Silva 515 User manual

A PRECISION INSTRUMENT
DESIGNED FOR
PROFESSIONAL USE.
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
RANGER COMPASS
model: 515

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Your Silva Ranger Compass is a precision instrument made by experi-
enced specialists in this field; it is the finest hand compass available for professional
use.Your Silva Ranger is finely crafted to withstand rigors associated with the out-
door professions. It is a rugged, durable piece of equipment that, with proper care,
will remain dependable and accurate.
We recommend that you read this manual to understand the basic functions of
the compass.When you read, keep in mind that no two compass applications are
identical. The instructions given here are intended to provide you with a working
knowledge that you will be able to apply in almost any situation.
The illustrated 360 Degree Graduations are based on standard dial graduations
of 360 degrees, in 2º increments.With this graduation North is 0º and increases
clockwise so East is 90º, South is 180º,West is 270º and 360º is again North. 0º
and 360º are the same direction.
The Silva Ranger Model 515CLQ has Quadrant Graduations.With this graduation
North is 0º and increases clockwise so East is 90º then it decreases so South is 0º
then increases so West is 90º and then decreases so North is 0º. Instructions in
this manual will apply to this graduation except when it is necessary to refer to the
proper “quadrant,” such as North 20º East, or North 15º West, or South 40º East
or South l0º West.

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compass cover
luminous points
base plate
black clinometer
pointer
magnetic needle with
red north
2X magnifier
scale in mm
sight
mirror
sighting line
index pointer
orienting arrow with red
north end
meridian lines
liquid filled capsule
bezel with
2º graduations
scale in inches

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GENERAL SUGGESTIONS
Your Silva Ranger compass may be used for finding directions with or without the
aid of the sighting mirror. LEARN BOTH WAYS.
1. When extreme accuracy required:With the sighting mirror, hold compass at eye
level with cover opened to an acute angle.
2.When quick accuracy required:With the sighting line as a direction pointer, hold
the compass at waist level with cover wide open. In either instance, the compass
must be held level enough to permit the needle to swing freely.
Always check compass function prior to using it in the field. Be aware that expos-
ing your compass to articles with iron content (a magnetic field) can cause the
red end of the needle to align with South, a condition called reverse polarity.
Something as simple as being placed next to a pair of scissors or knife for a length
of time, microwaves, high tension wires, stereo speakers, magnets, etc. can cause
this problem.
Asmall bubble may form in the liquid compass, but it has no influence on accuracy.
The appearance and disappearance of this bubble is due to changes in temperature
and atmospheric pressure. Bubbles larger than 1/4" diameter, however, should be
viewed with suspicion and probably are caused by a leaking capsule.
To increase their brilliance, expose the luminous points to bright light before use.
Protect your compass from high temperatures extremes.The heat expanded liquid
could damage the capsule.

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THE CLINOMETER
The SILVA Ranger compasses are practical instruments for measuring angles of
inclination.The long side of the compass coincides with the slope of the terrain.
Measure an angle of inclination in the following way:
1. Open the lid completely.
2.Turn the dial so that the cardinal point “W” on the dial is set at the index pointer.
3. Hold he compass at eye level with arms out-stretched so that the clinometer
needle is hanging vertically and follows the scale in the bottom of the compass
housing.“S” on the compass should point down.
4. Let one long side of the compass coincide with the slope of the terrain— the
inclination you wish to measure.
5. Read the angle of inclination at the point of the clinometer needle.
RULES OF USE
Two separate sets of rules apply to the use of a magnetic compass. One set applies
if you work “from map to terrain.” In this case you take “map bearings.” In the fol-
lowing, Sections A, B, C, D and E deal with “from map to terrain.”
Exactly opposite rules apply if you work “from terrain to map.” In this case you use
“field bearings,” also called “magnetic bearings” and “compass bearings,” Sections F,
G and H deal with “from terrain to map.”
The word “map” is broadly interpreted to also include charts, descriptions and even
a mental picture of the terrain.

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BASIC CONDITIONS TO DETERMINE FIELD DIRECTIONS
Section A
To use the compass to indicate directions in the field, two basic conditions must
always be accomplished.These are:
1.The dial must be set to the desired degree reading. If the degree or direction is
known, turn the dial to the correct reading at the index pointer. If the degree is
unknown, then it should be obtained from a suitable map.
2.Without changing the dial setting, the entire compass must be positioned so that
the orienting arrow lines up with the magnetic needle and the red end of needle
lies between the two orienting points.
When both conditions are fulfilled, the desired direction is indicated by the sighting
line or by the sight.
DETERMINE DIRECTIONS WITHOUT THE SIGHT
Section B
To fulfill the two conditions described in Sect. A:
Set dial according to Sect.A (1)
• With the dial set, open the cover wide and hold it waist high in front of you.
The sight and sighting line should be pointing ahead of you not back toward
your body.The sighting line now acts as a pointer.
• Turn yourself and compass together until the orienting arrow is lined up with
the magnetic needle.This accomplishes Sect.A (2) and the sighting line now
will be pointing the correct direction.

