Casio PB-2000C User manual

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The
Basics
ofc FJ'l hi" dt"Pto Ptids )otl
I with thcbasicsofthêC
-L progrmminS langugc,
and intrcduccs a nmbq of fca-
tuË Ako irdudcd iEimportant
adviæ for progmmin& nak-
in8 thk chspter rommcnded
cading for flcrloûe

Chew , 7E 83tbt ot C
1-1 Introduction to C
Errly history of C
Cisaprcgmmin3 lugugc rhat inærpoÉtë sch @nepts æ modulc prcgnming ud
stroçtural syntù slong ahe litrë of AIJGOL. Anoihs wu-h|rm offshoot of AI-OOL is
mSCâf. ed foaberg of C æ thc CPL and BCPL laaguaga. Both CPL æd ECPL
re uly imontioru bt Bdt iû's Canbridgc UDi6iay in u stt@pt ro mkc At{iOL
60cæicrto un Thlr comcpt msscd ffi to tùc United Stalrs,Gulting in suchlalgug6
æ B aod Mæ.
B hnguaScw dqÀ{opedNsthc notslion of thc UNIX opefiting rystcm,aodth€d6doÈ
rent of e improrc<tUNIX.I notâti@ prcduæd today'r C largùrgs
Why C?
Up ùtil anumberof lars ago,
thcmainpogmming LngùagA for maiilmc @mpûing
dqi<s reæ COBOL FORTRAN ad PL./I, whilc mic|Immputæ w pregrucd uing
a!*mblfi or BASIC. RÊætrtly,
hwffi, therc i8 a definilc mffimr twarù thc rc of
C for polmint r nricty of omputcrs. But what hÂs
md€ C the languâgeof cboiæ
for prctruiDg?
Onc w is that C ru dælopôd fot tbc UNIX opq8tint systm. UNDç on the oths
ba4 srEd s thc bâ6i! for thc widcly popular MSDOS.2, which M thrt thc trNIX
' notâtioo systm ii spplicd in a widr wiay of softwc in ùæ today.
Anoths Eamn is thc widc sppcal of C duc to its dfutiDc-tiwfBruÊ notcd bclw,
Featuresof C
r. lyUG æeùElriliry
C qn bc uscdin a ritlc rangcof pogruitrg applicstiom, frcm nuwric elculatiom
to ûæhitrc @ntrcl.
2. Sh!} Fretm ponrbfiiry
SioæC isa highJæl pregming lmguagc, preglmr €n bc uscdon a widc varicty of
computing ddi6
3, CorFcl protro
Thc sbundaqtopcnton and ontrcl sûuctuG that æ bùilt inro C grca{y simplify æm-
plq pmin8. Comparcdwith otblr laryua8cs,rhcru16 that g()m C arcælatirely sim-
ple ukirg pmrxam cution quick ud æy.
a, Cor(td thr[lûaa tarcd o. rtncttrd Dretnfhg
Stn5luFd eFgming allwc adly nstæd prctms thlt æ !iûib. to hMil thought
pqtrGr6 This lru thrr onditioûd bruhing ud rcpet loop @otrek æ all includcd.

L-2
5. À b6l of opailioE
C includs aithsetic operators, logical opentors, rclatiooôl opcrabB, iacmcûtal/
dccrenatal opcElots, bil logicd op€rârors,md bit shift ofÉnto$'
6, Polrtcr strtrol
UDtilcthc |rrcmryaddËs usodi! FORnAN, COBOI. md BÂSIC' C qnplo!ô apointc
to indiæt' Bmory l@tioDe
7.Emdiltwof Mort
Mcmory $d dit| mugmat furdio$, e wll u prcgnru æ sy æmpæt, for mÊ
cfticicû mory utiliation.
Thuk3 to fatrc suchs tb6c, C giB )ôu thc hiShlæl pmgmming epôilitië of
FOR{LAN md Pss€I, rith aUof the dctaitcd pffisitrg of rehinc languEgc
.l UNIX is â ËgfutcrÉd
tndcF.rk of Àf,gf
.2 MS-DOS is s rcgistcEd tndmark of MicGoft, lnc
Larning about C with the PB-2{XX}C
Thæ oG w r tie that C æuld bc sn mDioa on lÉit or la$s 6mpuR A time
vhm it ru only within thcÉtm of prcgnm.m6 ild systcm
figi!6 siffi c nolatiotr
ffiblcs ahat
of mchirc lueuage it oflcn appeæd tæ diflïcult or onf$ing for thc
cautl ùs.
AIt of that hs charsed with the int'toductioû of thc C4io PB-2m0C pochÊt
computs'
Thc PBZxnC Dw mlkq i1po$ibla for æryoDc to mjoy th€mary bGfits of ptogxu-
ming iu C. Ttc full portability of thc poclci æmputcr fomât mas thst thc PB'2mOC
eû Êpalorr dth ]ou mywhæ, p youm prcgm md æmpuæ whcnsr andwhæ
HFuvut.
Sire C intaaas uith mily of thc omputcr's fuctions' ir wuld b€diffrcùt to ob(.in
s Flid grsD of its wortinls by sinply mding this mmurL $,b highly tffimad thst
]€u getE mwh hudr m apcricoæ æ posiblc sith lhê PB20{nC, cEting od ruoinS
l6ur (m pmgms. This it tbc b6t wsy to learn about thc psvcr and vcrsaailityof c'
TtæP8.20ûtC scrustly makË a vlry good tcacha. Should pu mtrc a mirtâkc Yha io'
putting apngnm, cmr lNage will eDpct on thc disphy lo guideyou backto lhc @r-
Ë1 pâfh. 'lvith æh Ërur ]ou will be m@int one rcrc iaq, closr to thc matort of C.
A trcc fumltm is its pwidcd to giE ]ou Eluble iûitùts qf ppgtrN s rlùÊyæ q-
stcd.

