Tektronix Z User manual
INSTRUCTION
MANUAL
Tektronix,
Inc.
S.W.
Millikan
Way
•
P.
O.
Box
500
•
Beaverton,
Oregon
•
Phone
Ml
4-0161
•
Cable .-
Tektronix
Tektronix
International
A.G.
Terra enweg
1A
•
Zug,
Switzerland
•
PH.
042-49192
•
Cable:
Tekintag,
Zug
Switzerland
•
Telex
53.574
070-251
WARRANTY
All
Tektronix
in trument
are
warranted
again t
defective
material
and
workman
hip
for
one
year.
Tektronix
tran former ,
manufactured
in
our
own
plant,
are
war
ranted
for
the
life
of
the
in trument.
Any
que tion
with
re pect
to
the
war
ranty
mentioned
above
hould
be
taken
up
with
your
Tektronix
Field
Engineer.
Tektronix
repair
and
replacement-part
ervice
i
geared
directly
to
the
field,
there
fore
all
reque t
for
repair
and
replace
ment
part
hould
be
directed
to
the
Tek
tronix
Field
Office
or
Repre entative
in
your
area.
Thi
procedure
will
a ure
you
the
fa te t
po ible
ervice.
Plea e
include
the
in trument
Type
and
Serial
number
with
all
reque t
for
part
or
ervice.
Specification
and
price
change
priv
ilege
re erved.
Copyright
©
1960
by
Tektronix,
Inc.,
Beaverton,
Oregon.
Printed
in
the
United
State
of
America.
All
right
re erved.
Con
tent
of
thi
publication
may
not
be
repro
duced
in
any
form
without
permi ion
of
the
copyright
owner.
Type
Z
Warranty
Section
1
Specification
Section
2
Operating
In truction
Section
3
Circuit
De cription
Section
4
Maintenance
Section
5
Calibration
Section
6
Acce orie
Section
7
Part
Li t
and
Diagram
p://manoman
Type
Z
CONTENTS
Type
Z
ON
1
SPECIFICATION
S
General
Information
The
Type
Z
Plug-In
Unit
i
a
calibrated
differential
com
parator
preamplifier
de igned
for
u e
in
all
Tektronix
Type
530-,
540-,
550-,
or
580-Serie
O cillo cope .
The
unit
may
be
u ed
for
three
different
mode
of
operation:
(I)
a
a
conventional
plug-in
preamplifier,
(2)
a
a
differential
input
preamplifier,
or
(3)
a
a
calibrated
differential
com
parator.
A
a
conventional
preamplifier,
the
Z
Unit
alone
ha
a
ri etime
of
24
nano econd
and
a
maximum
en itivity
of
0.05
volt
per
centimeter
of
deflection.
Table
1
-
1
ummar
ize
the
ri etime
and
bandwidth
available
when
the
Z
Unit
i
u ed
in
combination
with
variou
type
of
Tektronix
o cillo cope .
TA LE
l-l
Z
Unit
and
Ri e
t
ime
in
Bandwidth,
—
3
d
B
,
Type:
Nano econd *
Megacycle /Second*
532
70
5
531
or
535
39
9
536
40
9
531
A,
533,
or
535A
35
10
541,
543,
545,
541
A,
545A,
551,
or
555
27
13
581
or
585**
27
13
*For
ignal
which
do
not
over can
the
graticule.
**Type
81
Adapter
mu t
be
u ed.
In
differential
input
mode
of
operation,
the
dynamic
range
of
±
1
00
volt
allow
the
application
of
common
mode
ignal
up
to
1
00
volt
to
be
applied
to
the
unit
with
out
attenuation.
The
common-mode
rejection
ratio
of
40,000
to
1
at
d
c
or
low
frequencie
allow
mea urement
of
differential
ignal
le
than
50
mv
in
amplitude
on
±100-
volt
common-mode
ignal .
A
a
calibrated
differential
comparator,
the
Z
Unit
ha
an
effective
creen
height
of
it
2000
cm
at
maximum
en i
tivity.
Within
the
dynamic
range
of
±100
volt ,
calibra
t
ed
±DC
compari on
voltage
can
be
added
differentially
to
the
input
waveform
to
permit
a
maximum
of
0.005%
or
5
mv
per
mm
to
be
accurately
re olved.
Vertical
Deflection
Factors
0.05
to
25
volt
per
centimeter
in
nine
calibrated
tep ;
al o
continuou ly
variable
(uncalibr
a
ted)
between
tep
and
up
to
60
volt
per
centimeter.
Input
Impedance
1
megohm
±1
%
paralleled
by
24
pf.
Maximum
Allowable
Combined
DC
and
Peak
AC
Input
600
volt ,
ac-coupled.
Maximum
Common-Mode
Signal
±100
volt
at
0.05
volt
per
centimeter.
Higher
voltage
are
permi ible
with
larger
vertical
deflection
factor .
Common-Mode
Rejection
Ratio
40,000
to
1
at
0.05
volt
per
centimeter
with
a
1
-kc
ine
wave,
lower
at
other
en itivitie
and
higher
frequencie .
At
0.05
volt
per
centimeter,
a
200-volt
(p-p)
1
-kc
common
mode
ignal
produce
le
than
1
mm
of
vertical
deflection.
Comparison
Voltages
Available
Three
voltage
range
are
provided:
0
to
±
1
volt,
0
to
±
10
volt ,
and
0
to
±1
00
volt .
An
accurate
10-turn
potentiometer
i
u ed
to
elect
the
compari on
voltage
over
the e
range .
Comparison
Voltage
Regulator
A
regulator
circuit
maintain
compari on
voltage
e
entially
con tant
and
independent
of
normal
power
upply
voltage
upplied
by
the
o cillo cope.
1-1
Specifications
—
Type
Z
Comparison
Voltage
Accuracy
Within
5
millivolt
[0.5%)
on
the
±l-volt
range.
Within
20
millivolt
(0.2%)
on
the
±10-volt
range.
Within
150
millivolt
(0.15%)
on
the
±100-volt
range.
Maximum
Trace
Shift
2
mm
due
to
input
grid
or
ga
current.
Comparison
Voltage
Drift
Le
than
0.1
%
per
100
hour
operation.
Temperature
compen ated
over
normally
expected
tem
perature
range.
Air
filter
in
o cillo cope
hould
be
main
tained
clean,
particularly
when
u ing
the
Z
Unit.
10-Turn
Potentiometer
Linearity
0.05%
Measurement
Resolution
Re olution
accuracy,
at
100-volt
compari on
voltage
—
0.005%
Maximum
re olution
—
5
millivolt
per
millimeter.
Transient
Response
and
Permissible
Signal
Volt
age
Rate
of
Change
Rate
of
ri e
—
1
volt
per
6
n ec,
maximum.
If
thi
rate
i
exceeded,
grid
current
will
flow
in
the
input
tage .
Rate
of
fall
—
1
volt
in
5
n ec,
maximum.
If
thi
rate
i
exceeded,
the
amplifier
will
momentarily
cut
off.
If
over
driven
by
a
ufficiently
fa t
pul e,
the
amplifier
will
“
run
down"
linearly
at
the
above
rate.
Becau e
of
the
wide
dynamic
amplitude
capabilitie
of
the
Z
Unit,
tran ient
re pon e
i
a
function
of
ignal
amplitude.
Mechanical
Specifications
Con truction
—
Aluminum-alloy
cha i .
Front
panel
—
Photo-etched.
Net
weight
—
6
pound .
Accessories
2
—
In truction
Manual
1-2
SECTION
2
OPERATING
INSTRUCTIONS
Front
Panel
A
front-panel
view
of
the
Type
Z
Unit
i
hown
in
Fig.
2-1.
In
addition,
a
brief
functional
de cription
i
given
of
the
front-panel
control ,
input
connector ,
Securing
Rod,
and
Mechanical
Lock,
Connecting
the
Z
Unit
to
the
Oscilloscope
Connect
the
Z
Unit
to
the
a ociated
o cillo cope
by
in erting
the
unit
into
the
plug-in
compartment
and
tighten
ing
the
Securing
Rod.
With
the
Inten ity
control
of
the
o cillo cope
turned
fully
counterclockwi e,
witch
on
the
o cillo cope
power.
Normally
it
i
nece ary
to
wait
a
few
minute
for
the
o cillo cope
and
plug-in
to
warm
up
and
tabilize.
Then
turn
up
the
inten ity
and
et
the
o cillo cope
triggering
control
to
produce
a
free-running
weep.
Po i
tion
the
trace
on
the
creen
u ing
the
POSITION
control
and
the
o cillo cope
beam-po ition
indicator .
Preliminary
Operational
Adjustments
After
the
Z
Unit
ha
warmed
up
and
tabilized,
check
it
operation
to
ee
if
adju tment
of
one
or
more
of
the
following
control
i
nece ary.
Be
ure
that
the
o cillo cope
u ed
in
conjunction
with
the
Z
Unit
i
correctly
calibrated
in
the
vertical-deflection
circuit,
and
that
the
calibrator
output
voltage
i
correct.
1.
Amplifier
DC
alance
If
the
trace
cannot
be
centered
on
the
creen
when
'he
POSITION
control
i
et
near
midrange,
the
AMP
DC
BAL
adju tment
( ee
Fig.
2-2)
mu t
be
checked.
Need
for
thi
adju tment
ari e
mo tly
when
the
Z
Unit
i
tran ferred
from
one
o cillo cope
to
another.