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• While still holding the compass, imagine a line extending exactly straight out from
the sighting line.Your objective lies along that imaginary line.
DETERMINE DIRECTIONS WITH A SIGHT
Section C
To fulfill the two conditions described in Sect. A:
Set the dial according to Sect.A (1).
• Hold the compass at eye level and adjust the cover to a 50º—70º opening. The
mirror should reflect a top view of the compass dial.
• While looking in the mirror, move your sighting eye sideways until you see the
sighting line intersect one of the two luminous points.
• Without changing the relationship between compass and eye, pivot yourself and
compass together until you see, in the mirror, that the orienting arrow is lined
up with the magnetic needle and the red end of needle is between the orient-
ing points.This accomplishes Sect.A (2).Your direction or objective will now lie
straight beyond the sight.
NOTE: Be sure to keep the base plate level so magnetic needle can turn freely.When
sighting uphill or downhill, lower the sighting eye in relation to the compass.
NOTE: A greater than 70º cover opening will increase the parallax effect and could
cause as much as a 5º reading error.

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OBTAIN A BEARING FROM A MAP
Section D
We state in Sect.A, that one of the two conditions for using the Silva Ranger is to
set the dial at the desired degree reading. If this degree or bearing is not known, it
can be determined from a map.Your compass is also a protractor with a transpar-
ent bottom in the dial housing.Two steps are required:
1. Lay the compass on the map so either the inch scale or the millimeter scale
is exactly on (or parallel with) the line on the map you wish to travel, and the
hinged cover points in the direction of travel.
2. Hold the compass in position on the map, turn the dial so the meridian lines of
the compass are exactly parallel with any meridian (North-South) line on the
map, and the letter “N” on top of the dial is toward North on the map.
Remove the compass from the map.These two steps set your compass for the
degree reading to your destination.This reading may be read at the index pointer.
You fulfilled the first basic condition in Sect.A. Proceed to Sect. B or C.
ABOUT DECLINATION
Section E
The magnetic needle in a compass is attracted by the magnetism of the Earth.This is
why it always points to the constantly shifting Magnetic North where the magnetic
lines of force come together.There is another “North Pole.” True North is static
and located geographically, maps and directions usually are based on True North.

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declination map
for North America

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Magnetic declination is the angle between True North and Magnetic North.The
amount of declination at any given point depends on the location of that point on
the continent.Where True and Magnetic North are in the same direction, the dec-
lination is zero. In North America a line of zero declination runs roughly from west
of Hudson Bay down along Lake Michigan to the Gulf Coast in western Florida.
At any point west of that line, your compass needle will point east of True North.
This is called “Easterly Declination.” At any point east of that zero line, your com-
pass needle will point west of True North.This is called “Westerly Declination.” In
North America, magnetic declination varies from 30º east in Alaska to 30º west in
Labrador. See diagram on page 9.
Allow for Declination
Where accuracy is not critical, ignore magnetic declination, especially in areas where
the declination is minor.You may also ignore it when the compass is used without
reference to maps and is based on field bearings only.
When the compass is used with a map or in connection with map bearings, adjust-
ment should be made.There are two methods to accomplish this:
1.Temporary Method.You must redo every time you wish to apply it.
Find the amount of declination in their area and whether it is easterly or westerly.
This information is on topographic maps of the area.
Take your bearing from the map as described in Sect. D. and observe the degree
reading at the index pointer.

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Turn the dial to increase or decrease that reading according to the declination.
Easterly, decrease the dial reading and westerly, increase the reading.
For example, if your bearing from the map is l00º and the declination is 10º East,
DECREASE the reading 10º by turning the dial to 90º. If the declination is 10º
West, INCREASE the reading of l00º to read 110º.
2. Permanent Method.Your compass is equipped with an offsetting mechanism to
allow for declination. If you use the compass extensively in one locality, once set,
you need not make further allowances.The adjustment simultaneously takes care
of both map bearings and field bearings.
The offsetting mechanism consists of two bottoms in the compass dial housing,
one of which can be offset in relation to the other by means of a declination
adjusting screw located on the underside of the base plate.The orienting lines
and the declination scale are engraved on one bottom.The orienting arrow
and the orienting points are on the other.As you turn the adjusting screw you
change the angle between the orienting lines and the orienting arrow. It is this
angle that should correspond to the declination of your area.A screwdriver, pro-
vided for this purpose, is tied onto the lanyard.
For example, if the declination in your area is 10º west, turn the adjusting screw
so that the orienting arrow points to 10º on the “west” side of the declination
scale. If your declination is 10º east, adjust the orienting arrow to 10º on the
“east” side of the declination scale. Use the black index line of the orienting
arrow to make an accurate setting.

