Agilent Technologies 8510C Owner's manual

Agilent Technologies
8510C Network Analyzer System
Operating and Programming Manual
For use with Firmware Revision C.07.XX with CRT display
For use with Firmware Revision C.08.XX or greater with LCD
Serial Numbers
This manual applies directly to instruments with
this serial prefix number or above: 3031A.
Part Number: 08510-90281
Printed in USA
May 2001
Edition 3.0
Supersedes January 31, 1994
© Copyright Agilent Technologies 1989, 1994, 2001

Certification
Agilent Technologies certies that this product met its publishedspecications at the time
of shipment from the factory. Agilent further certies that its calibration measurements
aretraceable to the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology, to the
extent al lowed by the Institute's calibration facility, and to the calibration facilities of other
International Standards Organization members.
Warranty
This Agilent instrument product is warranted against defects in material and workmanship for
a perio d of one year from date of delivery. During the warranty perio d, Agilent will, at its
option, either repair or replace pro ducts which prove to b e defective.
For warranty service or repair, this pro duct must b e returned to a service facility designated
by AgilentTechnologies. Buyer shall prepay shipping charges to Agilent and Agilent shall
pay shipping charges to return the pro duct to Buyer. However, Buyer shall pay all shipping
charges, duties, and taxes for pro ducts returned to Agilen
t from another country.
Agilentwarrants that its software and rmware designated by Agilent for use with an
instrument will execute its programming instructions when prop erly installed on that
instrument. Agilent does not warrant that the operation of the instrument, or software, or
rmware will be uninterrupted or error free.
Limitation of Warranty
The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improp er or inadequate
maintenance by Buyer, Buyer-supplied software or interfacing, unauthorized mo dication or
misuse, operation outside of the environmental sp ecications for the product, or improp er site
preparation or maintenance.
NO OTHER WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. AGILENT SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES
THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER'S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES. Agilent SHALL
NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES, WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY.
c
 Copyright AgilentTechnologies, Inc., 1989, 1994, 2001 All rights reserved. 1400
FountaingroveParkway, Santa Rosa, CA 95403 U.S.A.

Safety and Regulatory Information
Review this product and related documentation to familiarize yourself with safety markings
and instructions b efore you operate this instrument.
This pro duct has been designed and tested in accordance with the standards listed on the
Manufacturer's Declaration of Conformity, and has been supplied in a safe condition. The
documentation contains information and warnings that must be followed by the user to ensure
safe op eration and to maintain the pro duct in a safe condition.
Caution
The CAUTION notice denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure
which, if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in damage to or
destruction of the instrument. Do not pro ceed b eyond a caution sign until the
indicated conditions are fully understo o d and met.
Warning
The WARNING notice denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure which,
if not correctly performed or adhered to, could result in injury or loss of life. Do
not proceed beyondaWARNING sign until the indicated conditions are fully
understood and met.
When you see this symbol on your instrument, you should refer to the
instrument's instruction manual for imp ortant information.
The CSA mark is the Canadian Standards Association safet
y mark.
The CE mark is a registered trademark of the European Communit
y.Ifitis
accompanied byayear, it indicates the year the design was proven.
This symb ol indicates that the instrument requires alternating current (ac) input.
This symbol is used to mark the STANDBY/OFF p osition of the power line
switch.
This symbol is used to mark the ON p osition of the p o
wer line switch.
This text indicates that the instrument is an industrial Scientic and Medical
Group 1 Class A product (CISPER 11, Clause 4).
The C-tick mark is a registered trademark of the Sp ectrum Management Agency
of Australia. This signies compliance with the Australian EMC Framework
regulations under the terms of Radio communications Act of 1992.
iii

