Yamaha mLAN Driver Manual

Notes regarding the current version
• If using 4.5 m cables to make connections, no special knowledge is required when connecting up to 16
devices. However for larger systems, further understanding of connections is required, such as how connec-
tions can be branched.
• At present, it is not possible to create systems of 64 or more devices. In the near future, it will be possible to
use devices called “bridges” to expand this to 63 x 1023 devices. However in this case as well, a certain
amount of knowledge will be required.
• In the current version, even if 63 or fewer nodes are connected, there is no limitation regarding reception of
realtime data such as audio and MIDI. However, the number of nodes that can transmit data is limited to
approximately five devices.
There is no limitation on the number of nodes that can transmit non-realtime data such as file transfers by
IEEE 1394 devices. (The current version of mLAN does not support file transfer for mLAN devices.)
Troubleshooting
The following table provides troubleshooting hints for some common problems. Before calling for professional
service, refer to the troubleshooting advice below to see if you can find and correct the cause of the problem.
Bus does not start up
• A loop connection may have been created. Check the
cable connections.
Node is not displayed
• The power of an intervening node may be off, or a cable
may be disconnected. If two or more CD8-mLAN cards
are installed in an 02R, connections are also required
between these cards.
• PC card hot plugging on the PowerBook is not supported.
If you insert a new PC card, you must restart the system. If
there are multiple 1394 adapters, you must specify the
adapter.
mLAN plug is not displayed
• The reception plug (input plug) of a Macintosh is not visi-
ble from other nodes. Make connection settings on the
Macintosh.
• For Direct mode on the CS6x/CS6R/S80, there is no
reception plug (input plug).
Connection cannot be made
• A connection may have already been specified for the
receiving device plug.
• The bus traffic may be approaching 100%.
Connection cannot be restored
• The connection may have been overwritten. Or, you have
may performed Factory Set or mLAN Initialize. These
operations will initialize the connection.
• The bus traffic may be approaching 100%.
• You may have switched devices. The connection will not
be restored if you switch to a different hardware unit,
even if the model is identical.
No sound
• Is a word clock being supplied? Does a word clock master
node exist (if the word clock source is “ext.”).
• Is the Digital In of the mLAN8P connected? Is the Optical/
Coaxial setting correct?
• Has mixer muting (channel off) been defeated on the
mLAN8P/mLAN8E?
• The mLAN signals that can be received simultaneously by
one Macintosh are limited to the signals transmitted from
a single mLAN device. It is not possible to receive a total
of two or more channels transmitted from multiple mLAN
devices. Multiple channels transmitted from a single
mLAN device can be received simultaneously. Even if OMS
settings for multiple ports have been made, reception is
limited to signals transmitted from a single mLAN device.
Can’t operate the panel
• The mLAN Mixer may be connected. It is not possible to
operate the mLAN Mixer and the panel simultaneously.
Can’t receive/transmit MIDI
• In order to receive/transmit MIDI on the 03D, rear panel
cable connections (TO HOST cable) and DIP switch set-
tings are required.
• On the A4000/A5000 or CS6x/CS6R/S80, you must
switch between the conventional MIDI connectors and
the mLAN MIDI.
• The mLAN signals that can be received simultaneously by
one Macintosh are limited to the signals transmitted from
a single mLAN device. Even if OMS settings for multiple
ports have been made, reception is limited to signals
transmitted from a single mLAN device.
Sound is interrupted
• The cable may have been disconnected from a port
whose LED is lit red, or the power of that device may have
been turned off.
• A bus to which multiple devices are connected may have
been joined.
• The bus may contain a node with a device of an older for-
mat (IEEE 1394 - 1995), such as an older DVCam.
• On the Macintosh, numerous applications may be run-
ning, or you may be attempting to transmit numerous
channels of audio. The sound may be interrupted if a
heavy processing load is being placed on the Macintosh.
Something is wrong with the sound
• Is the word clock setting correct? If the word clock is not
synchronized correctly, the audio quality may be affected.
Also, the A4000/A5000 and CS6x/CS6R/S80 support only
44.1 kHz.
Macintosh does not synchronize with other devices
• The Macintosh cannot be the slave of other devices.