To
make
the
adju tment,
et
the
POSITION
control
to
midrange,
remove
the
left
ide
panel
from
the
o cillo cope,
and
adju t
the
AMP
DC
BAL
control
to
po ition
the
trace
behind
the
horizontal
centerline
of
the
graticule.
2.
Differential
alance
Differential
balance
may
be
quickly
checked
by
applying
100
volt
of
calibrator
ignal
to
both
input
connector .
Set
both
VOLTS/CM
witche
to
.05,
the
AC-DC
witche
to
DC,
and
the
Mode
witch
to
A-B
DIFF.
Ignoring
the
po it
ve
and
negative
pike ,
adju t
the
DIFF.
BAL.
control
to
elimin
ate
any
quare-wave
re pon e
(that
i ,
to
obtain
a
traight-
line
appearance
of
the
trace).
3.
Variable
Attenuator
alance
Any
vertical
hift
of
the
o cillo cope
trace
when
the
VAR.
ATTEN.
control
i
rotated,
with
no
input
ignal
applied,
indicate
need
for
adju tment
of
the
variable
attenuator
balance.
Thi
adju tment
mu t
be
made
in
conjunction
with
the
differential
balance
adju tment
( tep
2)
due
to
interaction
between
the
circuit .
Repeat
the
two
adju t
ment
until
both
are
correct.
Set
the
Mode
witch
to
A
ONLY
and
remove
any
input
ignal .
Adju t
the
VAR.
ATTEN.
BALANCE
control
to
eliminate
any
vertical
hift
of
the
crt
trace
a
the
VAR.
ATTEN.
control
i
rotated.
Check
to
ee
if
the
trace
can
be
centered
a
de cribed
in
tep
1
(Amplifier
DC
Balance).
If
not,
repeat
tep
1.
4.
Gain
The
gain
adju tment
hould
be
checked
periodically
to
a ure
correct
vertical
deflection
factor .
It
hould
al o
be
checked
when
the
Z
Unit
i
tran ferred
from
one
o cillo cope
to
another.
The
adju tment
i
made
u ing
the
calibrator
ignal
from
the
o cillo cope.
Set
the
Mode
witch
to
A
ONLY
and
apply
200
milli
volt
of
calibrator
ignal
to
the
A
input
connector.
Make
ure
the
VAR.
ATTEN.
control
i
et
fully
clockwi e.
Set
the
A
VOLTS/CM
witch
to
.05
and
rotate
the
GAIN
AD
JUST
control
for
exactly
4
centimeter
of
vertical
deflection.
Input
Signal
Connections
It
i
often
po ible
to
make
ignal
connection
to
the
Z
Unit
with
hort-length,
un hielded
te t
lead .
Thi
i
par
ticularly
true
for
high-level,
low-frequency
ignal .
When
uch
te t
lead
are
u ed,
you
mu t
al o
u e
a
ground
con
nection
between
the
o cillo cope
and
the
cha i
of
the
ignal
ource.
(Note:
Exce ively
long
te t
lead
may
cau e
para itic
o cillation .)
In
many
application ,
however,
un hielded
lead
are
un ati factory
for
making
ignal
connection
becau e
of
pickup
re ulting
from
magnetic
field .
In
uch
ca e ,
hielded
cable
hould
be
u ed.
You
mu t
be
ure
that
the
ground
conductor
of
the
cable
are
connected
to
the
cha i
of
both
the
o cillo cope
and
the
ignal
ource.
In
high-frequency
work
it
i
u ually
nece ary
to
terminate
ignal
ource
and
connecting
cable
in
their
characteri tic
2-1
Operating
instructions
—
Type
Z
Polarity
—
Selects
the
compar
ison
voltage
polarity.
VOLTS/CM
—
Selects
the
verti
cal
deflection
factors.
Mode
—
Selects
the
operating
mode
of
the
Z
Unit.
A
INPUT
—
Connector
for
coupl
ing
input
d
c
or
ac
voltages
to
preamplifier.
INPUT
—
Connector
for
coupl
ing
input
de
or
ac
voltages
to
preamplifier.
DIFF.
AL.
—
Adjusts
the
pre
amplifier
for
maximum
dif
ferential
rejection
ratio.
PUSH
TO
DISCONNECT
SIG
NAL
—
Disconnects
signal
from
preamplifier
input.
AC-DC
—
Determines
whether
input
signals
are
d
c
coupled
or
ac
coupled.
VAR.
ATTEN.
—
Varies
the
verti
cal
deflection
factors
between
ranges
of
the
VOLTS/CM
con
trols.
POSITION
—
Se
t
s
the
vertical
position
of
the
trace
on
the
oscilloscope
screen.
Range
—
Selects
the
appropri
ate
comparison
voltage
range.
Securing
Rod
—
Holds
unit
securely
in
the
oscilloscope
plug-in
compartment.
Mechanical
lock
—
Locks
Heli
dial
when
pressed
downward.
Helidial
—
Adjusts
the
com
parison
voltage
over
the
range
selected
by
the
Range
switch.
VAR.
ATTEN.
ALANCE
—
Ad
justed
to
prevent
vertical
trace
shift
as
the
VAR.
ATTEN
con
trol
is
rotated.
AC-DC
—
Determines
whether
input
signals
are
d
c
coupled
or
ac
coupled.
PUSH
TO
DISCONNECT
SIG
NAL
—
Disconnects
signal
from
preamplifier
input.
VOLTS/CM
—
Selects
the
verti
GAIN
ADJUST
—
Sets
the
de-
cal
deflection
factors.
flection
factors
of
the
pre-
amplifier
to
agree
front
panel
markings.
with
the
Fig.
2-1.
Functions
of
front-panel
controls,
input
connectors,
Securing
Rod,
and
Mechanical
Lock.
2-2
http://manoman.sqhill.com
Operating
Instructions
—
Type
Z
Fig.
2-2.
Left
rear
side
view
of
the
Z
Unit
showing
location
of
the
AMP
DC
AL
adjustment.
impedance .
Unterminated
connection
re ult
in
reflection
in
the
cable
and
cau e
di tortion
of
the
di played
wave
form .
When
input
ignal
connection
are
made,
con ider
the
effect
of
loading
upon
the
ignal
ource
due
to
the
input
circuit
of
the
Z
Unit.
The
input
re i tance
of
the
Z
Unit
i
1
megohm
which
i
generally
adequate
to
limit
low-frequency
loading
to
a
negligible
value.
At
high
frequencie ,
however,
the
input
capacitance
of
the
Z
Unit
and
the
di tributed
capacitance
of
cable
become
important.
Capacitive
load
ing
at
high
frequencie
may
be
ufficient
to
adver ely
affect
both
the
di played
waveform
and
the
operation
of
the
ignal
ource.
Both
capacitive
and
re i tive
loading
can
u ually
be
limited
to
negligible
value
through
u e
of
attenuator
probe .
Use
of
Probes
Attenuator
probe
reduce
loading
of
the
ignal
ource.
However,
in
addition
to
providing
i olation
of
the
o cillo
cope
from
the
ignal
ource,
an
attenuator
probe
al o
de
crea e
the
amplitude
of
the
di played
waveform
by
the
attenuation
factor
of
the
probe.
When
making
amplitude
mea urement
with
an
attenuator
probe,
be
ure
to
multi
ply
the
ob erved
amplitude
by
the
attenuation
of
the
probe.
(Additional
information
concerning
probe
attenuation
will
be
found
under
Differential
Preamplifier
Operation
and
At
tenuator
Te t
Point
portion
of
thi
ection
of
the
manual.)
An
adju table
capacitor
in
the
probe
body
compen ate
for
variation
in
input
capacitance
from
one
in trument
to
another.
To
a ure
the
accuracy
of
pul e
and
tran ient
mea
urement ,
thi
adju tment
hould
be
checked
frequently.
To
make
thi
adju tment,
et
the
o cillo cope
calibrator
control
for
a
calibrator
output
ignal
of
uitable
amplitude.
Touch
the
probe
tip
to
the
calibrator-output
connector
and
adju t
the
o cillo cope
control
to
di play
everal
cycle
of
the
waveform.
If
the
probe
cable
i
connected
to
the
A
input
connector
on
the
Z
Unit,
adju t
the
probe
capacitor
for
flat
top
on
the
calibrator
quare
wave.
If
it
i
connected
to
the
B
input
connector,
adju t
for
a
flat
bottom
on
the
quare
wave.
Conventional
Preamplifier
Operation
When
the
Z
Unit
i
u ed
for
conventional
preamplifier
operation,
the
Mode
witch
hould
be
placed
in
either
the
A
ONLY
or
the
—
B
ONLY
po ition.
Input
ignal
hould
then
be
connected
to
the
corre ponding
input
connector.
Operation
of
the
unit
in
the
two
po ition
i
e entially
the
ame
except
that
ignal
applied
to
the
B
input
connector
are
inverted
on
the
di play.
Po itive
voltage
produce
an
upward
deflection
when
applied
to
the
A
input
connector
and
a
downward
deflection
when
applied
to
the
B
input
connector
( ee
Fig.
2-3).
Fig.
2-3.
Waveforms
applied
to
the
A
Input
connector
produce
an
upright
display,
while
waveforms
applied
to
the
Input
are
in
verted.
The
amount
of
vertical
deflection
produced
by
a
ignal
i
determined
by
the
etting
of
the
VAR.
