EnglishDeutsch
 logo
Brands
  1. Home
  2. •
  3. Brands
  4. •
  5. ATEN
  6. •
  7. Switch
  8. •
  9. ATEN CM1164A User manual

ATEN CM1164A User manual

Other manuals for CM1164A

1

This manual suits for next models

1

Other ATEN Switch manuals

ATEN CS-1742 User manual

ATEN

ATEN CS-1742 User manual

ATEN US3344I User manual

ATEN

ATEN US3344I User manual

ATEN CS1942 User manual

ATEN

ATEN CS1942 User manual

ATEN CS 1644 User manual

ATEN

ATEN CS 1644 User manual

ATEN Slideaway CL1008 User manual

ATEN

ATEN Slideaway CL1008 User manual

ATEN AS-8144B User manual

ATEN

ATEN AS-8144B User manual

ATEN cs-521 User manual

ATEN

ATEN cs-521 User manual

ATEN VS-881 User manual

ATEN

ATEN VS-881 User manual

ATEN CS-62 User manual

ATEN

ATEN CS-62 User manual

ATEN CN8000 KVM on the NET User manual

ATEN

ATEN CN8000 KVM on the NET User manual

ATEN Master View CS-1004 User manual

ATEN

ATEN Master View CS-1004 User manual

ATEN Altusen KL1508Ai User manual

ATEN

ATEN Altusen KL1508Ai User manual

ATEN UH-104 User manual

ATEN

ATEN UH-104 User manual

ATEN CS62T User manual

ATEN

ATEN CS62T User manual

ATEN VS482 User manual

ATEN

ATEN VS482 User manual

ATEN Master View CS-1732 User manual

ATEN

ATEN Master View CS-1732 User manual

ATEN US-401 User manual

ATEN

ATEN US-401 User manual

ATEN ALTUSEN KL1508A User manual

ATEN

ATEN ALTUSEN KL1508A User manual

ATEN Altusen KN1108V Operating and maintenance instructions

ATEN

ATEN Altusen KN1108V Operating and maintenance instructions

ATEN CS82U User manual

ATEN

ATEN CS82U User manual

ATEN CS-72E User manual

ATEN

ATEN CS-72E User manual

ATEN ALTUSEN KH1508I User manual

ATEN

ATEN ALTUSEN KH1508I User manual

ATEN CS62KM User manual

ATEN

ATEN CS62KM User manual

ATEN Altusen KM0932 User manual

ATEN

ATEN Altusen KM0932 User manual

Popular Switch manuals by other brands

TRENDnet TK-401R null

TRENDnet

TRENDnet TK-401R null

TRENDnet TK-200K null

TRENDnet

TRENDnet TK-200K null

TRENDnet TE100-S8 null

TRENDnet

TRENDnet TE100-S8 null

URC Total Control MFS-8 installation manual

URC

URC Total Control MFS-8 installation manual

Azbil HPQ-D11 user manual

Azbil

Azbil HPQ-D11 user manual

Sony DFS-900M operating instructions

Sony

Sony DFS-900M operating instructions

SICK i17S operating instructions

SICK

SICK i17S operating instructions

F&F SZR-277 quick start guide

F&F

F&F SZR-277 quick start guide

Shure UAMS/BK user guide

Shure

Shure UAMS/BK user guide

Dräger X-zone Switch Off Instructions for use

Dräger

Dräger X-zone Switch Off Instructions for use

Asco Joucomatic 349 Series manual

Asco

Asco Joucomatic 349 Series manual

BT Mini Hub user guide

BT

BT Mini Hub user guide

D-Link DES-1226G manual

D-Link

D-Link DES-1226G manual

Johnson Controls FS80-C installation instructions

Johnson Controls

Johnson Controls FS80-C installation instructions

MicroNet SP1200A user manual

MicroNet

MicroNet SP1200A user manual

Ruijie RG-PF2920 Series Hardware  installation and reference guide

Ruijie

Ruijie RG-PF2920 Series Hardware installation and reference guide

Altinex DA1914SX user guide

Altinex

Altinex DA1914SX user guide

RJM MASTERMIND PBC/6X user manual

RJM

RJM MASTERMIND PBC/6X user manual

https://manuals.online logo
https://manuals.online logoBrands
  • About & Mission
  • Contact us
  • Privacy Policy
  • Terms and Conditions

Copyright 2026 Manuals.Online. All Rights Reserved.

