series connection of the test object and a resistor

within the scope. The sine wave proper deﬂects in X direction,

the voltage across the resistor which is proportional to the test

current deﬂects in Y direction.

If the object contains neither capacitors nor inductors, there will

be no phase shift between voltage and current, so a straight

line will show up which will be more or less slanted, depending

on the value of the object’s resistance, covering approx. 20Ω

to 4.7kΩ. If there is a short circuit, the trace will be vertical,

i.e. (almost) no voltage produces a high current. A horizontal

line will thus indicate an open circuit: there is only voltage but

no current.

Capacitors or inductors will create ellipses. The impedance

may be calculated from the ellipse’s geometric dimensions.

Capacitors of approx. 0.1 μF to 1000 μF will be indicated.

– An ellipse with its longer axis horizontal indicates a high

impedance (low capacitance or high inductance)

– An ellipse with its longer axis vertical will indicate a low

impedance (high capacitance or low inductance)

– A slanted ellipse will indicate a lossy capacitor or induc-

tor.

Semiconductors will show their diode characteristics, however,

only 20 Vpp are available, so the forward and reverse characte-

ristics can only be displayed up to 10 Vp in each direction. The

test is a two terminal test, hence it is not possible to measure

e.g. the current gain of a transistor. One can only test B-C, B-E,

and C-E. The test current is only a few mA, so the test will not

harm ordinary semiconductors. (Sensitive devices like delicate

hf transistors etc. should not be tested). The limitation to 10 Vp

with bipolar transistors will usually sufﬁce as common defects

will show up.The best method to verify whether a component

is defective is comparison to a good one. If the lettering of a

component is not legible at least it is possible to see whether it

20 Subject to change without notice

is a npn or pnp transistor or which end of a diode is the cathode.

Please note that reversing the test leads will also invert the

picture, i.e. turn it 180 degrees.

In most cases, e.g. with service and repair, it will be sufﬁcient

to receive a good/bad result (open, short). With MOS compo-

nents the usual precautions are to be observed, but note, that

except for a possible short MOSFETs and JFETs can not be

sufﬁciently tested. Indications to be expected depend strongly

on the kind of FET:

– With depletion type MOSFETs and all JFETs the channel will

conduct if prior to testing, the gate was connected to the

source. The Rdson will be shown. As this can be very low it

may look like a plain short although the part is good!

– With enhancement type MOSFETs an open circuit will be

seen in all directions, as the threshold voltage G – S is not

available. With power MOSFETs the antiparallel diode S – D

can be seen.

Tests of components within circuits are possible in many cases

but less indicative because other components may be in parallel.

But also here the comparison with a good circuit might help.

Both circuits must be de energized and t is only necessary to

switch the test leads back and forth between them in order

to localize a defective spot. Sometimes, such as with stereo

ampliﬁers, pushpull circuits, bridge circuits, there is a com-

parison circuit right on the same board. In cases of doubt one

component lead can be unsoldered, the other one should then

be connected to the ground lead. This is labelled with a ground

symbol. The pictures show some practical examples:

Component Tester

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