General Safety Considerations
Warning
This is a Safety Class 1 Product (provided with a protective earthing ground
incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall only be inserted in a
socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact. Any interruption of the
protective conductor inside or outside of the product is likely to make the
product dangerous. Intentional interruption is prohibited.
Before applying power, verify that the product is configured to match the
available main power source as described in the input power configuration
instructions. If this product is to be powered by autotransformer, make sure
the common terminal is connected to the neutral (grounded) side of the ac
power supply.
If this product is not used as specified, the protection provided by the
equipment could be impaired. This product must be used in a normal
condition (in which all means for protection are intact) only.
Caution
Always use the three-prong ACpower cord supplied with this pro duct.
Failure to ensure adequate earth grounding by not using this cord may cause
pro duct damage.
Ventilation Requirements: When installing the pro duct in a cabinet, the
convection into and out of the pro duct must not be restricted. The ambient
temperature (outside the cabinet) must not b e restricted. The ambient
temperature (outside the cabinet) must b e less than the maximum op erating
temperature of the pro duct by4

for every 100 watts dissipated in the
cabinet. If the total p ower dissipated in the cabinet is greater than 800
watts forced convection must b e used.
This product is designed for use in Installation Category II and P
ollution
Degree 2 p er IEC 1010 and 664 resp ectiv
ely.
iv

Acoustic Noise Emissions Declaration
This is to declare that this instrument is in conformance with the German Regulation on
Noise Declaration for Machines (Laermangab e nach der Maschinenlaermrerordnung 0 3.
GSGV Deutschland).
Acoustic Noise Emission/Geraeuschemission
LpA < 70 dB LpA < 70 dB
Operator p osition am Arbeitsplatz
normal op eration normaler Betrieb
Per ISO 7779 nach DIN 45635 t. 19
By internet, phone, or fax, get assistance with all your test & measurement needs.
Table 0-1. Contacting Agilent
Online Assistance: www.agilent.com/find/assist
United States
(tel) 1 800 452 4844
Japan
(tel) (81) 426 56 7832
(fax) (81) 426 56 7840
New Zealand
(tel) 0 800 738 378
(fax) 64 4 495 8950
Canada
(tel) 1 877 894 4414
(fax) [phone]
Latin America
(tel) [phone]
(fax) [phone]
Asia Pacic
(tel) (852) 3197 7777
(fax) (852) 2506 9284
Europ e
(tel) (31 20) 547 2323
(fax) (31 20) 547 2390
Australia
(tel) 1 800 629 485
(fax) (61 3) 9210 5947
v

Introduction
This 8510C Operating and Programming Manual is designed to provide you with
comprehensive tutorial material to help you learn typical applications and operating details of
the Agilent 8510 network analyzer system.
A companion volume, the 8510 Keyword Dictionary provides a complete alphab etical list of
8510 front-panel hardkeys, menu softkeys, and programming mnemonics. Eachentry also
includes information ab out how to use the function in programmed op eration.
Note
The original 8510C incorp orated a catho de ray tub e (CRT) based display. The
current design incorp orates a liquid crystal display (LCD). In this manual
references to either CRT or LCD apply to both display designs unless noted
otherwise.
Systems with a CRT based display in the 85101C use rmware revision
C.07.XX or greater.
Systems with an LCD require rmware revision C.08.00 or greater.
Note
In this manual, the terms GPIB (General Purpose Interface Bus) and
HP-IB (Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus) refer to the same proto col.
Instrument softkeys for HP-IB related functions use \HP-IB", for example,
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
HP-IB ADDRESSES or
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
HP-IB CONFIGURE .
vi

vii

Typeface Conventions
The following conventions are used in the 8510C Operating and Programming Manual and the
Keyword Dictionary .
Italics
Italic type is used for emphasis, and for titles of manuals and other publications. It is also
used to designate a variable entry value.
Computer
Computer typ e is used for information displayed on the instrument and to designate a
programming command or series of commands.
4
Hardkeys
5
Instrumentkeys are represented in \key cap." You are instructed to press a hardkey.
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Softkeys
Softkeys are lo cated along side of the displa
y, and their functions depend on the current
display. These keys are represented in \softkey." You are instructed to select a softkey.
viii

DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
According to ISO/IEC Guide 22 and CEN/CENELEC EN 45014
Manufacturer’s Name: Agilent Technologies, Inc.
Manufacturer’s Address: 1400 Fountaingrove Parkway
Santa Rosa, CA 95403-1799
USA
Declares that the product:
Product Name: Network Analyzer
Model Number: 8510C
Product Options: This declaration covers all options of the above product.
Conforms to the following product specifications:
EMC: IEC 61326-1:1997+A1:1998 / EN 61326-1:1997+A1:1998
CISPR 11:1990 / EN 55011-1991 (Group 1, Class A)
IEC 61000-4-2:1995+A1998 / EN 61000-4-2:1995 (4 kV CD, 8 kV AD)
IEC 61000-4-3:1995 / EN 61000-4-3:1995 (3 V/m, 80 - 1000 MHz)
IEC 61000-4-4:1995 / EN 61000-4-4:1995 (0.5 kV sig. lines, 1 kV power lines)
IEC 61000-4-5:1995 / EN 61000-4-5:1996 (0.5 kV L-L, 1 kV L-G)
IEC 61000-4-6:1996 / EN 61000-4-6:1998 (3 V, 0.15 – 80 MHz)
IEC 61000-4-11:1994 / EN 61000-4-11:1998 (1 cycle, 100%)
Safety: IEC 61010-1:1990 + A1:1992 + A2:1995 / EN 61010-1:1993 +A2:1995
CAN/CSA-C22.2 No. 1010.1-92
Supplementary Information:
The product herewith complies with the requirements of the Low Voltage Directive 73/23/EEC and the
EMC Directive 89/336/EEC and carries the CE-marking accordingly.
Santa Rosa, CA, USA 28 February, 2001 Greg Pfeiffer/Quality Engineering Manager
For further information, please contact your local Agilent Technologies sales office, agent or distributor.

Contents
1. Introduction to the 8510C Network Analyzer System
Intro duction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
8510 Network Analyzer System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
FrontPanel Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Display Mo des and Annotation Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Channel/Parameter Identication Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
Stimulus Values Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4
ActiveEntry Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
Knowing When a Function Is Selected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
Recognizing Mutually-Exclusiv e Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
Title Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
System Messages Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-5
Enhancement Annotation Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
Softkey Menu and Marker List Display Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
Using ENTRY Blo ck Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
Uparrow( 4
85
) and Downarrow( 4
95
) Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
Using Numeric Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
Using Units Terminator Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Using the Prior Menu Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Using the Backspace Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Using the 4
=MARKER
5 Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-8
Using ACTIVE CHANNEL Blo ck Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Coupling Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
Coupling Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Using MENUS Blo ck Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Using STIMULUS, PARAMETER, FORMAT, and RESPONSE Blo cks Keys . 1-11
Using INSTRUMENT STATE Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Using AUXILIARY MODE Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Using MEASUREMENT Blo ck Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Using the Menus, Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
To Create, Edit, or Delete a Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
To Adjust the Date/Time Clo ck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
The Analyzer Remembers Previous Settings (Limited Instrument State) . 1-14
INSTRUMENT STATE Blo ck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
4
USER PRESET
5 Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
Saving and Recalling Complete Instrument States . . . . . . . . . . . 1-15
4
LOCAL
5 Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-16
1

2. Introductory Measurement Sequence
Intro duction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Verifying the System Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
If some instruments do not resp ond at p ower-up . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Turning on system power, the sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Waiting for self-test and initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Measurement Sequence Example 1: Frequency Domain Measurement . . . . 2-3
1. Setting Up the Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Making Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Factory Preset State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Set Stimulus, Parameter, Format, Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
2. Performing the Measurement Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Making a reection frequency resp onse calibration . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
To Identify, Create, and Store S
11
Measurement Calibration Data . . . 2-7
Reading the displayed resp onse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Making a transmission frequency resp onse calibration . . . . . . . . . 2-8
To Identify, Create, and Store S
21
Measurement Calibration Data . . . 2-8
3. Making a Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
To measure return loss (S
11
) in LOG MAG format (frequency domain
measurements) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
To measure the insertion loss (S
21
) in LOG MAG format . . . . . . . . 2-10
4. Saving Data and Getting an Output of the Results . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
Plotting Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
To set up the plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
Plotting the Current Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
To plot selected areas of the results display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
Measurement Sequence Example 2: Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
3. Principles of Operation
Intro duction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Basic Principles of Network Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
System Blo ck Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Description of the 8510 Network Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
How the 8510 Makes Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Test and Measurement Input Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Ratio Measurements and Sampling Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Digital Signal Pro cessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
CPU and Memory Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Data Pro cessing Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
Button Push Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Test Signal Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Sources in ramp-sweep mo de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Sources in step-sweep mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Test Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Coaxial Test Set Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Reection/Transmission Test Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
S-Parameter Test Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Customized Test Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
Measurement Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Source Output-to-Test-Set Input Signal Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Test Port Return Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
2