ATTEN.
control
and
the
VOLTS/CM
witch.
Calibrated
deflection
factor
indicated
by
the
etting
of
the
VOLTS/CM
witch
apply
only
when
the
VAR.
ATTEN.
control
i
et
fully
clockwi e.
Seriou
error
in
di play
mea urement
may
re ult
if
the
etting
of
thi
control
i
inadvertently
moved
away
from
the
fully
clockwi e
po ition.
The
range
of
the
VAR.
ATTEN.
control
i
approximately
2.5
to
1
to
provide
continuou ly
variable
(uncalibrated)
vertical-deflection
factor
between
calibrated
etting
of
the
VOLTS/CM
witche .
Voltage
mea urement
may
be
made
directly
from
the
o cillo cope
creen
by
noting
the
deflection
factor
on
the
appropriate
VOLTS/CM
witch
dial,
and
the
amount
of
deflection
on
the
creen.
Then
multiply
the
deflection
on
the
creen
by
the
etting
of
the
VOLTS/CM
witch
and
the
attenuation
factor.
If
any,
of
the
probe.
Placing
the
AC-DC
witch
in
the
AC
po ition
in ert
a
d
c
blocking
capacitor
in
erie
with
the
input
circuit.
In
the
AC
po ition,
the
input
time
con tant
i
0.1
econd
and
the
low-frequency
re pon e
i
—
3
db
at
2
cp .
Thu
ome
attenuation
exi t
even
at
60
cp .
Becau e
the
input
d
c
ignal
may
be
uppre ed
by
mean
of
the
calibrated
com
pari on
voltage
feature,
there
are
few
occa ion
where
the
ac-coupling
mode
will
be
needed.
Two
principle
occa ion
are:
(1)
When
it
i
de ired
to
get
a
quick
look
at
the
ac
component
of
a
ignal
which
ha
a
large
d
c
component
and
(2)
where
there
i
a
difference
in
d
c
level
of
the
two
ignal
to
be
ob erved
during
differential
mode
of
operation.
The
tolerance
of
the
input
circuit
time
con tant
(at
—
3
db
frequency)
are
nominally
±2%.
When
tighter
2-3
http://manoman.sqhill.com
Operating
Instructions
—
Type
Z
matching
between
A
and
B
input
circuit
i
nece ary,
one
input
d
c
blocking
capacitor
may
be
“
padded"
with
a
mall
additional
capacitance,
generally
le
than
0.001
/ifd.
The
PUSH
TO
DISCONNECT
SIGNAL
button
allow
the
ignal
to
be
momentarily
removed
from
the
input
without
the
bother
of
di connecting
the
probe
or
coaxial
input
con
nector.
Thi
provide
an
ea y
method
for
finding
the
ba e
line
of
zero
voltage
level
on
the
crt.
(When
utmo t
ac
curacy
in
mea urement
i
required,
trace
deviation
from
exact
zero
due
to
ga
or
grid
current
mu t
be
con idered.)
The
POSITION
control
may
then
be
adju ted
to
make
the
zero
level
lie
at
any
graticule
mark
de ired.
Differential
Preamplifier
Operation
The
primary
purpo e
of
differential
operation
i
to
elim
inate
unde irable
common-mode
ignal .
The
term
“
common
mode
ignal"
i
defined
a
that
ignal
which
i
common
to
both
input
of
a
differential
amplifier.
It
mo t
commonly,
but
not
nece arily,
repre ent
unwanted
hum
or
noi e.
Thi
feature
can
be
u ed,
for
example,
to
ob erve
the
ignal
acro
one
circuit
element
while
effectively
eliminat
ing
the
remainder
of
the
circuit
from
the
ob ervation .
T
h
i
i
accompli hed
by
connecting
the
ignal
at
one
end
of
the
element
to
one
input
of
the
Z
Unit
and
the
ignal
at
the
other
end
of
the
element
to
the
other
input
of
the
unit
Differential
operation
between
the
two
input
i
obtained
when
the
Mode
witch
i
in
the
A-B
DIFF.
po ition.
Maximum
common-mode
rejection
i
obtained
when
both
input
at
tenuator
are
et
to
XI.
Common-mode
rejection
i
a
func
tion
of
frequency
in
practical
amplifier .
It
i
40,000
to
1
for
de
common-mode
ignal
in
the
Z
Unit
and
remain
near
that
value
through
audio
frequencie ,
decrea ing
a
the
frequency
increa e .
The
differential
or
common-mode
rejection
ratio
of
the
Z
Unit
de cribe
the
ability
of
the
unit
to
reject
common
mode
ignal .
Common-mode
rejection
ratio
i
be t
defined
a
the
ratio
of
amplifier
re pon e
to
that
part
of
the
input
ignal
not
common
to
both,
with
re pect
to
the
re pon e
of
the
amplifier
to
any
input
ignal
which
i
common
to
both
input .
It
i
defined
numerically
in
the
following
ex
ample.
If
an
input
ignal
con i t
of
100
volt
(p-p)
of
60-cp
hum
and
0.1
volt
of
de ired
ignal,
the
100-volt
hum
would
cau e
,
—
1
---------------
time
100
volt
or
2000
cm
of
deflection,
and
.
05
volt /cm
the
ignal
would
cau e
an
additional
2
cm
of
deflection.
If
conventional
preamplifier
operation
were
u ed,
the
de
ired
ignal
would
be
deflected
off
the
creen
and
could
not
be
ob erved.
However,
if
differential
operation
i
u ed
and
common-mode
rejection
were
2000
to
2
or
1000
to
1,
then
the
hum
and
de ired
ignal
would
each
produce
2
cm
of
deflection.
The
re ulting
combined
wave
(c)
100-volt
60
~
hum
only.
Control
s
etting
s si
mil
a
r
0.05
v/cm.
Mode:
A-
DIFF.,
dc-coupled.
Sweep
Rato:
to
(a)
except
Mode
is
—
ONLY.
0.5
mill
se
c/cm.
Fig.
2-4.
Common-mode
rejection
by
the
Z
Unit.
2-4
Operating
Instructions
—
Type
Z
form
could
be
een
but
not
ea ily
mea ured.
With
a
common-mode
rejection
of
40,000
to
1,
the
hum
would
be
reduced
to
0.5
mm
and
the
de ired
ignal
alone
could
be
accurately
ob erved
and
mea ured.
The
preceding
example
i
hown
pictorially
in
the
erie
of
waveform
photograph
hown
in
Fig .
2-4(a),
(c),
and
(d).
A
combined
100-volt
hum
and
0.1-volt
quare-wave
ignal
i
hown
in
Fig.
2-4(a).
Although
the
quare
wave
doe
not
eem
to
be
pre ent,
it
can
be
made
vi ible
by
increa ing
the
en itivity
of
the
Z
Unit
to
0.05
volt /cm,
which
increa e
the
effective
height
of
the
waveform
to
2000
cm.
A
d
c
com
pari on
voltage
(u ing
differential
comparator
operation
explained
later
in
thi
ection)
of
approximately
50
volt
i
u ed
to
bring
the
top
4-cm
portion
of
the
combined
ignal
into
view,
hown
by
the
waveform
photograph
in
Fig.
2-4(b).
The
2-cm
high
quare-wave
ignal,
riding
on
top
of
the
hum
but
not
ynchronized
with
it,
cau e
the
eparated
appearance
of
the
hum
ignal.
Fig.
2-4(c)
how
the
100-volt
(p-p)
hum
ignal
which,
by
it elf,
i
applied
to
the
B
input
connector.
The
re ulting
di play
u ing
common
mode
rejection
i
hown
in
Fig.
2-4(d).
The
following
five
operational
note
provide
helpful
in
formation
to
obtain
optimum
performance
from
the
Z
Unit
u ing
thi
mode
of
operation.
1.
Large
ignal
re pon e
of
the
Z
Unit
a
a
differential
am
plifier
i
hown
in
Table
2-1.
Signal
Handling
Capabilitie
of
the
Z
Unit
TA LE
2-1
Attenua
tion
Maximum
Calibrated
Sen itivity
(volt /cm)
Minimum
Uncalibrated
Sen itivity
(volt /cm)
Maximum
Signal
or
Common
Mode
(volt )
Magni
-
fication
Factor
XI
.05
.12
100
2000X
X2
.1
.24
200
1000X
X5
.25
.6
500
400X
X10
.5
1.2
1000*
200X
X20
1
2.4
1000*
100X
X50
2.5
6
1000*
40X
X
1
00
5
12
1000*
20X
X200
10
24
1000*
10X
X500
25
60
1000*
5X
*
Maximum
continuou
d
c
input
level
with
AC-DC
witch
et
to
DC:
800
volt ;
momentary
maximum
d
c
level
hould
not
exceed
1000
volt .
2.
Any
difference
in
attenuation
factor
of
the
two
attenua
tor
(VOLTS/CM
witche )
will
decrea e
the
differential
capabilitie
of
the
Z
Unit
to
the
extent
hown
in
Table
2-2.
3.
Both
AC-DC
witche
hould
be
in
the
DC
po ition
if
po ible
a
explained
under
Conventional
Preamplifier
Operation.
4.
Differential
balance
may
decrea e
lightly
a
the
VAR.
ATTEN.
control
i
adju ted
away
from
the
calibra
’
ed
(clockwi e)
po ition.
5.
