
Oper<:~ting
lnstrud!ons--P6046
Probe
and
Amplifier
factor·s Which Affect
CMRR
frequency.
Since the
common-mode
rot·io
is
affected
by
the gain and phase shift introduced
by
the t\'io
sides of the amplifier, the frequency of the fnput common-
mode
'iignal has a direct
bearing
on
the
CMRR.
Genert11-
ly,
as
the frequet1C)' of the input signal increases, the
CMRR
decreases.
(E~ception:
with AC-coup!ed inpuis the
CMRR
will
become
higher
as
frequ(~tKy
ls
increased
from DC to
over
1 kHz).
Souree
impedance,
To obrain
optim11m
Ol!RR, points
being
measured
rrwst
hove
identical
source
~mpedoncc.
The
source
impedance
ond
lhe
tlmpHfier input· irnpedcmce form
an
RC
divider which determines the por!km
of
the
sifmol
thof appears across the ompllfier inpvt.
Uneqvai
source
impedances show up
as
an
apparent decreose in
CMRR.
Signal Transporting
legds.
The
inpvt conneoors
of
a
differemiol Oi'Ylp!ifier ore usually remole from the octuo!
signal source.
Evon
with o portable ampltfier such
cs
the
P6046 Probe, some
transporting
of
the
signal
:s
from
the source
h:)
connectors 'which
are
compatible
with the
Frobe inputs.
Several undesiroble effeds con
b,~
inrrodvced by trans-
porting leads.
if
they
me
unshielded, stnly pick•Jp
will
occur. Differences
between
rhe
stray
pickup
in
the two
ieads
will be occepl·ed
by
the diffenmtia! amplifier
as
slgncis.
The
capacitance
of
unshielded lead$
is
relatively
vnpredid·
able
and
will
vary
wirh
the
lead
location. AC signals will
be
affected
by this (espeda!ly
at
high frequencies),
and
a
difference
between
the
sovn::e
signa!
and
thal
delivered
to
rhe
differential amplifier
will
occvr.
Unless
the introduced
difference
is
equal
in
both leads, ihe amplifier
will
again
see a
differentiol
:;ignol
that
is
not
oduo!!y
present
at
the
sovrces. See
Fig.
2-2.
The
capacitance
of
shielded wbles
aHcds
signo!s,
just
os
ir
does
in
unshielded leads. However, the ct<pacitance
of
shielded cobies
is
known
ond
can
be
kept
relatively equaf
by marching rhe
lwo
signa! cab!es
in
every respect.
The
cables should normally be short to
k._c,ep
their capacilonce
(JS low as possible.
Signal tronsportin·g
cables
con
oiso
affect
rhe
source
sig-
rml
by
causing
rdlections,
These ref!edior.s con
be
eiiminat·
ed
by
terminating the cables
;n
their chorm:teristit imped-
ance
unless prohibitive
souro;-!oad!n~J
would result.
Attenuafors.
Any
devku
{such
os c:opodtors or resistors)
connected
between
the source oncl
rhe
omp!ifier, unless per-
fectly
matched,
wiii
also
cause
additional
differences be-
tween
i·he
or
the amplifier. Altenuators therefore
normol!y
iower
a system's common-mode re)ection capabil-
ities. This
is
illustrated
in
Fig. 2·3
ond
its
accompanying
tab!e.
Ground
Connections.
In
addition
to
providing o com-
mon reference for
safety
reasons,
proper
ground connec-
tions
ore
essential for eliminating signal
interfer.~nce
caused
by
ground
loop
currenrs.
Ground
leads
should
be
as
short
as
possible
In
all instances. A
ground
lead
;hould
accom-
pany
each
signal
lead
to
the
proximity
of
the test jack.
The
shield of
the
signal's r;ooxic;!
cable
is
uwali~·
used for
thi:.
purpose,
Probe
input tips very often
ore
ocddentoHy
touched
to
equipment grovnd during Insertion into test
jocks.
lf
~uf
fic!ent difh.:rence exists between the differential omo!if:er
reference
cmd
reference
for
lhe eq,;ipmont .
va1vobie inpui
components
con
be
desiroyed. Proper grot•nd-
ing wil!
ohc
eiin;irKJte
ihis
problem
P6046
DIFFERENTIAl
PROBE
CONTROLSs
CONNECTORS
AND
ACCESSORIES
The
?6046 Probe
and
accessories ore shown
in
fig.
2-4,
The P6046 Probe has
an
Amphenol
power
ond
signol con··
nector,.
duo!
~ignal
input
tip~,
and an AC-DC
Input
Cou-
piing switch which controls the mode of ·for both
lips. Accessories
and
their uses
are
as
follows:
l.
Dual 1\tlerwator Head-··-Provides
10
:X:
aHenuotkm
of
signals <lpp!ied
to
its
i:1puis.
Attaches
dircdly
to
P6046
Probe tips.
Has
St1!l1i~
lip configuration
os
the Probe,
.2.
Swivel
Tips-·-S!eeve-type connectors
·which
fit
individu-
ally
over
probe
tip
inpur
•:onr>ectors.
Not
eqvipped
with
coaxial
ground
connedors. They
adapt
the
probe
tips
to
terminals
whose
spacings
ore
be!v.•een
lf;
6
and
1%
inches.
3.
Spring Ground Clip--.Clips to coc:xio! grovnd
at
probe
tip. Equipped with wire-soldering
lug.
4.
Specie! Ground Tip-·-Sleeve-rype adapter. inrernoHy
short lo ccoxiol
ground
connection_
Adapts
Probe
for
single-ended opero<ion. A common ground connection be-
t'Neen the
Probe
cmd
the equipment
1.J11der
test
is
sti!!
re-
quired.
5. Tesl
Jocks--Coaxial
female
ccnnectorsi normally in-
slaHeci
permanently
into or near the equipment being tested.
Spadng
should conform
to
the
1
/2 inch tip spacing. {If
the
swivel tips ore used with the probe, additional spocmgs
are
possible.
lt
should
be
nc>ted
that no cooxiai ground con·
!od
acc.ompanies the swivel tip.) The test jacks
can
be
in-
stalled
by
drilling holes through
the
selectt1d mounting
piate,
insetting the
rhreaded
end
through
from
the
front
of
the
plate,
and
fastening
the
test jack
in
place
with o nut
ar.d star
washer.
A soldering lug
can
be
fastened
between
the nur ond the back
of
the
piat1J
to
fadlitote
the making
of
ground
connections.
6.
AHigotor Clip--Threaded for
use
wirh ground !eads.
7.
Hook
Tips-·Sleeve-fype
connectors which
fit
indivldu-
over pmbe tip input connectors. Facilitates "h<mging"
the Probe into circuitry.
8. !nsuloting Tube---·Sleeve-typ<:
odopler
for ins!iloting :he
l·ip"s cooxiol ground. Permits
vse
of
rip
in
dose
quort<~rs
with minimum danger
of
causing o short circuit.
9.
12-inch
Ground
leod·--Same
os
5-inch
..
except
that
it
should
be
used only
when
the
5-inch
will
not
reach.
l
0.
5-inch Ground lead·--·Equipped with a spring
dip
on one
end
inhonded
!o
snap
onto
!he
Probe
gr<:Hmd
lug;
machine
screw
on
the
other
end
for
attachment
to
em
alli-
gator
dip.
If should
be
connected bet-ween
the
Probe
grou11d
lug
and
the
equipment
being
tested
before
the Probe
is
connected
to
the equipment.
®