Crryt, nr'|*tclC
l-3 Mcct the PB-2lXnC interpretcr
With moraænpua€rù C rcft a i .6!Fr& butt.8e. A ù& tnDdfis tbc proûm
ritto itr C inro ,n dûrr ,-f&,qtr, which oD diEdy bc udcrstood bt thc €nputâ.
Thc Fo!ro tbrt th€ @mgutar rctu|ly mt6 ir tb medrirc langugc pogm,
Sire thc mlilE mu Frfom !ù. thË rtc?6of @trp&$, ,'rkh,t ùd æflrrn for
æh pmann, tàcyqûFr bc Grrird imnodirfdy rftcr pq qrq tlm. Tbc tm ntDs
of mpt-liry ud l|drin! FquiE æiE tiæ to ps&rE.
Thc(bioPÈ2mC, d tb3dù6 h.tr4 ÈÛE.C iûtsprctB. Tbctrrrprrrrtnnrlac
proaroalmcntcrtb@, uHnt it nudt aiqtoopatcth[rmpilcr. Ore pu
ats thc pmtm, .tr ,pu he to do is @tcr thr RUN wud to æuæ tùG
lrcgm.
EE]æwhô hs ffi wlÊd with thc BASIC progamnin! hDSurSr wiI IiDdtùis r Ey
f|milir Dioc6s. The PÈ2flXlC C intaprçts .bo spport! Octing tûiDl crkùlrrions,
ttrætutÊEt ûd uid!, for mwh of thc p6rr of lsttcr mputas wilh C mpllcri
Of uEc, a rilc Eilty of æidtitrc fwfiw foud on today's*imtitlc etcuhbB m
e bc insDontcd ilo C pmgm eirh rb. PÈt[xI)C-

Chapter 2
C Interpreter fn hit includes a numbs
I of simple prograru to
-l- givc you experience
with the C editor and C intcr-
pret€r. Especially important is
rbe loading of files irto the
interpreter, and we rcommend
that you take tbe dme to master
this operation completely.
Operation

Aryt2 ChrwqtfrW.tu
2-l About the C interprcter rnd editor
Tbc PB-lItrC puid6 you rith both a C iûtcrprda and cdibr. Thc &ta?rtnr ir ulcd
to æfltc progmË TlE cdlJry is urql for pngtm crcation md editing- Bcfæ getting
into tb3 ætud opartiotr of thc PB-2000C,
pcrh.p6 it ditht bc r good id6 to fiEt lmk
rt tlË trc tudiæ in a littlc morc dctiil.
About llc C |n&rpGtor
ThqÊ æ Îm nys to !rco6 a C progren: uing a omplilcr c usin3 u intdpËq.
Wiah
rhÊmdtcq thc p|ogm i! furt t|æhicd ùto rehiE trmgûa8. bcfæ it fuærcd.
Thb @ lhsl æh tie ]ôu witc I pogrun, dl of ihc fouilirg procc6s3 mu$ bc
pÊfûd:
Plogm inlur'cmpillnS+lioking{æutior.
With il inlcpÊttr, lbc Dmgm ir atæd aDd
æutd in thc 'æ wircnrent, for sicr
opcntiæ
Thc PÈ2ærc fotrc r c intEprrtcr- Aftcr lou cntd â program, all tDu haE to do is
6tq rhc RUN ffimnd to æta it.
ThNthcrt thc Et of thir mmud. tlE C lilsprctcr will b€Gfcnrd simply s atr "iDtcr-
oÉter".
About thc C cditor
An cditor en bc uscd to *rite ffitrhing frcn a fc lim tg an 6tirc progrâm. Unlilc
ùc inrcrprÉta in vlrich simplc witing erct b. pcrfqnod 6ily. thc cdhor lcts you dily
mdify ùd ffiÊr ptog,rG
Thc C cditor of thc PB2ffiC is for riting ud modifying C progrm3. You should rctc,
bæcr, ûrt )ou moa æutc proltus ehile in tlæ C cditor. ltrr qn only mtc llw
ahc inrsptËto.
ThmuSùout thc Gt of rhis rtmud, tbc C cdito. wil bc afcrrcd simply æ m "cdltor".
NoL
Tbc onty ftlcs that sn bÊhsndlcd by th€ qlitor rE th6e with rhc idmtificr "C".