Extension Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Adapters (To Protect Test Ports from Wear) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
Prop er Connector Care and Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
Calibration Kits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13
Verication Kits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14
Automatic Recall of Instrument Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
The Added Benet of the SAVE/RECALL Feature . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15
Factory Preset State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16
Hardware State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
4. Measurement Controls
Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Display Mo des . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Dual Channel Display Mo des . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Single Channel, Four Parameter Display Mo des . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
Adjust Display Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
Intensity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
Background Intensity (CRT only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Mo dify colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Default Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
External Video (CRT only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-9
External Video (LCD only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10
Limits: Limit Lines and Limit Points Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Types of Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Limit Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Limit Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Creating a Limit Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
To Set Up the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
To Set the Limit Test Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
To Dene the Maximum Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
To Dene Minimum Limit Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
Editing Limits in the Limits Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
Trace Memory Op erations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
Storing Trace Data in Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
To Displa y a Stored Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
Settings that can and cannot b e changed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
To Displa y Data and Memory Simultaneously . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
Settings that can and cannot b e changed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
To Select the Default Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Which memory lo cations are volatile, which are not . . . . . . . . . 4-20
What is the op erational life of non-volatile memory . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Trace Math Op erations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Data from Channel 1 and Data from Channel 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23
Automatic Memory of Domain Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24
Applicable Calibration Types for Each Domain Mo de . . . . . . . . . . 4-24
Auxiliary Voltage Domain Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24
FORMAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25
Cartesian Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25
Smith Chart Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25
Polar Display Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25
3

Format Keys Available on the FrontPanel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25
Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
Using the Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
Select the Active Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
Marker Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
Continuous and Discrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31
Marker List Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31
Delta Mo de Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
Marker Search Mo des . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34
Search Right and Search Left . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35
Delta Mo de Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36
Marker Familiarization Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36
Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-38
Basic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-38
S-Parameter Denitions and Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-38
Parameter Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-39
User Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-40
Redene Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41
Redene Basic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-42
Redene User Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44
Measuring Power (dBm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-44
Dynamic Range Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-46
Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-48
Changing Display Scale and Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-48
Setting Scale and Reference Values Automatically . . . . . . . . . . . 4-48
Changing Display Scale Manually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-48
Changing the Position of the Reference Line Manually . . . . . . . . . 4-48
Changing the Value of the Reference Line Manually . . . . . . . . . . 4-49
Automatic Recall of Previous Display Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-49
Hierarchy of the Automatic Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-49
The automatic memory does not include Stim
ulus settings . . . . . . 4-50
Other options for control of Stimulus settings . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-50
The Eect of Factory Preset on Display Settings . . . . . . . . . . . 4-50
Response Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-50
Trace Averaging and Smo othing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-50
Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-51
Averaging Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-51
Notication when averaging is nished . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-51
Averaging Factor Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-51
Smo othing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-52
Electrical Delay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-53
Using Electrical Delay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-53
DelayFeatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-53
Coaxial Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-54
Waveguide Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-54
Table Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-54
Selecting Velo cityFactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-54
Auto Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-54
Phase Oset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-54
Magnitude Slop e and Magnitude Oset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-55
Stimulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-56
4