CM1164A / CM1284
Mul -View KVMP™ Switch
User Manual
Multi-View KVMP™ Switch User Manual
ii
Compliance Statements
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION INTERFERENCE
STATEMENT
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class
A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC ules. These limits are
designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when
the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment
generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and
used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful
interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a
residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user
will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.
The device complies with Part 15 of the FCC ules. Operation is subject to the
following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful interference,
and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including
interference that may cause undesired operation.
FCC Caution
Any changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible
for compliance could void the user's authority to operate this equipment.
Warning
Operation of this equipment in a residential environment could cause radio
interference.
Achtung
Der Gebrauch dieses Geräts in Wohnumgebung kann Funkstörungen
verursachen.
KCC Statement
Multi-View KVMP™ Switch User Manual
iii
Industr Canada Statement
This Class A digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
HDMI Trademark Statement
The terms HDMI, HDMI High-Definition Multimedia Interface, and the
HDMI Logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of HDMI Licensing
Administrator, Inc.
RoHS
This product is oHS compliant.
Multi-View KVMP™ Switch User Manual
iv
User Information
Online Registration
Be sure to register your product at our online support center:
Telephone Support
For telephone support, call this number:
User Notice
All information, documentation, and specifications contained in this manual
are subject to change without prior notification by the manufacturer. The
manufacturer makes no representations or warranties, either expressed or
implied, with respect to the contents hereof and specifically disclaims any
warranties as to merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. Any of
the manufacturer's software described in this manual is sold or licensed as is.
Should the programs prove defective following their purchase, the buyer (and
not the manufacturer, its distributor, or its dealer), assumes the entire cost of all
necessary servicing, repair and any incidental or consequential damages
resulting from any defect in the software.
The manufacturer of this system is not responsible for any radio and/or TV
interference caused by unauthorized modifications to this device. It is the
responsibility of the user to correct such interference.
The manufacturer is not responsible for any damage incurred in the operation
of this system if the correct operational voltage setting was not selected prior
to operation. PLEASE VE IFY THAT THE VOLTAGE SETTING IS
CO ECT BEFO E USE.
International http://eservice.aten.com
International
886- -869 -6959
China
86-400-810-0-810
Japan
81-3-5615-5811
Korea
8 - -467-6789
North America
1-888-999-ATEN ext 4988
1-949-4 8-1111
Multi-View KVMP™ Switch User Manual
v
Product Information
For information about all ATEN products and how they can help you connect
without limits, visit ATEN on the Web or contact an ATEN Authorized
eseller. Visit ATEN on the Web for a list of locations and telephone numbers:
International http://www.aten.com
North America http://www.aten-usa.com
Multi-View KVMP™ Switch User Manual
vi
Package Contents
Check to make sure that all the components are in working order. If you
encounter any problem, please contact your dealer.
The CM1164A package consists of:
1 CM1164A 4-Port USB DVI Multi-View KVMP
TM
Switch
4 KVM cables (DVI-D, USB, audio)
1 power cord
1 I remote control
1 rack mount kit
1 user instructions
The CM1284 package consists of:
1 CM1284 4-Port USB HDMI Multi-View KVMP
TM
Switch
4 KVM cables (HDMI, USB, audio)
1 power cord
1 I remote control
1 rack mount kit
1 user instructions
Multi-View KVMP™ Switch User Manual
vii
Contents
Compliance Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
User Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Online Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Telephone Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
User Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Product Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Package Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
About this Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
1. Introduction
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Operating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Optional Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
CM1164A / CM1 84 Front View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
CM1164A Rear View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
CM1 84 Rear View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
IR Remote Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
. Hardware Setup
Rack Mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
CM1164A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Single Station Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Single Station Installation Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Daisy Chaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Daisy Chain Installation Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Cascading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Cascade Installation Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
CM1 84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Single Station Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Single Station Installation Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Daisy Chaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Daisy Chain Installation Diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Cascading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Cascade Installation Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. Basic Operation
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Multi-View KVMP™ Switch User Manual
viii
Identifying the Source Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Front Panel Pushbuttons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
LED Display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Hotkey Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
IR Remote Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
OSD Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Boundless Switching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Multiview Monitor Layout Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Tier (Chain Vert) Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Row (Chain Horz) Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Quarter (Chain x ) Layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Extended Desktops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Extended Desktops Layout Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Display Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Full Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Quad View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Picture in Picture - Dual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Picture in Picture - Triple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Picture in Picture - Quad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Picture on Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Picture by Picture - Dual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Picture by Picture - Triple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Picture by Picture - Quad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Configuring the Display Aspect Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Preset Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4. Hotkey Operation
Open the OSD Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
The Hotkey Setting Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Hotkeys List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Auto Scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Auto Scanning - Display Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5. OSD Operation
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
The Quick Access Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
The Editor Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
The OSD Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Password Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
System Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6. RS- 3 Operation
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
RS- 3 Pin Assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Multi-View KVMP™ Switch User Manual
ix
RS- 3 Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Verification Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Log In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Logout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
Open/Close RS- 3 Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Switch Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Switch Port (KVM Focus only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Switch Port (USB Peripherals Focus only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Switch Port (Audio Focus only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Daisy-Chained Boundless Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
PiP Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
PbP Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
PoP Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Quad View Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Change Display Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Port Disable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
OSD Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
Keyboard Language Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
Set Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Auto Scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Port ID Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
DCC Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Mouse Emulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Keyboard Emulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Video DynaSync . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Hardware Cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Activate Beeper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Hotkey Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
OSD Hotkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Power on Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Fn Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
USB Reset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
Restore Default Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Firmware Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
KVM Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Hotkey List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
Info . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
Display B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Extended Desktops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Enabling / disabling the Extended Desktops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Configuring Layout for the Extended Desktops . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Display Aspect Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
7. System Maintenance
Multi-View KVMP™ Switch User Manual
x
Firmware Upgrades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
Backup / Restore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5
Powering Off and Restarting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8
Restoring to Default Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8
Appendix
Safety Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9
Rack Mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Fn Key Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Mac Keyboard Emulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Sun Keyboard Emulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Factory Default Hotkeys and Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Limited Warranty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140