Either
input
ignal
alone
may
be
viewed
without
witch
ing
back
to
the
A
ONLY
or
—
B
ONLY
po ition
of
the
Mode
witch
by
depre ing
the
PUSH
TO
DISCONNECT
SIGNAL
button
of
the
other
input
channel.
TA LE
2-2
Attenuator
Performance
Attenuation
Attenuator
Accuracy,
±
%
Input
Re i tance
Tolerance,
±
%
X
1
0
1
X2
11
X5
1.5
1
X10
and
up
2
1
If
conventional
probe
i
u ed,
the
probe
re i tor
tolerance
of
1
%
de
crea e
the
Z
Unit
attenuator
accuracy.
The e
inaccuracie
can
be
ac
curately
mea ured
a
explained
later
under
Attenuator
Te t
Point.
Calibrated
Differential
Comparator
Operation
When
the
Mode
witch
i
in
the
A-Vc
or
Vc-B
po ition,
the
Z
Unit
i
a
calibrated
differential
comparator
or
lide-
back
voltmeter.
The
calibrated
compari on
voltage,
which
ha
a
range
of
0
to
100
volt ,
may
be
added
(differentially)
to
either
input
ignal.
In
thi
mode
a
calibrated
d
c
voltage
i
internally
applied
to
cancel
out
any
unwanted
d
c
component
in
the
applied
ignal,
thereby
allowing
accurate
mea urement
of
relative
ly
mall
ac
ignal
riding
on
top
of
relatively
large
d
c
ignal .
When
the
Mode
witch
i
in
the
A-Vc
po ition,
the
com
pari on
voltage
i
applied
internally
to
the
amplifier
input
where
the
B
ignal
i
ordinarily
applied
during
differential
mode
of
operation.
The
witche
and
input
connector
in
the
—
B
ONLY
ection
of
the
front
panel
are
not
u ed.
Signal
applied
to
the
B
input
connector
will
not
be
ob
erved.
In
Vc-B
po ition
of
the
Mode
witch,
the
compari on
voltage
i
applied
to
the
amplifier
input
where
the
A
input
ignal
i
normally
applied
during
differential
mode
of
op
eration.
All
witche
and
the
input
connector
in
the
A
ONLY
ection
of
the
front
panel
are
not
u ed.
The
d
c
compari on
voltage
i
et
by
3
control :
the
COM
PARISON
VOLTAGE
Polarity,
Range,
and
Helidial.
The
Range
control
ha
range
of
0
to
1,
0
to
10,
and
0
to
100
volt .
The
Helidial
varie
the
compari on
voltage
over
thi
range
and
indicate
the
preci e
compari on
voltage
at
any
particular
etting.
NOTE
The
regulator
circuit
in
the
Z
Unit
maintain
con
tant,
accurate,
compari on
voltage
a
long
a
the
o cillo cope
—
150-
and
-|-225-volt
power
upplie
are
in
regulation
and
within
their
output
voltage
tolerance
rating .
Be
ure
the e
and
other
regulated
power
upplie
in
the
o cillo cope
are
operating
properly.
Differential
comparator
mode
of
operation
may
be
u ed
to
make
the
following
voltage
mea urement :
(1)
d
c
volt
age
mea urement ,
(2)
ac
ignal
mea urement
uperimpo ed
on
d
c
,
and
(3)
high-amplitude
ac
ignal
mea urement .
2-5
Operating
Instructions
—
Type
Z
1.
DC
Voltage
Measurements.
When
the
Z
Unit
i
u ed
to
make
any
d
c
voltage
mea ure
ment ,
it
i
fir t
nece ary
to
e tabli h
a
reference
line
on
the
creen
of
the
o cillo cope.
Thi
line
will
u ually
be
the
horizontal
centerline
of
the
graticule.
To
e tabli h
the
reference,
et
the
COMPARISON
VOLTAGE
Polarity
witch
to
0
and
pre
the
appropriate
PUSH
TO
DISCONNECT
SIGNAL
button
to
di connect
the
input
ignal.
(A
noted
previou ly
under
Conventional
Preamplifier
Operation,
light
trace
deviation
from
exact
zero
mu t
be
taken
into
account
to
obtain
be t
accuracy.)
U e
the
POSITION
control
to
et
the
o cillo cope
trace
at
the
centerline
of
the
graticule.
To
mea ure
a
d
c
voltage
component
of
±100
volt
or
le ,
apply
the
input
ignal
to
one
of
the
connector .
For
ex
ample,
uppo e
the
ignal
i
applied
to
the
A
input
connector,
then
proceed
a
follow :
(a)
Place
the
A
VOLTS/CM
witch
to
.05
and
the
Mode
witch
to
the
A-Vc
po ition.
(b)
If
the
d
c
voltage
component
to
be
mea ured
i
po i
tive,
place
the
COMPARISON
VOLTAGE
Polarity
witch
to
the
+
po ition.
If
it
i
between
10
and
100
volt ,
et
the
COMPARISON
VOLTAGE
Range
witch
to
100
V.
(c)
Rotate
the
COMPARISON
VOLTAGE
Helidial
to
bring
the
de ired
portion
of
the
trace
onto
the
creen.
Set
the
trace
exactly
on
the
reference
line
with
the
Helidial.
(d)
Recheck
the
reference
a
de cribed
in
the
fir t
para
graph.
(e)
When
the
zero
reference
line
and
ignal
trace
appear
at
the
ame
place
on
the
creen,
the
input
voltage
and
the
compari on
voltage
are
equal.
2.
AC
Signal
Measurements
Superimposed
on
DC
Small
ac
ignal
uperimpo ed
on
a
d
c
component
can
be
mea ured
accurately
by
fir t
u ing
the
compari on
volt
age
to
effectively
eliminate
the
d
c
component.
The
ac
ignal
can
then
be
mea ured
in
the
ame
manner
a
in
con
ventional
preamplifier
operation.
The
VAR.
ATTEN.
control
mu t
be
kept
clockwi e
to
obtain
correct
re ult .
3.
High-Amplitude
AC
Signal
Measurements.
High-amplitude
ac
ignal ,
ubject
to
the
ri e
rate
and
fall
rate
limitation
li ted
in
the
Specification
ection,
can
al o
be
mea ured
with
the
Z
Unit
at
maximum
en itivity.
Thi
type
of
mea urement
i
very
imilar
to
d
c
mea urement
except
that
it
i
not
nece ary
to
e tabli h
a
zero
voltage
reference
line
unle
mea urement
of
both
ac
and
d
c
volt
age
level
are
to
be
made.
To
mea ure
the
voltage
differ
ence
between
two
point
on
the
waveform,
proceed
a
fol
low :
(a)
Set
the
Helidial
to
zero
and
po ition
one
point
on
the
waveform
to
the
horizontal
centerline
of
the
graticule.
(b)
U e
the
Helidial
and
Range
control
to
bring
the
other
de ired
point
to
the
centerline.
(c)
The
voltage
difference
between
the
two
point
i
read
from
the
Helidial
and
the
etting
of
the
Range
witch.
AC-DC
Voltage
Measurements
Exceeding
±100
Volts.
If
ac,
d
c
,
or
both
ac
and
d
c
voltage
component
are
greater
than
±100
volt ,
the
.05
etting
of
the
VOLTS/CM
witche
cannot
be
u ed.
It
will
be
nece ary
to
u e
a
lower
en itivity
in
order
to
prevent
overdriving
the
preamplifier
and
to
prevent
exceeding
the
compari on
voltage
available.
To
obtain
the
correct
voltage
mea urement,
u e
the
multi
plication
factor
which
appear
below
the
volt
per
centi
meter
etting
on
the
VOLTS/CM
knob.
The
product
of
the
multiplication
factor
time
the
compari on
voltage
u ed
i
the
input
ignal
voltage.
ATTENUATOR
TEST
POINT
Two
application
included
here
how
how
the
ATTEN
TEST
PT
connector,
located
on
the
left
ide
of
the
Z
Unit,
can
be
u ed
to
make
attenuation
factor
or
ratio
check
on
probe
u ed
with
the
Z
Unit
and
on
the
internal
attenuator
of
the
unit.
The
te t
point,
when
connected
to
a
voltage
divider
network
under
te t,
form
a
bridge
circuit
a
hown
in
Fig.
2-5.
The
c
rt
i
the
null
indicator
and
the
Helidial
reading
i
u ed
to
determine
the
attenuation
factor
or
ratio
of
the
divider
re i tor .
A
third
application
de cribe
how
the
unit
may
be
u ed
to
mea ure
external
re i tor .
Fig.
2-5.
Simplified
diagram
of
the
bridge
circuit
formed
during
use
of
the
ATTEN
TEST
PT
connector.
2-6
Operating
instructions
—
Type
Z
Checking
Attenuation
Accuracy
of
VOLTS/CM
Switches
The
attenuation
accuracy
of
the
X2,
X5,
X
1
0,
and
X20
po ition
of
the
VOLTS/CM
witche
can
be
determined
by
utilizing
the
100-volt
compari on
voltage
available
at
the
ATTEN
TEST
PT
connector.
The
following
procedure
ex
plain
how
to
check
the
X2
po ition
of
the
A
VOLTS/CM
witch.
The
other
po ition
are
checked
in
the
ame
manner.
1.
Set
the
A
VOLTS/CM
witch
to
X2,
the
AC-DC
witch
to
DC,
and
the
Mode
witch
to
A-Vc.
2.