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NOTE:The declination offsetting mechanism is set at zero at the factory. Use the
zero setting for all compass operations which involve no allowance for declination
or in which the temporary allowance is being used. If the declination scale does
not read zero, set it to zero with the adjusting screw.
NOTE:When the orienting arrow is not set at zero, it becomes obvious that the
orienting lines and the orienting arrow serve different purposes.The orienting lines
are used to line up with orienting lines on the map.The orienting arrow is used to
line up with the magnetic needle when using compass in the field.
TAKE A BEARING
Section F
A“bearing” is the direction or the degree reading from one object to another. One
of those objects is usually YOU.To “take” a bearing means to DETERMINE the
direction from one object to another.
1. Bearings are taken from a map as in Sect. D.The “bearing” is the degree reading
indicated at the index pointer.
2. Bearings can be taken on the terrain, by reversing the steps in Sect. B and C.
When using the compass without the sight, open the cover wide and hold it
level, at waist high, in front of you.The sight and sighting line should be pointing
straight ahead of you.The sighting line acts as a pointer. Pivot yourself and com-
pass together until the sighting line points straight to the object on which you
are taking the bearing.Without changing position of the compass, carefully turn
the dial until the orienting arrow and the magnetic needle are lined up and with

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the red end of needle lying between the two orienting points.The “bearing” to
your object is now the degree reading indicated at the index pointer.
3. Bearings can be taken by using the sight. Hold the compass at eye level and
adjust cover so top of the dial is seen in mirror. Face toward your object and
sight object across compass sight. Look in the mirror and adjust position of
compass so that the sighting line intersects one of the luminous points.While
you simultaneously see your object across the sight, and the sighting line across
one of the luminous points, turn the dial so that the orienting arrow is lined up
with the needle, red end between the orienting points.The “bearing” to your
object is now the degree reading indicated at the index pointer.
ADJUST FIELD BEARINGS FOR DECLINATION
Section G
1.The permanent adjustment for declination eliminates need for further adjust-
ment.
2.To accomplish the temporary adjustment for field bearing declination:Take a
bearing as described in Sect. F and observe the degree reading at the index
pointer.Turn the dial to increase or decrease that reading according to the dec-
lination. If declination of your area is easterly, increase your dial reading by the
amount of declination. If westerly, decrease the reading.
For example, assume your field bearing is 100º. If the declination is 10º east,
INCREASE the reading 10º by turning the dial to read 110º. If the declination is
10º west, DECREASE the reading of 100º to read 90º.

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NOTE:The instructions for a “temporary” adjustment for declination of a field bear-
ing are exactly opposite from the temporary adjustment of a map bearing.
NOTE: The declination scale should be set at zero for all compass operations which
involve no allowance for declination; or when the temporary method is used.
A “Short-Cut” Method to Deal with Declination:
When the compass is used with a map, no adjustment is necessary if the orienting
lines on the map are drawn according to Magnetic North instead of True North.
Most topographic maps are drawn according to True North and the orienting lines
are also according to True North.
Draw your own orienting line according to Magnetic North:
On all topographic maps, there is a declination diagram near the bottom.The star line
designates True North and is parallel with the orienting lines. However, the single
barb arrow designates Magnetic North. Draw your own Magnetic North orient-
ing lines by drawing 1" or 2" lines across the map that are parallel to the Magnetic
North arrow. Use these lines instead of the True North lines when setting your
compass and you will not need to adjust for declination.
PLOT LOCATIONS ON A MAP
Section I
Triangulation method:
Find two specific sites (a) and (b) on the map which you recognize, by sight, on the
terrain.These are the chosen points from which to take cross bearings.

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Adjust your compass for the declination of your area by the permanent method.
Take a bearing to the first site (a)— without disturbing the dial setting.
Place the compass on the map so that either side of the base plate intersects the
symbol for the chosen site (a). Keep the edge of compass base plate on the symbol
and turn entire compass on the map until the compass orienting lines in the bot-
tom of the dial are parallel with the orienting lines on the map, and so that the
orienting arrow points upward on the map (North).
NOTE: Orienting arrow may be slightly off of North because of declination adjust-
ment.
Draw a line on the map along the edge of the compass, intersecting the symbol.You
are somewhere along this line.To establish your position along this line, you need
another bearing.
Take a bearing to the second site (b) and mark a line as you did with site (a).This line
will intersect the first line.Where the lines cross is your exact position.
BE EXPERT WITH MAP AND COMPASS, Second Edition
Björn Kjellström
This new and enlarged edition includes everything you need to know about the
skill of Orienteering; how to use a map and compass, alone or together.The text
includes a series of games and exercises which encourage self-training. Each copy
of the book also contains a sample training map to help you put newfound knowl-
edge into practice. Required reading for the beginner in map and compass work.

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Johnson Outdoors Gear LLC. © 2009 p/n 5793150C 2-09
Johnson Outdoors Gear LLC
625 Conklin Road
Binghamton, NY 13903
www.silvausa.com
Johnson Outdoors Inc. Canada
4180 Harvester Road
Burlington, Ontario Canada L7L 6B6
1.905.634.0023 Fax [phone]