Set Frequency Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-56
Set Sweep Using Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-57
Set Stimulus Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-57
Setting and Monitoring Signal Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-57
Set Source RF Output Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-58
Power Slop e On/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-59
Attenuator Port: 1 and Attenuator Port: 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-59
Setting power for passive devices, or devices with gain . . . . . . . . 4-59
Source Power and Flatness Correction Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . 4-60
Selecting the Number of Points to Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-61
Source Sweep Mo des . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-62
Speed of Step and Frequency vs. Ramp Mo des . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-63
Measurement Hint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-63
Entering Ramp, Step, and Single Point Stimulus Values . . . . . . . . 4-63
Sweep Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-64
Example: Eects of Sweep Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-64
Sweep Execution, Hold/Single/Number of Groups/Continual . . . . . . . 4-65
Why Use Number of Groups? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-66
Coupled/Uncoupled Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-66
How to tell if a function is coupled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-67
Dual Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-67
Uncoupled Stimulus Settings and Dual Channel Displays . . . . . . . 4-67
Trigger Mo des . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-68
Creating a Frequency List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-69
Entering the First Segment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-69
Add Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-70
Editing the Frequency List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-70
Changing a Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-70
Deleting a Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-71
Adding a Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-71
To Duplicate Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-71
Frequency List Save and Recall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-71
Selecting All Segments or a Single Segment. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-71
To Exit Frequency List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-72
5. Using System Functions
Chapter Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
System Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Controls that Aect the Network Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Phaselo ck Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
LockType . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Step Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Normal Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Quick Step Mo de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Lock Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Warning Beeper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
IF Calibration and Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
IF Calibration Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
DisplayFunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
Creating a Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
Deleting a Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
5

Adjusting the Date/Time Clo ck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Using SecurityFeatures in the System
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
DISPLAY FUNCTIONS Menu . . . 5-7
Controls that Aect Input/Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
GPIB Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
GPIB Congure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Edit Multiple Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Power Leveling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Controlling Multiple Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
Using the Multiple Source Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12
HowtoEnter the Example Conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
Nowsave the conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Millimeter Wave Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Uses for the SOURCE 1 and RECEIVER Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
SOURCE 1 Formula Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Receiver Formula Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Why are these settings used? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-16
Service Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
Test Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
Disc Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19
System Bus Softkeys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19
IF Gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-20
Why Use Manual Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-20
Why the problem o ccurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-20
How to Use Manual IF Gain Controls Prop erly . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-22
Peek and Poke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
Purpose of Peek and Poke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
6. COPY Printing and Plotting
Chapter Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
Installation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Supported Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Connecting a GPIB Printer or Plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Connecting an RS-232 Printer or Plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
Selecting the GPIB (System Bus) or RS-232 Ports . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
RS-232 Print/Plot Buers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Adding Custom Annotations to the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Using a Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Printing Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
What Is Printed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Installing a Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Selecting the Output Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Printer and the 8510C Conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Using a Laser Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Conguring the Laser Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Using the Standard Conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Using Other Laser Printer Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Conguring the Network Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Selecting Printer Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Using the High Speed Conguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Why is it faster? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
6

My printer has built-in HP-GL. Do I still need the cartridge? . . . . . . 6-7
Ordering the Cartridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Having Enough Printer Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Setting the Printer Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Using Other Laser Printer Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Conguring the Network Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Switching Between Real Plotters and HP-GL-emulating Laser Printers . . 6-9
Using an HP DeskJet, DeskJet Plus, or DeskJet 500 or 550 Series Printer . . 6-10
Using Serial Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
Setting the Serial DIP Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
Preparing the Printer for Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
Conguring the Network Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
Selecting Printer Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
Using the HP DeskJet 500C or 550C Additional Steps Required . . . . 6-10
Using an HP QuietJet, QuietJet Plus, PaintJet, or PaintJet XL Printer . . . 6-11
Using Serial Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
Setting the Serial DIP Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
Setting Up GPIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12
Setting the GPIB Address DIP Switch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12
Preparing the Printer for Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12
Conguring the Network Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-12
Selecting Printer Resolution (HP QuietJet and QuietJet Plus Printers) . 6-12
Selecting Printer Resolution (HP PaintJet and PaintJet XL Printers) . . 6-13
Printing In Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Using an HP ThinkJet Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Using Serial Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Setting the Serial DIP Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Setting Up for GPIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Setting the GPIB Address DIP Switch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
Preparing the Printer for Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Conguring the Network Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Selecting Printer Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14
Using Non-HP Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15
Using Serial Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15
Setting the Serial DIP Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15
Setting Up for GPIB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15
Setting the GPIB Address DIP Switch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15
Pre-Printing Check-Out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15
Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16
Printing Orientation: Either Landscape or Portrait . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16
Printing One Snapshot p er Page (Portrait or Landscape) . . . . . . . . . 6-17
Printing Two Snapshots per Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-17
Printing Tabular Measurement Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-18
Changing the Tabular Data Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19
Printing Instrument Settings and System Conguration . . . . . . . . . 6-20
Using a Plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-22
Plotting Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-22
What Is Plotted? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-22
Installing a Plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-22
Selecting the Output Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-22
Connecting the HP 7550, Special Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23
7