Place
the
COMPARISON
VOLTAGE
Polarity
witch
to
0
and
po ition
a
free-running
trace
to
the
center
of
the
creen
for
reference.
3.
Remove
the
left
ide
panel
from
the
o cillo cope.
Connect
a
te t
lead
from
the
A
input
connector
to
the
ATTEN
TEST
PT
connector
( ee
Fig.
2-6).
Fig.
2-6.
Left
side
view
of
the
Z
Unit
showing
the
location
of
the
ATTEN
TEST
PT.
CAUTION
U e
care
in
making
the
te t
lead
connection
to
prevent
horting
the
100
volt
at
the
ATTEN
TEST
PT
to
ground.
An
accidental
hort
circuit
may
damage
the
CAL.
4
adju tment
(R7684).
4.
Set
the
COMPARISON
VOLTAGE
Polarity
witch
to
+
and
the
Range
witch
to
100
V.
5.
Rotate
the
Helidial
to
return
the
trace
to
the
reference
level
obtained
in
tep
2.
U e
the
vertical
trace
indicator
light
to
aid
in
returning
the
trace.
In
thi
example
the
Helidial
hould
end
up
in
the
vicinity
of
5.00
(or
50
volt ).
6.
Divide
the
Helidial
reading
into
10
to
obtain
the
at
tenuation
factor.
(A ume
the
Helidial
reading
to
be
5.02.
5.02
divided
into
10
i
1.99
or
an
attenuation
factor
of
X
1
.
99.
The
attenuation
ratio
i
1.99
to
1).
Checking
Attenuation
Accuracy
of
Probes
Pa ive
attenuator
probe
can
be
checked
for
attenuation
accuracy
by
a
method
imilar
to
that
u ed
for
determining
the
VOLTS/CM
attenuation
accuracy.
Referring
to
Fig.
2-5,
divider
re i tor
R1
i
the
1-meg
input
re i tor
in
the
o cil
lo cope,
R2
i
the
re i tor
in
the
probe.
The
procedure
which
follow
de cribe
a
method
for
checking
a
10X
attenuator
probe.
1.
Set
the
A
VOLTS/CM
witch
to
X
1
,
the
AC-DC
witch
to
DC,
and
the
Mode
witch
to
A-Vc.
2.
Place
the
COMPARISON
VOLTAGE
Polarity
witch
to
0
and
po ition
a
free-running
trace
to
the
center
of
the
creen
for
reference.
3.
Remove
the
left
ide
panel
from
the
o cillo cope
(if
not
already
removed).
Connect
the
probe
cable
connector
to
the
A
Input
connector
on
the
Z
Unit
and
connect
the
probe
tip
to
the
ATTEN
TEST
PT.
4.
Set
the
COMPARISON
VOLTAGE
Polarity
witch
to
+
and
the
Range
witch
to
100
V.
5.
Rotate
the
Helidial
to
return
the
trace
to
the
reference
level
obtained
in
tep
2.
In
thi
example
the
Helidial
hould
end
up
near
a
reading
of
10
volt .
6.
Divide
the
Helidial
reading
into
100
to
obtain
the
at
tenuation
factor
of
the
probe.
Checking
External
Resistors
External
re i tor
can
be
checked
for
value
again t
the
1
-megohm
input
re i tance
of
the
unit
by
u ing
the
bridge
circuit
of
Fig.
2-5.
In
thi
application,
R2
i
the
re i tance
to
be
mea ured
and
R1
i
the
internal
1
-megohm
re i tor.
The
following
procedure
can
be
u ed:
1.
Set
the
A
VOLTS/CM
witch
to
X
1
,
the
AC-DC
witch
to
DC,
and
the
Mode
witch
to
A-Vc.
2.
Place
the
COMPARISON
VOLTAGE
witche
to
0
and
100
V.
Po ition
a
free-running
trace
to
the
center
of
the
creen
for
reference.
3.
Remove
the
left
ide
panel
of
the
o cillo cope.
Connect
one
end
of
R2
to
the
A
input
connector
and
the
other
end
to
the
ATTEN
TEST
PT
( ee
Fig.
2-6)
by
u ing
a
jumper
wire.
4.
Set
the
COMPARISON
VOLTAGE
Polarity
witch
to
+.
5.
Adju t
the
Helidial
to
return
the
trace
to
the
reference
level
obtained
in
tep
2.
U e
the
vertical
trace
indicator
light
to
aid
you
in
returning
the
trace.
6.
Let
H
be
the
Helidial
reading.
Then
u e
the
folowing
equation
to
find
the
value
of
R2.
10-H
10-H
R2
=
R1
—
—
—
=
—
Megohm .
H
H
If
R2
i
mall
compared
to
1
megohm,
the
Helidial
read
ing
will
be
very
clo e
to
10.00
making
it
difficult
to
obtain
an
accurate
mea urement.
When
thi
occur ,
R1
can
be
hunted
by
an
accurate
external
re i tor
which
will
permit
Helidial
reading
around
5.00.
The
only
re triction
on
the
hunting
i
that
the
total
re i tance
to
ground
from
the
ATTEN
TEST
PT
hould
not
be
le
than
20
k.
Thi
limit
the
current
drawn
from
the
te t
point
to
a
maximum
of
5
ma.
If
the
1
-megohm
re i tor
i
hunted,
R1
in
the
equation
will
have
to
be
changed
to
the
new
value
of
the
1
-megohm
and
hunt
re i tor
in
parallel.
http://manoman.sqhill.com
2-7
Fig.
3-1.
Type
Z
Plug-In
Unit
block
diagram.
o
I
co
CIRCUIT
DESCRIPTION
LOCK
DIAGRAM
DESCRIPTION
DETAILED
CIRCUIT
DESCRIPTION
Fig.
3-1
how
the
block
diagram
for
the
Type
Z
Unit.
Signal
applied
to
A
Input
and
B
Input
connector
pa
through
the
VOLTS/CM
Attenuator
witche
to
the
grid
of
the
tube
in
the
Input
Cathode
Follower
tage.
The
VOLTS/CM
witche
in ert
frequency-compen ated
attenu
ator
into
the
circuit.
When
properly
adju ted
the
input
re i tance
and
capacitance
of
the
unit
remain
unchanged
a
the
attenuator
are
in erted.
Accurate
±DC
compari on
voltage
are
obtained
from
the
Compari on
Voltage
Regulator.
The e
can
be
applied
to
the
grid
of
either
Input
Cathode
Follower
tage
by
mean
of
a
Mode
witch.
The e
voltage
add
differentially
to
the
ignal
applied
to
the
other
Input
Cathode
Follower
when
differential-comparator
mode
of
operation
i
u ed.
The
low-capacitance,
high-impedance
input
of
the
Cath
ode
Follower
tage
i olate
the
input
circuitry
from
the
amplifier
tage .
The
Input
Cathode
Follower
are
required
to
handle
input
ignal
voltage
a
great
a
±100
volt ,
without
di torting.
Special
Con tant-Current
circuit
prevent
the
cathode
follower
from
cutting
off
or
drawing
grid
current
with
large
ignal .
Screen
Voltage
Regulator
circuit
maintain
a
con tant
voltage
between
the
cathode
and
creen
grid
of
the
cathode
follower .
The
Con tant-Current
and
Screen-Regulator
circuit
permit
the
cathode
follower
to
handle
large
ignal
without
operating
nonlinearly.
The
output
of
the
Input
Cathode
Follower
i
applied
to
the
control
grid
of
the
Differential
Amplifier
tage.
Thi
tage
al o
employ
a
Con tant-Current
circuit
and
a
creen
Voltage
Regulator
to
permit
the
tage
to
handle
large
ignal
without
di tortion.
The
output
of
the
Differential
Amplifier
tage
i
applied
to
the
ba e
of
the
tran i tor
in
the
Output
Amplifier
tage
Signal
from
the
Output
Amplifier
tage
are
applied
through
voltage
divider
to
the
Output
Cathode
Follower
tage.
The
voltage
divider
provide
the
proper
d
c
operating
voltage
at
the
grid
of
the
Output
Cathode
Follower
tage.
Output
ignal
from
thi
tage
are
then
applied
to
the
input
of
the
o cillo cope
main
vertical
amplifier
through
pin
1
and
3
of
the
interconnecting
plug.
Overall
gain
of
the
preamplifier
i
2,
pu h-pull.
You
may
wi h
to
refer
to
the
chematic
diagram
located
near
the
rear
of
the
manual
and
the
block
diagram
of
Fig.
3-1
during
the
following
di cu ion.
Comparison
Voltage
Regulator
Regulation
of
both
the
+
and
—
compari on
voltage
i
nece ary
to
maintain
pecified
voltage
accuracy.
Thi
regulation
y tem
make
the
compari on
voltage
independent
of
difference
in
regulated
power
upply
voltage
from
one
o cillo cope
to
another.
The
compari on
voltage
i
developed
acro
V7689,
a
highly
table
ga
tube,
type
OG3.
Becau e
the
drop
acro
the
tube
i
le
than
100
volt ,
three
zener
diode
are
placed
in
erie
to
increa e
the
reference
voltage
to
lightly
more
than
100
volt .
In
addition
to
increa ing
the
total
voltage
drop
in
the
circuit,
the
zener
diode
provide
temperature
compen ation
for
V7689.
A
con tant-current
ource
of
6
ma
i
required
to
maintain
a
con tant
voltage
acro
the
ga
tube,
V7689.