Sound is heard when you disconnect a cable
• A “blip” sound may be heard from a device receiving
mLAN audio when you disconnect the cable from the
device that is transmitting that signal. If this occurs, either
pause transmission/reception or lower the volume before
disconnecting the cable.
mLANGuidebookSupplementaryMaterials

Guide Book Basic concepts of mLAN
Leitfaden Basiskonzepte von mLAN
Guide Principes de base du mLAN
Guía Conceptos básicos de mLAN
EnglishDeutschFrançaisEspañol

The company names and product names in this guide are the trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective companies.
Table of Contents
Basic Concepts of mLAN ..........................................4
Features of mLAN.....................................................9
Features Inherited from IEEE 1394................................................9
Features of mLAN Products...........................................................9
Technical Explanations ..........................................10
1. About IEEE 1394 .....................................................................10
2. Device Connections (Topology, Routes, Cycle Master) ........11
3. Bus Reset (Long, Short) .........................................................13
4. Calculating the Number of Hops and Cable Length .............14
5. Bandwidth Issues....................................................................15
6. Cable Power ...........................................................................16
7. Hot Plugging / Unplugging ...................................................18
8. Bus Status Indication (LED)....................................................18
9. Other Protocols, Drivers.........................................................19
10. mLAN Connection Manager ...............................................20
11. mLAN Fs Manager ...............................................................22
Index ......................................................................23
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Basic Concepts of mLAN
“mLAN” is a digital network designed for musical applications. It uses and extends the industry
standard “IEEE (I triple E) 1394” high performance serial bus.
In a musical environment without mLAN, dozens of various types of cables such as audio cables,
phone cables, and MIDI cables are required, with different types of cable for each device and
application. Also, the MIDI and audio signal flow is determined by the way in which cables are
connected, meaning that cables must be reconnected if you wish to reconfigure the system.
For example if you have purchased a new synthesizer, you will need two MIDI cables plus two
phone cables in the case of a stereo output instrument (or in some cases even more if the instru-
ment has more than two audio outputs). When making connections, attention must also be paid
to the input/output direction of each jack, the left/right channel, and in some cases, an under-
standing of impedance is also required.
As systems become larger, such factors produce more complexity and expense. Incorrect connec-
tions and other problems can increase. The time required to troubleshoot mistakes and problems
also increases, resulting in wasted time. More than one reader has doubtless had the frustrating
experience of tracing through an intricate web of cables one by one, just to track down a single
faulty contact in one cable.
mLAN provides a dramatic simplification by allowing all such connections to be combined into a
single IEEE 1394 compatible cable, and also making possible the construction of far more power-
ful systems.
In addition, the flow of MIDI and audio signals between mLAN devices can be freely changed
without actually reconnecting any cables, and such configurations can be recorded as well.
Theoretically, the IEEE 1394 bus that mLAN uses is capable of transmitting over one hundred
channels of CD-quality digital audio data (equivalent to more than 256 MIDI cables) over a single
cable at one time.
Details will be given later, but if the system contains sixteen or fewer nodes (devices in the net-
work), a system can be constructed simply by connecting devices consecutively. No special
knowledge is required. Currently, a system can consist of a maximum of 63 devices, but in the
future larger systems of up to 63 x 1023 devices can be constructed by observing certain simple
rules.
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Basic Concepts of mLAN
Figure 1: Conventional connections compared to mLAN connections
MIDI
MIDI
mLAN8P
mLAN8P
mLAN8E
mLAN8E
mLAN8E
1394 1394
1394 1394
1394
1394
CD8-mLAN
+4
+4
MIDI setup
Conventional connection
mLAN connection
Audio signal
Audio signal
Audio signal
Audio
signal
MIDI signal
MIDI signal
MIDI signal
MIDI
signal
02R digital mixer
02R digital mixer
MIDI Keyboard
Computer
IEEE 1394-equipped Computer
MIDI Keyboard
CS6R
tone generator
CS6R
tone generator
Sequencer
A5000 sampler
A5000 sampler
A5000 sampler
A5000 sampler
Analog
Synthesizer, etc.