Using HP 7550B and HP 7550 Plus Plotters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23
Plotting Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23
Selecting Plotter Pen Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23
Plotting with a Single Pen Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-24
Plotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-25
Plotting One Snapshot per Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26
Plotting Individual Display Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26
Plotting a Selected QuadrantFour Snapshots per Page . . . . . . . . . 6-26
7. Disk Drive Operation
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
Compatible Disk Types, Disk Storage Capacity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
DOS Subdirectories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Disk Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
ASCII and Binary File Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
Changing between DOS and LIF Discs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Initializing Discs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
Storing Disk Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
Loading Disk Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6
Loading a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Viewing a Directory of Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7
Deleting Disk Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Un-Deleting Disk Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Using an External Disk Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Compatible Disk Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Disk Unit Number and Disk Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Connections and Conguration Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8
Initializing a Hard Disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9
Guide to Saving Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-10
Sharing a System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11
Saving Everything . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11
Viewing or Plotting Old Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-12
8. Calibrating for System Measurements
What Is a Measurement Calibration? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
What Is Vector Accuracy Enhancement? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
How the 8510 Corrects Measurement Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Calibration Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Use the Same Stimulus and Parameter Settings in the Measurement. . . 8-2
Settings that should not b e changed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Use the Same Equipment Setup in the Measurement. . . . . . . . . . 8-3
Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
Coupled/Uncoupled Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
Cal Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
Turning On an Existing Cal Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
Performing a Measurement Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
Calibration Pro cess Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
Exiting and Resuming a Calibration Pro cedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
Time LowPass Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
Step 1. Select a Calibration Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
What is a \Class" and what is a \Standard?" . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
8

Step 2. Select the Type of Cal You Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
What a Response Calibration Provides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
What a Response and Isolation Calibration Provides . . . . . . . . . 8-7
What a 1-Port Calibration Provides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
What a Full 2-Port Calibration Provides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
8510 Measurement Specications and Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Non-Insertable Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
Step 3. Measure all Required Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Connecting Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
When You Are Finished Connecting Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
If you are using averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Standards Required for a Resp onse Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Standards Required for a S
11
1-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . 8-10
Standards Required for a Full 2-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Measurement order is not imp ortant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
Standards Required for a TRL 2-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14
Step 4. Saving the Cal Set to Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14
Calibration Save Registers and Storage Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14
How to tell if a register already has a Cal Set in it. . . . . . . . . . . 8-14
What to do if all registers are full . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-15
Cal Set Limited Instrument State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-15
S-Parameter Test Set (Two-Path) Calibration Error Mo dels . . . . . . . . 8-15
Frequency Resp onse Calibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16
One-Port Device: S
11
Frequency Resp onse Calibration . . . . . . . . . . 8-16
Two-Port Device: S
11
Frequency Resp onse Calibration . . . . . . . . . 8-17
Two-Port Device: S
21
Frequency Resp onse Calibration . . . . . . . . . 8-17
Two-Port Device: S
12
Frequency Resp onse Calibration . . . . . . . . . 8-17
Two-Port Device: S
22
Frequency Resp onse Calibration . . . . . . . . . 8-18
Response and Isolation Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-18
1-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19
One-Port Device: S
11
1-Port Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-19
One-Port Device: S
22
1-Port Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-20
Two-Port Device: Combining Error Mo dels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-20
Full 2-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-22
TRL 2-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-24
R/T Test Set (One-Path) Calibration Error Mo dels . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-25
Response and 1-Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-25
One-Path 2-Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-25
Storing Calibration Data to Disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-27
Principles and Care of Calibration Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-27
Calibration Standards Require Careful Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-27
Prop er Inspection, Cleaning, and Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-27
Principles of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-27
Quality of the Standards Aects Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28
Standard Mo dels Dier Dep ending on Connector Type . . . . . . . . 8-28
Specications, Mo difying a Cal Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28
Common Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28
Verifying Calibration Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-29
Adjusting Trim Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-29
Using Agilent 834x Series Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-30
Using 835x Series Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-30
9