2-2 Activ..iry th C torctun
2-Z Actiwting the C function
Besidc its C function, the PB-2000C also f€tu$ calculato., fomula mcmory. dd datâ
bank fuaions. Hæ rc will scc hil to æld thc C function.
l-I-pr.t-t's;
I dumy qrd isnotLoadcdin tbcompurcr. I
To rctivrte thc C function
l. Switch the pqrcr of the PB-20mC ON.
EN
This displayindlatcs thal thc computs isio theCAL mode This isthc initial modcwhcn
you swirchthe æmputer ON, unles you hre changed
rhc initial modeto enothtr u6itg
llrl l. Sæ the s@sÉte Owna's Manud for dctails-
2. PHs thr B key.
c llnewc lledit lldisk
3. Pffi the function b uder lc
display. I in thc funclion ksy dmu at thc bollom of thc
Ic
The mpute is nw in thc intdprds, in which ]Du can @t! C comands ild prognm.
About the function key mcnus
Th€ PB-20mC plqidG scisof furction ksy mqw to @lc opcilions quick and æy.
Eachfunction kry renu imluds four lqs, ud youqtr seitch mmus by pcsling thc &
kcy.To @ul€ sy of the functioûs shown in the m6u, simply pGs thc function kcy
udmath the mmu selec{ion
you wish to sclæt.

ChAbr2 ChcqQtopetu
Man dlfrrt
dat. lilllst llmorgellpreset
c llnawc lledit lldask
nane llkill llload llsave
lClS lIsel lJmomory
..+ Fundiorkcytunù
+ Fu&lionkyman!
+ Fundion kêy mau
+ Fuclion kct Eou
fhnction key metru commands used in C
Thc funcion kq nmu nalc such opcntionr as prcgmm file slection atrd €nterirg the
editor quick ud try. PreEs lhe El kcf ro Hum to thc fitsf function t€y ssu.
c llnowc lledit lldisk
'fou m slæI ily of thc curcntly dirplaycd Dcoù rel€ctionô by pGsing thc funciron k y
bcle thc fucliotr you çish ao æutq
thc follwing ue dcsdptions of ach of the 15 scl@tions ilailable in the C futrction of
thc P82000C. ID æh 6q thc cutrurly ælætcd filc Ffss to the filc whose nme ir high-
ligftt€d on thc dtuplay wheD a funcrion is æutcd.
-511H'.=' 8
tNv c
c llnewc lledit l[disk
Ei
l0

2-2 AffitiqtlrChffi
lc IhH tlE frrdiot tor undcr thi! ldcciid ro a|ta thc futapfct*
t nrnc IPrs thc fuetion &ryund6 tùi! rdclion to cranê r ndr lmucd C lila If m urmd
C fllc âlrady qirlr in mory thc @mputa rill 6td thc cditor fq thrt fils
I cdlt IPEs. fbc furctiq hcyunds thir ælcction to ata thÊcdibr or DAtrA BDIT modc for
thc curcnrly rdætcd frle For rlaeilr on tùc IMif EDIT Eodc, c tbr Orocrr. M[uaL
ldcr I
This mu ælc*iq is mly usedrhm thc optbDd MD-IO inertrca unif ir cosrcd
to ahc
PÈ20ûlC. PE 8thc functim kry undc thir ælccrioûto dirDLt rhc dirk mu for
rlc lmOi"r "f mq rbrEd q thc floppy dkt ormdy bdcd iDto thGdriE
lmrc I
Prus thc frrrcrion try udâ tàis slc.tion to c.h|r|!r tbc mc of tbÊmdy rclcctcrtfile
tLiil IPæsrtho furtio Lc.yudÀ rhi! lalcctioa to ddctr thc oæntly dcacd fih,
llod I
Pns ttc fudion &rtlud6 rtb ldætid to lott dal| or I prc|tu f|w r floppy rtirt
t u qttmrl ûor{Ë daiG Sccthc otrn6'r M|tud for dctdli
[æl Itc$ thc fueri@ !.t u!d6 thir ldætioa to s d|t. or . pro3m ftm rhc mmory
of tb PÈAIXC to a floppy dirt or ar crtÇul ttmlc dâicq or to $trd datr vir thc
R$232C iDtqfrc bu crn dro mtÊ copi.r of frb in tbc mçy of tlE PB2IXXICby
siq toD a lib romths file with ediffuat re Sæthc Orym'! Mnul fr dGrdt&
t.Ltr I
Pnsthcftnabn bymdathb sdætln æar6th IyfiAED|TmodctoGdi ræquaotid
thra file Sæ thc Ow'r Mnual fa daritr.