Synthesizer, etc.
mLAN Patch bay
mLAN mixer
Sequencer
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Basic Concepts of mLAN
Home PC setup
CD MD
1394
S/PDIF
mLAN8P
CD MD
Audio signal
Audio system
AMP
Speakers
Audio system
AMP
Speakers
WAV file
Playback software
WAV file
Playback software
Conventional connection
mLAN connection
Computer
IEEE 1394-equipped Computer
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Basic Concepts of mLAN
Live performance setup
+4
C
1394
S/PDIF
mLAN8P mLAN8E mLAN8E CD8-mLAN
1394 1394
+4
C
DAT
DAT
CS6x synthesizer
CS6x synthesizer
A5000 sampler
A5000 sampler
02R digital mixer
02R digital mixer
Audio signal
Audio signal
MIDI signal Audio signal
Conventional connection
mLAN connection
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Basic Concepts of mLAN
The signals from the digital video camera are not recognized by mLAN8P but
passed through it to the computer.
MIDI signal
DV editing setup
mLAN8P
MIDI S/P DIF
or
Analog
audio
Audio signal
Digital video signal
Digital video
camera
Digital video
camera
DTM system
DTM system
Video editing
software
Video editing
software
Conventional connection
mLAN connection
Powered
speaker
1394 1394
Computer
IEEE 1394-equipped Computer
NOTE
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Features of mLAN
• Only one type of cable is needed, in contrast to the multiple varieties required by conventional
systems. In addition, jacks have no distinction of input or output, making it easy to connect a
system without special knowledge.
• Data transfer rates of 100/200/400 Mbps (megabits per second) are supported. In the future,
this is expected to be expanded to 800M/1.6Gbps (gigabits per second).
• Up to 63 devices can be connected. In the future, devices called “bridges” can be used to
expand connections to as many as 63 x 1023 devices.
• Cables can be connected and disconnected without turning off the power ( hot pluggable ).
• Since industry-standard IEEE 1394 is used, compatibility with a variety of devices is expected
into the future.
• Isochronous transfer allows data to be transferred in realtime. This is ideal for transfer of real-
time data such as video and audio.
• The current mLAN data transfer rate is 200 Mbps.
• Electronic musical instruments and audio devices can be connected even without a computer,
making it easy to construct digital network.
• MIDI and audio signal flow can be routed freely without being limited by the actual cable con-
figuration. Signal flow between nodes can be changed without having to physically reconnect
the devices, and such configurations can be recorded.
• mLAN specifications will continue to be upgraded as new products are developed. mLAN sup-
ports future expansions of its functionality, and is an specification that will “continue to evolve”.
Features Inherited from IEEE 1394
Features of mLAN Products
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Technical Explanations
This is a standard defined by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). It is being
use to implement low-cost high-speed digital networks that connect computer equipment to con-
sumer devices (audio equipment, video equipment, electronic musical instruments) or to connect
consumer devices to each other.
Although “IEEE 1394-1995” provides for a maximum of 400 Mbps (megabits per second) data
transfer between computer devices, the standard is being expanded to allow data transfer at
speeds of 1.6 Gbps (gigabits per second) in the future. At a speed of 200 Mbps, it is theoretically
possible to handle more than one hundred channels of CD-quality digital audio data simulta-
neously with musical data equivalent to more than 256 MIDI cables.
In addition, the numerous types of cables required by a conventional system to carry different
types of data such as video, audio, and MIDI are no longer needed, since all data is carried over a
single type of cable connected sequentially.
In the case of audio devices, conventional systems were connected in a radiating topology where
connections radiated from the AV amp to the various components (CD, MD, tuner etc.). In con-
trast, IEEE 1394 allows a simpler method of connection in which a single type of cable is used to
sequentially connect each device (amp → CD → MD → tuner). No particular knowledge is required
when making connections, and new devices can be added to the system simply by connecting
them sequentially.
This also applies to networks connected to multimedia computers, AV devices, and electronic musi-
cal instruments, making it extremely simple to create more powerful systems than ever before.
Figure 2: Example of audio connections
Conventional connections: Attention must be paid to L/R and IN/OUT, and a limited number of devices
can be connected.