For
the
—
100-volt
compari on
voltage
reference
the
6
ma
i
pro
vided
by
a
con tant-current
tran i tor,
Q8674,
which
operate
a
a
common-ba e
amplifier.
The
ba e
voltage
i
e tab
li hed
with
re pect
to
the
—
1
50-volt
upply
by
zener
diode
D8679.
Since
the
ba e-to-emitter
voltage
of
Q8674
i
e
entially
con tant,
the
current
through
the
tran i tor
i
de
termined
and
maintained
con tant
by
the
voltage
acro
re i tor
R8673
and
R8674.
By
adju ting
R8674,
the
current
through
V7689
i
et
to
the
pecified
6
ma.
Tran i tor
Q8672,
a
diode-operated
2N1102,
provide
temperature
compen ation
for
Q8674.
For
the
±
100-volt
reference,
a
con tant
current
of
6
ma
i
furni hed
by
Q7674
in
conjunction
with
zener
diode
D7675
and
re i tor
R7670
and
R7671.
Thi
circuit
operate
imilar
to
the
—
100-volt
reference
previou ly
explained.
A
the
COMPARISON
VOLTAGE
Polarity
witch
i
moved
from
±
po ition
to
—
po ition,
it
i
important
that
the
load
on
tran i tor
Q8674
and
Q7674
remain
the
ame.
In
the
+
and
0
po ition ,
the
current
from
the
negative
current
regulator,
Q8674,
pa e
through
R8670
in tead
of
the
ga
tube
and
a ociated
zener
diode .
In
the
—
po ition,
the
current
from
the
po itive
current
regulator,
Q7674,
pa e
through
R8670.
In
calibration,
the
voltage
at
Te t
Point
A
i
et
equal
to
the
voltage
at
Te t
Point
B
in
all
po ition
of
the
polarity
witch,
o
that
a
con tant
load
i
alway
pre
ented
to
Q7674
and
Q8674.
The
voltage
i
then
applied
acro
the
COMPARISON
VOLTAGE
potentiometer,
R7686.
The
voltage
applied
acro
potentiometer
R7686
mu t
be
exactly
100
volt .
Since
the
voltage
obtained
by
the
3-1
Circuit
Description
—
Type
Z
drop
acro
V7689
and
the
zener
diode
i
lightly
more
than
100
volt ,
R7684
and
R7685
(if
needed)
reduce
the
potential
to
the
exact
amount
required.
The
preci ion
voltage
divider
con i ting
of
R7687A
and
R7687B
(X
1
0),
and
R7687C
and
R7687D
(X
1
00),
reduce
the
compari on
voltage
from
100
volt
to
either
10
volt
or
1
volt
by
mean
of
the
COMPARISON
VOLTAGE
Range
witch.
Input
Cathode
Follower
Stage
Signal
applied
to
input
connector
A
and
B
of
the
Type
Z
Unit
go
to
the
AC-DC
witche
which
either
include,
or
hort
acro ,
the
coupling
capacitor .
The
ignal
then
pa
through
the
PUSH
TO
DISCONNECT
SIGNAL
witche ,
the
VOLTS/CM
witche ,
and
the
Mode
witch,
SW761
1.
The
ignal
are
then
impre ed
upon
the
grid
of
the
input
cathode
follower ,
V7613
and
V8613.
The
wide
dynamic
range
of
the
Type
Z
Unit
require
con tant-current
operation
of
both
the
Input
Cathode
Fol
lower
tage
and
the
Differential
Amplifier
tage.
Another
requirement
i
that
creen-to-cathode
voltage
remain
con
tant
in
both
tage .
Tran i tor
Q7618
i
the
con tant-current
ource
for
both
V7618A
and
input
cathode
follower
V7613.
Thi
tran i tor
operate
a
a
common-ba e
amplifier.
It
ba e
i
held
approximately
6
volt
above
the
—
150-volt
upply
by
zener
diode
D8679
( ee
Note,
below).
NOTE
When
reference
to
the
—
150-volt
upply
i
made,
the
actual
typical
voltage
mea urement
i
—
144
volt
at
pin
9
of
the
interconnecting
plug
in
all
o cillo cope
u ing
a
decoupling
network
in
the
main
o cillo cope.
The
ba e-to-emitter
voltage
i
e entially
con tant,
the
ba e
being
a
few
tenth
of
a
volt
more
po itive.
With
ba e
and
emitter
voltage
fixed,
Q7618
operate
at
a
con tant
current.
Note
that
a
variation
in
the
—
150-volt
upply
ha
little
or
no
effect
on
the
tran i tor
bia .
Thu
no
change
oc
cur
in
either
the
ba e-to- upply
drop
or
the
ba e-to-emitter
drop.
Only
the
ba e-to-collector
drop
varie .
The
voltage
drop
acro
zener
diode
D8679
et
the
voltage
drop
between
emitter
and
the
—
150-volt
upply.
A
decrea e
in
emitter
re i tance
would
require
a
greater
current
to
e tabli h
the
ame
fixed
drop.
Hence
R7619
i
the
current
control
for
Q7618,
the
con tant-current
ource.
The
collector
current
of
Q7618
i
lightly
le
than
the
emitter
current,
very
nearly
con tant,
and
independent
of
the
ba e-to-collector
voltage.
Such
a
circuit
i
very
ta
b
le
with
re pect
to
tran i tor
parameter
and
temperature.
To
de cribe
the
con tant-current
circuit
of
the
Inout
Cathode
Follower
tage
during
peak
operation,
a ume
that
an
input
voltage
wing
from
—
100
to
+
100
volt
i
applied
to
the
grid
of
V7613.
The
cathode
of
V7613
end
plate
of
V7618A
follow
the
200-volt
wing.
The
cath
o
de
of
V7618A
varie
1---------
—
time
the
plate
wing.
In
thi
+
1
circuit,
the
cathode
wing
about
1/30
of
the
plate
wing.
Therefore
the
grid-cathode
wing
of
V7618A
i
approxi
mately
6.6
volt .
The
voltage
wing
i
now
low
enough
for
direct
coupling
to
the
collector
of
Q7618
who e
func
tion
i
to
provide
the
con tant-current
ource
for
thi
half
of
the
input
tage.
The
voltage
wing
of
6.6
volt
i
ea ily
handled
by
the
tran i tor
at
it
operating
current
of
ap
proximately
8
ma.
The
effect
of
a
tran i tor
“
long-tail
”
in
the
cathode
circuit
of
V7618A
i
hown
in
Fig.
3-2.
The
top
curve
di play
the
con tant-current
characteri tic
of
a
2N1302
tran i tor
when
connected
imilar
to
Q7618.
The
lower
curve
di play
the
con tant-current
characteri tic
of
V7618A
with
Q7618
connected
in
it
cathode
circuit
to
control
the
current.
For
practical
purpo e ,
no
mea urable
change
in
current
occur
during
the e
voltage
excur ion .
The
grid
of
V7618A
return
to
the
zener
diode
D8679
through
a
temperature-compen ating
diode-connected
tran-
20
volt>/div
Fig.
3-2.
Top:
constant-current
collector
characteristics
of
2N1302
transistor
having
a
1
-k
resistor
in
the
emitter
circuit;
bottom:
con
stant-current
plate
characteristics
of
6DJ8
triode
connected
similar
to
V7618A.
(Transistor
display
obtained
from
Tektronix
Type
575
Transistor-Curve
Tracer;
triode
display
obtained
from
Type
570
Characteristic-Curve
Tracer.)
3-2
Circuit
Description
—
Type
Z
i tor,
Q8672.
The
bia
of
V7618A
i
the
collector-to-ba e
voltage
of
Q7618
plu
the
drop
acro
Q8672.
The
creen
of
the
input
cathode
follower
V7613
i
con
nected
back
to
it
cathode
through
another
cathode
fol
lower,
V7623A,
and
zener
diode,
D7621.
The
creen
voltage
of
V7613
will
therefore
follow
variation
in
the
cathode
voltage
(becau e
it
i
“
boot trapped"
to
the
cathode),
approximately
105
volt
above
the
cathode.
Capacitor
C7626
bypa e
high-frequency
component
of
the
ignal
directly
to
the
creen.
C7621
and
R7622
form
a
low-pa
filter
to
remove
zener
noi e
from
the
creen
of
V7613.
The
gain
of
the
input
CF'
(V7613
and
V8613
approache
unity
becau e
the
impedance
of
the
con tant-current
cathode
“
long-tail"
approache
infinity,
and
becau e
of
the
high
and
con tant
grid- creen
p.
The
grid- creen
p
remain
con tant
becau e
of
the
con tant
creen-cathode
potential.
The
mo t
ignificant
factor
which
reduce
the
gain
of
the
tage
below
unity
i
the
cathode-load
re i tor
R7620,
R7621,
and
R8621.
Slight
circuit
imbalance ,
principally
in
triode
p
and
zener
diode
impedance,
nece itate
a
balance
control
R7620.
For
all
practical
purpo e ,
thi
control,
plu
R7621
and
R8621,
form
the
cathode
load
for
the
input
cathode
follower .
Differential
Amplifier
Stage
Signal
from
the
input
cathode
follower
are
applied
to
the
grid
of
the
Differential
Amplifier
tage,
V7634
and
V8634.
The
cathode
circuitry
of
the
tage
con i t
of
a
con tant-current
circuit
and
a
gain
adju tment
network.