I llirt IPË lhc ftncri.n f.t ctd.r thit .Êlcction to aatut thc utotr of r filc to thc pdniû.
Sælhc OrK't Mùud for dctrih
I rcrjc IPs thc frnetkn lcy utrdE itb tdctim io G|E | fih fm r tloDDydirl q û qtsnrl
dor{Fd.ldocbtbcdmtlyrckctod mc io PB2mCwv. Se tbcOtF t Mfiud
fr (h.ib.
I pr*tl
Prq tlE fuÉi6 hry ûda tlir æhctih to rDæify ûtd ilel p.slct fih* Scc thc OlvF s
Muul fff dctril&
ICÆ |
Pru rhcftDcrio! lry ùDdd thir :Ldiotocùuf?tbÊidaiilid of tlc c|||mtly sl€t d
fiklm A "g' lddtUlcr in[cu r C filc' whilc t "3" idotifis iudkzrc r rqmtid
flê Thi æL.tba rill ma rFar if tiæ æ Îm nmrDcd fib onEûy !rt!d ù |mry'
æ riti e 'C" idati6s, .rd thc othcr rirh m "S" idcnilicr'
lrcl I
PH lùc fuætkm fcy uld6 thit r&ion to d&plry Ûc mt oFrtioill sr.rt of ihc
comFnc Yqr m rbo nab wim cùr$t ia thcoosrtbod rid6 to sit torE indivkhd
Eaadr Sæ thc Oms's Muul fc dcrrih
Iroryl pËa rù. fudion hly urdF thit tdccid to chæt ti. naory ûs of thc cdnput r.
Sæ prg:25 lo dctdb
|l

2-3 ttp..tæF
2-3 Interprcûer
displeys
In&rptltcr
Thc intdprris i! urcd to æta C @mdr ild prcam
To cnter th3 htlrprt{ct
l. Prar thcEl l:y,
E
c llnowc lledit IIdisk
2. PB alE tuBtim by un&r [c I to Etâ thc inrdprltci
lcl
Tb. dilpLy.poÊrF s illu!Énrcd !bûË wlHr 'ûù atcr tùc iîtcrpEtd- flre omr is flsh-
in3 h rl|c oppÉ lçft w of thc dirplry uitint for itrput.
Uring commend-linc opcndon
Th! lirc in vhich th" omr is Rarhing o! thc dirplry is 6llcd the 6mûd tiæ. Each
iire lou Fr$ a lctt3r, [ubs or p|mctution lÉa, thc cornpondint chmcts rppcrË
{ tbc mt ors lcati.n and thc amr EG to thc ritha. YN N €nicr uy of the
follfrln8 m æmD$d3 dirætly ifio rhc @|md liæ to pclform tba functio$ rcrcd.
l- LOAD - lo.d! . lmgnn
2- RUN - æ16 ûê ffitly tmdcd 0rDtr|m
3. NEW - d.lcrë thc s|mtly lodÊd pregm
4. FLIST - di5phF tlæ I'dffi of rhc ruEntly lordcd progÉm
5. EDIT - tmsfæ ro tbc Gdirq
6. TRON - cûcB thÊ TRACE modc
7- TROFF - qits rhc TRACE modc
UÊlilÊ BASIC rd Prolog C progrero c.mot bc ætcd frm thc command fre, You
mu$ ftBt @lc a lrcltu usint th" cdi3or.
l3

lb cratr I pælre
Lat't ææ r dnplc C prcfno Folloi tb prcocdùÉ dtliocd bcloty.
l. Eû&t thç rgrd EDIT frun ihc htbord, ild FBE Ttt dbphrywill rppar u illæ
ltaard b€lov.
EDITEI
TbirbtbG!&or diæfrt lâ'rq*rdnp|Cpofr.BthradrDfryt rhcmrd "HELK'!".
L Erûs "F,rril )" ttomtbclc!ùild rad ærs E.
Elndû( )El ino
c2>
lldÉtbrttb < l> foittclærri!ilof tùÊdrplrych|ltÊdro < l>.ftbnlE
bdicg lb [æ h rU.fi thc orror b mtlt loqrcd.
3,
Enrrr
t (EltD)ud rç$ E.
ErctEl maln()
cl<3>
4 PtE EEI clF Driltf fHELIO!-):, rrd uts E.
ElElFi!.f
("€
EI
l>
c
ta