IEEE 1394 connections: No particular knowledge is required, and connections may be made in any
order. Up to 63 devices can be connected.
Technical points regarding IEEE 1394 are explained below.
1. About IEEE 1394
AMP CD MD
IN MD OUT TUNER
CD MD TUNER
L
R
AMP TUNERCD MD
IEEE 1394 compatible cable
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Technical Explanations
This section provides information that will be needed by power users who wish to use IEEE 1394
with maximum efficiency. Users who are connecting 16 or fewer devices (nodes) using standard
4.5 m cables will not require this information.
“ Topology ” refers to the overall shape of the connected nodes (devices in the network). Types of
topology include daisy-chain, star, and tiered star.
Figure 3: Types of topology
In these topologies, it is possible for any node to be seen from any other node as being in a “tree”
structure. In this case, the single selected node is called the “ root node .” As the name suggests,
the tree structure is similar to the branched form of a tree, but is normally drawn upside down
from an actual tree. Thus, the “root” will be depicted at the top of the diagram. As shown in the
following diagrams, any node in the topology can be the root node.
Figure 4
2. Device Connections (Topology, Routes,
Cycle Master)
Star connection (radiating)
Daisy-chain
Tiered star (branch connection)
Tree structure B
Tree structure A
Root
Root
Star
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
45
5
5
6
2
3
46
6
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Technical Explanations
Figure 5
The above diagrams show the frequently-used tiered star (multiple stars that are connected) as a
tree structure. In a tree structure, nodes that are not connected to another node in the direction
away from the root are called “ leaf nodes .” In the above diagrams, these nodes are shown in
gray.
Since IEEE 1394 treats all topologies as tree structures, a specific node will automatically be
selected as the root node. (It is also possible for the user to specify a specific node as the root.)
In order to transfer realtime data such as audio and MIDI, the clocks that are built into each device
to measure data timing must be synchronized; i.e., the devices must be synchronized. The node
containing the clock used as the master is called the “ cycle master ,” and the root node fulfills this
role.
The cycle master node is indispensable when transferring realtime data such as audio and MIDI. If
the power of the cycle master node is turned off, or if the cable is disconnected from it, it will no
longer be possible to transfer data. Consequently, the sound will be interrupted. If this occurs
another node will be selected as the root node, and data transfer will resume.
By using IEEE 1394 compatible extending and relaying devices, bus connections can be branched
and extended in an efficient manner. Such devices are collectively called “ repeaters .”
Of the different types of topology, “loops” cannot be interpreted as a type of tree; thus, it is not
permitted to create a loop within the topology.
Tree structure
Root
Tiered star
4
1
47
17
9 1086532
11
2
3
11
10 8
9
5
6
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
4
2
3
6
5
Loops
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Technical Explanations
When a cable is connected or disconnected within a network, or when the power of a node is
turned on or off, the bus* will be initialized and the network will be reconfigured. There are two
types of bus reset: long bus reset and short bus reset.
* “Bus” is a technical term indicating a system by which multiple electronic devices
share a single communication route to transfer data. IEEE 1394 is a “bus” specifica-
tion. In the document, the term “bus” refers to the portion that is operating according
to IEEE 1394.
■ Long bus reset
This will occur when the topology has been changed or broken without leaving the previous root,
or if the power of the root node has been turned off. This will also occur if a device that does not
support short bus reset (such as an IEEE 1394-1995 compatible DV camcorder) is connected.
Since a certain amount of time is required for reconfiguration, audio data etc. will be interrupted.
After the bus has been initialized, the following processes are performed:
• The parent/child relationships between each node are determined, and after the root node has
been decided, self-identifying packets (basic data) for each node will be transmitted. This is
called “tree identification.”)
• The root node will be assigned as the cycle master.
■ Short bus reset
This will occur if the change in topology does not involve the root, and since it requires less time
than the long bus reset, audio data etc. will not be interrupted. This will occur when a leaf node is
added or removed, or if the power of a leaf node is turned on or off.
3. Bus Reset (Long, Short)
mLAN feature
In the case of mLAN devices, the cable port LED will light green to indicate cable ports connected as leaf
nodes.