The
con tant-current
circuit
i
formed
by
Q8638
and
V8638
and
i
identical
in
principle,
with
one
exception,
to
the
operation
of
the
circuit
in
the
Input
Cathode
Follower
tage.
The
exception
i
that
one
con tant-current
circuit
upplie
both
tube
in
thi
tage.
The
amount
of
current
upplied
by
the
con tant-current
circuit
i
determined
by
the
etting
of
the
GAIN
ADJUST
control
R8639.
A
creen-to-cathode
voltage
i
maintained
con tant,
R8639
control
the
tran conductance
of
V7634
and
V8634,
thereby
controlling
the
gain
of
the
tage.
The
control
i
et
to
provide
the
correct
vertical
deflection
fac
tor
when
the
VAR.
ATTEN.
control
R7633
i
et
fully
clock
wi e.
The
VAR.
ATTEN.
control
varie
the
gain
of
the
Dif
ferential
Amplifier
tage
by
varying
the
cathode
degenera
tion.
To
prevent
trace
hift
a
the
VAR.
ATTEN.
control
R7633
i
adju ted,
the
cathode
potential
mu t
remain
equal.
Thi
i
accompli hed
by
proper
adju tment
of
the
VAR.
ATTEN.
BALANCE
control
R7619.
Adju tment
of
R7619
varie
the
grid
(and
the
cathode)
voltage
of
V7634
and
V8634
in
oppo ite
direction
to
compen ate
for
light
difference
in
operating
characteri tic
of
the
two
tube .
Proper
adju t
ment
of
R7619
will
re ult
in
equal
voltage
at
the
cathode
of
V7634
and
V8634
for
all
po ition
of
the
VAR.
ATTEiN.
control .
A
in
the
Input
Cathode
Follower
tage,
the
creen
volt
age
for
the
Differential
Amplifier
tage
i
“
boot trapped"
140
volt
above
the
cathode.
Becau e
total
cathode
current,
creen-to-cathode
voltage,
and
the
plate-to- creen
current
ratio
remain
con tant,
the
plate
current
of
the
Differential
Amplifier
tage
re pond
only
to
differential
ignal .
The
high-frequency
re pon e
of
the
Differential
Amplifier
tage
i
improved
by
the
u e
of
erie - hunt
peaking
in
the
plate
circuit .
Thi
peaking
i
provided
by
L7632
and
L8632.
The
AMPLIFIER
DC
BAL.
control
R7640
adju t
the
ba e
voltage
of
Q7644
by
forcing
a
mall
current
through
R7632.
The
control
i
u ed
to
d
c
balance
the
Output
Amplifier
Stage.
Adju tment
of
R7640
force
the
ba e
of
Q7644
to
be
at
the
ame
voltage
a
the
ba e
of
Q8644
when
no
ignal
i
applied
to
the
unit.
Output
Amplifier
Stage
Output
ignal
from
the
Differential
Amplifier
tage
are
applied
to
the
ba e
of
Q7644
and
Q8644,
the
Output
Amplifier
tage.
Thi
tage
ha
a
gain
of
lightly
more
than
two.
A
large
common
emitter
re i tance
provide
a
large
amount
of
emitter
degeneration
and
a
high
degree
of
tability
and
linearity.
Tran i tor
u ed
in
thi
tage
have
an
advantage
over
a
vacuum
tube
tage
in
two
re pect .
The
d
c
level
i
lowered
in tead
of
rai ed,
and
the
wing
of
the
amplifier
in
the
o cillo cope
i
limited
to
no
more
than
12
centimeter
deflection
on
the
c
rt
creen.
The
latter
i
important
ince
rapid
recovery
from
very
large
input
voltage
i
e ential.
Serie - hunt
peaking
in
the
collector
circuit
improve
the
high-frequency
re pon e
of
the
ampli
fier.
Output
Cathode
Follower
Stage
Output
ignal
from
the
Output
Amplifier
tage
and
po itioning
voltage
from
the
POSITION
control
are
ap
plied
to
the
grid
circuit
of
the
Output
Cathode
Follower .
Compen ated
voltage
divider
network
at
the
input
to
the
cathode
follower
lower
d
c
level
to
the
proper
level
for
driving
the
vertical
amplifier
of
the
o cillo cope.
The
divid
er
con i t
of
re i tor
R7655
and
R7656,
R8655
and
R8656;
capacitor
C7655
and
C8655
compen ate
the
attenuator
for
high
frequencie .
The
OUTPUT
CF
BAL.
adju tment
R7658
i
u ed
to
pro
vide
d
c
balance
for
the
output
cathode
follower .
Thi
in ure
that
the
input
ignal
to
the
pu h-pull
ide
of
the
vertical
amplifier
of
the
o cillo cope
are
at
equal
average
d
c
potential .
The
output
cathode
follower
provide
the
nece ary
low
impedance
to
drive
the
capacitance
of
the
interconnecting
plug
and
the
input
of
the
o cillo cope
vertical
amplifier.
In
addition,
thi
tage
i olate
the
plug
capacitance
from
the
Output
Amplifer
tage.
The
ignal
from
the
Output
Cathode
Follower
tage
i
applied
through
the
intercon
necting
plug
to
the
input
of
the
o cillo cope
vertical
ampli
fier.
3-3
ON
4
MAINTENANCE
PREVENTIVE
MAINTENANCE
The
Z
Unit
i
a
table
in trument,
and
will
require
com
plete
calibration
very
infrequently.
However,
to
be
certain
that
the
unit
i
operating
properly
at
all
time ,
the
cali
bration
of
the
unit
hould
be
checked
after
each
500-hour
period
of
operation
(or
every
ix
month
if
the
unit
i
u ed
intermittently).
A
complete
tep-by- tep
procedure
for
cali
brating
the
unit
and
checking
it
operation
i
given
in
the
Calibration
ection
of
thi
manual.
Visual
Inspection
Many
potential
and
exi tent
trouble
can
be
detected
by
a
vi ual
in pection
of
the
unit.
For
thi
rea on,
a
complete
vi ual
check
hould
be
performed
every
time
the
unit
i
inoperative,
need
repair ,
or
need
recalibration.
Apparent
defect
may
include
loo e
or
broken
connection ,
damaged
connector ,
improperly
eated
tube
or
tran i tor ,
corched
or
burned
part ,
and
broken
terminal
trip .
The
remedy
for
the e
trouble
i
readily
apparent
except
in
the
ca e
of
heat-damaged
part .
Damage
to
part
due
to
heat
i
often
the
re ult
of
other
le
apparent
trouble
in
the
unit.
It
i
e ential
that
the
cau e
of
overheating
be
found
before
replacing
the
damaged
part .
COMPONENT
REPLACEMENT
General
U eful
information
concerning
the
replacement
of
im
portant
part
in
the
Z
Unit
i
given
in
thi
portion
of
the
manual.
Becau e
of
it
preci ion
de ign,
replacement
of
clo e
tolerance
component
will
require
calibration
of
the
unit
to
a ure
proper
operation.
Refer
to
the
Calibration
ection
of
thi
manual
for
a
complete
procedure.
If
the
tep
in
the
procedure
are
to
be
performed
out
of
equence
to
get
the
repaired
portion
of
the
Z
Unit
calibrated,
refer
to
the
preceding
portion
of
the
procedure
for
more
in
f
or-
mation
about
control
panel
etting
and
te t
equipment
u ed.
Switches
If
a
witch
i
found
to
be
defective
and
need
to
be
repaired
or
replaced,
u e
normal
care
in
un oldering
and
di connecting
lead
from
the
terminal .
To
remove
ome
witche ,
uch
a
the
AC-DC,
Polarity,
and
Range,
the
front
overlay
panel
mu t
be
removed
fir t
to
obtain
acce
to
the
witch
mounting
crew .
Single
wafer
on
wafer-type
witche
are
not
normally
replaced.
If
a
wafer
i
defective,
the
entire
witch
hould
be
replaced.
Some
witche
may
be
ordered
from
the
factory
either
unwired
or
with
part
wired
in
place,
a
de
ired.
Refer
to
the
Part
Li t
to
find
the
wired
and
unwired
part
number .
When
oldering
the
lead
to
a
wafer-type
witch,
do
not
let
older
flow
around
and
beyond
the
rivet
on
the
witch
terminal.
Otherwi e
the
pring
ten ion
of
the
witch
con
tact
may
be
de troyed.
Turret
Attenuators
To
remove
or
to
replace
a
component
in ide
one
of
the
VOLTS/CM
turret
attenuator ,
the
following
in truction
are
given:
1.
To
remove
the
turret,
loo en
the
0.050"
alien
et
crew
( ee
Fig.
4-1).
Gra p
the
knob
and
pull
it
outward
far
enough
to
let
the
haft
free
the
turret.
Do
not
pull
the
haft
too
far
out
or
it
will
not
hold
the
detent
wheel
in
po ition.
2.
Remove
the
turret.
Remove
the
end
cap
from
the
body
of
the
turret
to
obtain
acce
to
the
component .
NOTE
When
replacing
any
of
the
component
in ide
the
turret,
the
lead
length
and
part
placement
are
critical.
Duplicate
the
original
lead
length
and
the
exact
part
placement.
U e
part
ordered
from
the
factory
to
a ure
correct
phy ical
ize
and
tolerance
accuracy.
Do
not
u e
exce ive
heat
or
let
the
oldering
iron
touch
the
white
pla tic
part
of
the
turret
body.