Mo difying a Calibration Kit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-31
Mo difying a Calibration Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-32
Reducing the Number of Points After Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-32
Eects in Step Sweep Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-33
Eects in Ramp Sweep Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-33
Dening a Frequency Subset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-34
Create and Save the Frequency Subset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-34
Eects in Ramp Sweep Mo de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-35
Changing the Calibration Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-36
Mo difying a Cal Set with Connector Comp ensation . . . . . . . . . . . 8-36
Using Connector Comp ensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-38
9. Transmission Measurements
Intro duction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
Measuring Two-Port Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
Using Test Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
Setting Up for Transmission Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Transmission Measurement Calibration Choices . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Setting up for Response Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
Resp onse and Isolation Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
One-Path 2-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
Full 2-Port and TRL Calibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
Measurement Calibration for Noninsertable Devices . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
Making an Adapter Removal Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Insertion Loss/Gain Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
Measuring 3 dB Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6
Measuring Maximum and Minimum Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
Making Insertion Phase Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8
Measuring S-Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9
Making Group Delay Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Measuring Group Delay Aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11
Comparing ap erture, resolution, and noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12
Measuring ap erture and phase slop e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12
Using ap erture and smo othing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12
Measuring Deviation from Linear Phase Measurement. . . . . . . . . . 9-12
10. Reection Measurements
Intro duction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
Reection Test Setups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
One-Port Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
Two-Port Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
Reection Measurement Calibration Choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
Resp onse and Response-and-Isolation Calibrations . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
1-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
One-Path 2-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
2-Port Calibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
Return Loss Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3
SWR Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3
S-Parameter Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
Impedance Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5
Admittance Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5
10

11. Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
Intro duction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
Using FrontPanel Controls in Time Domain Mo de . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
General Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
Time Domain Mo des . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-3
Reection Measurements Using Time Band Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4
Interpreting the Time Band Pass Reection Response Horizontal Axis . . 11-5
Interpreting the Time Band Pass Reection Response Vertical Axis . . . 11-5
Fault Lo cation Measurements Using Time Band Pass . . . . . . . . . . 11-5
Transmission Measurements Using Time Band Pass . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6
Interpreting the Time Band Pass Transmission Response Horizontal Axis 11-7
Interpreting the Time Band Pass Transmission Response Vertical Axis . . 11-7
Time Domain LowPass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8
LowPass Mo de Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8
Setting Frequency Range for Time LowPass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-8
Avoiding Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9
Analyzing Time LowPass Reections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9
Reection Measurements using Time LowPass . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9
Interpreting the Time LowPass Reection Resp onse Horizontal Axis . . 11-10
Interpreting the Time LowPass Reection Resp onse Vertical Axis . . . 11-10
Trace Bounce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-12
Time Domain Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-14
Masking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-14
Windowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-15
Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-17
Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-18
Response Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-18
Range Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-19
Gating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-19
Setting the Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-20
Select Gate Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-21
Measurement Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-22
Source Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-23
Test Set Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-23
12. Power Domain Measurements
Intro duction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
What Is Power Domain? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
What Is Receiver Cal? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
Making a Power Domain Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3
Performing a Receiver Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
The Flatness Calibration Must Be Completed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
Swept-Frequency Gain Compression Measurement Exercise . . . . . . . . . 12-6
Swept-Power Gain Compression Measurement Exercise . . . . . . . . . . 12-7
11