Removing cables
: Long bus reset
: Short bus reset
Turning the power off
: Long bus reset
No mark : Short bus reset
Root Root
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Technical Explanations
The number of hops indicates the distance between two nodes in the bus (system), and expressed
by the number of cables between the two nodes.
The maximum number of hops is not the number of cables in the network; it simply means the
maximum number of hops between any two nodes (not necessarily from the root). At present,
the maximum is 16 hops. Even by using shorter cables such as 1 meter, it is not possible to
increase the number of nodes or hops that can be used.
At present, a maximum of 63 nodes can be connected. In the future, devices called “bridges” will
make it possible to connect up to 63 x 1023 devices.
Figure 6: Number of hops
4. Calculating the Number of Hops and Cable
Length
NODE
NODE NODE NODE NODE
NODE NODE
NODE NODE
72m (16 hops)
4.5 m
72m (16 hops)
Max 63 nodes
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Technical Explanations
■ Isochronous transfer
The isochronous data transfer used by IEEE 1394 is a transfer method that guarantees the right
to transmit or receive data at fixed intervals (125 microseconds). This makes it possible to transmit
data in realtime. It is particularly suitable for data of a realtime nature, such as video and audio.
This fixed interval (125 microseconds) is managed by the cycle master node, and access rights are
granted preferentially to the cycle master node.
■ Arbitration
In order for a node to transmit data packets, it must obtain bus access rights. The root node arbi-
trates bus access rights , and ultimately grants access rights to a single node. It is not possible for
multiple nodes to simultaneously access a single bus.
Arbitration is performed as follows:
• The node that wishes to transmit a data packet first transmits a “request” to the root node.
• Upon receiving this request, the root node transmits “permission” to the node that sent the
request.
• The node that transmitted the request receives the “permission,” thereby obtaining access
rights.
• The node that obtained access rights may then transmit data packets.
• The request and permission can be transmitted much faster if the node is closer to the root
node (that is, fewer hops between the node and the root). Consequently, the star topology
can handle the bus more efficiently than a daisy-chain topology.
Figure 7: Isochronous sub-actions
5. Bandwidth Issues
125µs
Isochronous portion Isochronous portion
Arbitration Data packet
ch1 ch2 ch3 ch4 ch5 .....
Time
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Technical Explanations
Nodes with multiple IEEE 1394 connectors have the important role of relaying and transmitting
data between multiple connected nodes. In order for data to be transferred from one node to
another, each node between these nodes must relay the data accurately. A small amount of elec-
trical power is required for the relay functionality to operate. So that its relay functionality will
continue to operate even if the power of a device is turned off, there must be a means of supply-
ing power from other nodes. Thus, standard IEEE 1394 cables use a four-pin configuration; four
pins for data and control signals, or a six-pin configuration; four pins for data and control signals
and two pins for electrical power.
Figure 8: Cross-section of a six-pin cable
Since the six-pin cables are able to transmit power, power can be distributed between nodes of
the network. Nodes can be classified by how they handle power.
By power supply
A. Nodes that are able to supply power to another node via the cable. These are called
“ power nodes .”
B. Nodes that are not able to supply power.
6. Cable Power
mLAN feature
Although DV cables that omit the power lines do exist, mLAN products use six-pin cables.
Power supply cable
(8–40 V DC, maximum current 1.5 A)
Two sets
of twisted
pair signal lines
Signal line shield
Number of
connector pins Supported speed
6 400Mbps
P
ON
OFF
P
Power can be supplied.
P: Electric power
: Can be supplied/relayed
: Cannot be supplied/relayed

P
ON
OFF
P
Power cannot be supplied.
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Technical Explanations
By power consumption
c. Nodes that take no power at all from the cable. When their power is turned off, they will
also cease functioning as bus relays.
d. Nodes that can obtain power from the cable and function as bus relays.
e. Nodes that can obtain power from the cable and perform all of their own functions (low
power consumption portable devices etc.).
For the purpose of power, a node will have a combination of functionality from [A, B] and [c, d, e].
mLAN feature
For the current mLAN devices, this will generally be [B] and [c]. In other words, a system consisting solely
of mLAN devices will function as a single system only if the power of all devices (nodes) is turned on.