No
attempt
hould
be
made
to
replace
button
capacitor
C413E,
C414E,
or
C415E.
The e
part
are
weat- oldered
in
the
outer
metal
ring
to
ecure
a
low
inductance
grounding
path.
The
ring
i
fitted
to
the
body
of
the
turret
before
the
in ide
component
are
oldered
into
place.
It
i
extremely
unlikely
that
the e
capacitor
will
become
defective.
How
ever,
if
a
button
capacitor
need
to
be
replaced,
order
a
replacement
wired
turret
body
from
the
factory.
4-1
Maintenance
—
Type
Z
THRUST
SPRING
Fig.
4-1.
VOLTS/CM
turret
attenuator
removed
from
the
Z
Unit.
3.
To
remount
the
turret
body,
align
the
hole
in
the
end
cap
with
the
index
pin .
Fit
the
end
cap
to
the
turret
body.
4.
Note
the
etting
of
the
knob
and
then
rotate
the
knob
o
the
bent
end
rather
than
the
open
end
of
the
thru t
pring
will
accept
the
turret.
5.
Slide
the
turret
into
the
frame.
Make
ure
the
contact
(indicated
in
Fig.
4-1)
are
aligned
with
the
contact
on
the
turret.
6.
Rotate
the
knob
to
it
original
etting.
Slide
the
haft
through
the
turret
and
through
the
rear
hole
in
the
frame.
Check
alignment
of
contact
while
carefully
rotating
the
turret.
Tighten
the
et
crew.
7.
If
the
bent
end
of
the
thru t
pring
are
not
located
between
the
roll
pin ,
rotate
the
thru t
pring
around
the
haft
until
it
i
properly
po itioned.
When
thi
i
done,
the
bent
end
of
the
pring
will
not
trike
the
detent
wheel
top
a
the
turret
i
rotated.
If
the
entire
VOLTS/CM
turret
attenuator
i
to
be
re
moved
or
replaced,
the
complete
witch
can
be
removed
a
a
unit
the
ame
a
a
conventional
rotary
witch.
When
ordering
a
replacement
witch,
refer
to
the
Part
Li t
for
the
wired
witch
part
number.
Ceramic
Terminal
Strips
Damaged
ceramic
terminal
trip
are
mo t
ea ily
removed
by
un oldering
all
connection
and
then
u ing
a
pla tic
or
hard
rubber
mallet
to
knock
the
yoke
out
of
the
cha i .
Thi
can
be
done
by
tapping
on
the
end
of
the
yoke
protruding
through
the
cha i .
When
a
new
trip
i
ordered,
the
yoke
are
furni hed
with
and
are
attached
to
the
trip.
New
pacer
need
not
be
ordered
becau e
the
original
pacer
can
be
u ed
two
or
three
time
before
they
become
too
loo e
to
hold
the
yoke
ecurely.
When
the
damaged
trip
and
yoke
a embly
have
been
removed,
place
the
pacer
for
the
new
trip
a embly
into
the
hole
in
the
cha i .
U ing
a
pla tic
or
hard
rubber
mallet,
tap
the
ceramic
trip
lightly
above
the
yoke
to
drive
the
yoke
pin
down
through
the
pacer .
Be
certain
that
the
yoke
pin
are
driven
completely
through.
U ing
a
pair
of
diagonal
cutter ,
cut
off
the
exce
length
of
the
yoke
pin .
Fig.
4-2
illu trate
the
way
that
the
part
fit
together.
Fig.
4-2.
Installation
of
ceramic
terminal
strips.
4-2
Maintenance
—
Type
Z
Soldering
Precautions
In
the
production
of
Tektronix
in trument ,
a
pecial
ilver-bearing
older
i
u ed
to
e tabli h
a
bond
to
the
ceramic
terminal
trip .
Thi
bond
may
be
broken
by
the
repeated
u e
of
ordinary
tin-lead
older,
or
by
the
appli
cation
of
too
much
heat.
Occa ional
u e
of
ordinary
older
will
not
break
the
bond
however,
if
too
much
heat
i
not
applied.
If
continued
maintenance
work
i
to
be
performed
on
Tektronix
in trument ,
it
i
advi able
to
have
a
tock
of
older
containing
about
3%
ilver.
Thi
type
of
older
i
u ed
often
for
work
on
etched-circuit
board
and
hould
be
readily
available.
It
may
al o
be
purcha ed
directly
from
Tektronix
in
one
pound
roll
(part
number
251-514).
Becau e
of
the
hape
of
the
terminal
on
the
ceramic
terminal
trip ,
the
oldering
iron
hould
have
a
wedge-
haped
tip.
A
tip
uch
a
thi
allow
the
heat
to
be
ap
plied
directly
to
the
older
in
the
terminal
and
reduce
the
amount
of
heat
required.
It
i
important
to
u e
a
little
heat
a
i
po ible.
Do
not
u e
force
or
twi t
the
tip
in
the
lot
a
thi
may
chip
or
break
the
ceramic
trip.
ection
hould
be
correlated
with
information
in
other
ection
of
the
manual.
No
attempt
i
made
to
give
complete
tep-by- tep
pro
cedure
for
finding
the
cau e
of
each
po ible
type
of
trouble.
In tead,
an
attempt
i
made
to
outline
a
general
trouble hooting
guide.
Thi
guide
provide
a
mean
for
determining
the
probable
cau e
of
a
trouble
from
ymptom
ob erved
before
detailed
check
are
made.
A
chematic
diagram
of
the
Z
Unit
i
contained
at
the
rear
of
thi
manual.
The
reference
de ignation
of
each
component
i
hown
on
the
circuit
diagram.
All
wiring
u ed
in
the
Z
Unit
i
color
coded.
Thi
greatly
implifie
circuit
tracing
in
the
in trument.
Preliminary
Troubleshooting
Before
attempting
any
trouble hooting
work,
check
all
front-panel
control
for
proper
etting .
If
in
doubt
a
to
the
etting
of
the
control ,
refer
to
the
Operating
In truction
ection.
REPLACEMENT
PARTS
Standard
Parts
Replacement
for
all
part
u ed
in
the
Type
Z
Unit
can
be
purcha ed
directly
from
Tektronix
at
current
net
price .
Many
of
the
component ,
however,
are
tandard
electronic
part
that
can
generally
be
obtained
locally
in
le
time
than
required
to
obtain
them
from
the
factory.
Before
purcha ing
a
part,
be
ure
to
con ult
the
Part
Li t
to
de
termine
the
tolerance
and
rating
required.
The
Part
Li t
give
the
value ,
tolerance ,
rating ,
and
Tektronix
part
number
of
all
component
u ed
in
the
in trument.
Special
Parts
In
addition
to
the
tandard
electronic
component
men
tioned
in
the
previou
paragraph,
pecial
part
are
al o
u ed.
The e
part
are
manufactured
or
elected
by
Tek
tronix
to
ati fy
particular
requirement ,
or
are
manu
factured
e pecially
for
Tektronix
by
other
companie .
The e
part
and
mo t
mechanical
part
hould
be
ordered
directly
from
Tektronix
ince
they
are
normally
difficult
or
impo i
ble
to
obtain
from
other
ource .
All
part
may
be
obtained
through
your
local
Tektronix
Field
Engineering
Office.
TROU LESHOOTING
General
Information
Thi
portion
of
the
manual
will
aid
you
in
trouble hoot
ing
the
Z
Unit
in
the
event
that
trouble
develop .
During
trouble hooting
work,
the
information
contained
in
thi
1.
Visual
Operational
checks
A
good
procedure
to
follow
when
trouble
occur
in
the
Z
Unit
i
to
make
a
careful
vi ual
check
of
the
in trument
and
the
input
connection .
A
ource
of
trouble
can
often
be
detected
by
vi ual
mean .
If
no
trouble
i
vi ible,
apply
an
input
ignal
and
ob erve
the
CRT
for
proper
wave
hape .
Adju t
the
front-panel
control
to
ee
the
effect
of
each.
The
normal
or
abnormal
operation
of
each
con
trol
will
indicate
what
ort
of
trouble
i
encountered.
Once
the
ymptom
are
clearly
e tabli hed,
the
faulty
circuit
can
u ually
be
i olated
more
readily.
2.
Oscilloscope
or
Z
Unit
When
following
a
trouble hooting
procedure,
it
i
a
umed
that
the
o cillo cope
u ed
with
the
Z
Unit
i
operat
ing
normally.
Thi
i
not
alway
the
ca e.
If
in
doubt,
check
the
operation
of
the
o cillo cope
before
attempting
to
trouble hoot
the
Z
Unit.
Trouble
occurring
in
the
o cillo
cope
can
u ually
be
detected
by
ub tituting
another
plug-in
unit
for
the
Z
Unit
and
checking
for
proper
opera
tion.
Troubleshooting
Procedures
The
trouble hooting
procedure
that
follow
are
divided
into
ection
according
to
trouble
ymptom .
When
a
trou
ble
occur
in
the
unit,
the
proper
trouble hooting
ection
can
be
quickly
found.
1.
Incorrect
Gain
Improper
gain
may
be
cau ed
by
any
of
everal
condi
tion
in
the
unit.
However,
a
a
fir t
check,
ee
if
the
GAIN
ADJUST
control
will
correct
the
gain.
Refer
to
the
Operating
In truction
ection
which
de cribe
how
to
make
the
adju tment.
Then,
if
nece ary,
check
the
tube
and
4-3
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