When the power is turned off, the nodes do not obtain power
and cease functioning as bus relays.
ON
OFF Data
P
P
When the power is turned off, the nodes can still obtain power
and function as bus relayWhen the power is turned off,
the nodes can still obtain power and function as bus relay.
ON
OFF Data
P
P
The nodes can obtain power
and perform all of their own functions.
ON Data
P
P
P
ON
OFF Data
P
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Technical Explanations
IEEE 1394 allows cables to be freely plugged and unplugged even if the power is turned on. Since
IDs are assigned automatically when the topology is modified, the user does not need to reset the
IDs. The system can be used immediately after it has been connected.
mLAN products have a two-color LED (green and red) by their connector port, a three-color
(green, red and orange) LED labeled RT/ERR and a blue LED labeled ACTIVE, nearby this.
The ACTIVE LED indicates that this node is functioning as a relay. If a node is not Powered-on but
its ACTIVE indicator is lit, it is receiving power from another node.
RT/ERR can be either green or red:
[Green] ...... Indicates that this is the root node.
[Red]/[Orange] ......Indicates that an error has occurred. The type of error is indicated by the way
in which the connector LED is lit. For details, refer to the table in the Owner’s
Manual for the respective device.
If the above-mentioned RT/ERR does not indicate an error (i.e., dark or lit green), the connector
LED has the following meaning:
[Green] ...... The node connected to this connector is a leaf node. Even if this connector is
unplugged, a major change (such as splitting the bus (system) into two) will not
occur.
[Red] .......... The node connected to this connector is not a leaf node. If this connector is
unplugged, the bus (system) will be split into two parts. As a result, a Long Bus Reset
may occur and the sound may be interrupted.
7. Hot Plugging / Unplugging
mLAN feature
One feature of mLAN is that after nodes are connected, the MIDI and audio signal flow can be routed
freely without having to actually change physical connections. No particular care need be taken regarding
the order of connections.
8. Bus Status Indication (LED)
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Technical Explanations
The IEEE 1394 specification is broadly used in DV connectors for digital video. Although DV
includes an audio signal in addition to the video, it uses a different format than mLAN, and DV
audio cannot be handled directly by an mLAN device. In order to handle DV audio on mLAN, a
converter device and/or computer software is separately required.
9. Other Protocols, Drivers
RT/ERR
ACTIVE
Green : The node is a root node.
Red, Orange : An error has occurred.
Blue : The node functions as bus relay.
Green : A leaf node is connected.
Red : The connected node is not a leaf node.
(This is not an error.)
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Technical Explanations
The audio/MIDI data that flows over mLAN is transferred using virtual connectors called “mLAN
plugs.” The logical routes that are established between these plugs are called “mLAN connec-
tions.”
Figure 9: An example of audio signals
An mLAN connection is expressed as the combination of
• transmitting device — transmitting mLAN plug (mLAN output plug)
• receiving device — receiving mLAN plug (mLAN input plug)
Figure 10: An example of an mLAN connection
The mLAN connection manager is a function possessed by all mLAN devices, and is a module that
manages the specified mLAN connections on each node.
The mLAN connection manager has the following functionalities:
• By request from another mLAN node, it creates mLAN connections in the mLAN plug of the
mLAN nodes.
• In response to inquiry from another software module, it provides mLAN connection data.
• When the bus is reconfigured due to a bus reset or power-off, it is able to automatically
restore mLAN connections.
10. mLAN Connection Manager
Transmitting
device
Audio transmission mLAN plug Audio reception mLAN plug
Virtual connectorVirtual connector
Receiving
device
IEEE 1394 compatible cable
mLAN8P 02R
Channel 1
Channel 2
Channel 3
Channel 4
Channel 5
Channel 6
Channel 7
Channel 8
Channel 1
Channel 2
Channel 3
Channel 4
Channel 5
Channel 6
Channel 7
Channel 8
Transmitting device
(transmitting mLAN plug) (receiving mLAN plug)
Receiving device
A5000 02R
Channel 2Stereo L
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