Casio PB-100 User manual

I M S T R U O T I O M M A N U A L

=> Thank you very much for purchasing the Casio PB-100. This unit is a "handy type"
personal computer which is excellent for those who are beginning to learn about
t computers.
By using this handy personal computer, you can enter the world of computers and can
freely perform programming using BASIC language.
CONTENTS
P r i o r t o O p e r a t i o n 3
U s e P r e c a u t i o n s 3
P o w e r S u p p l y a n d B a t t e r y R e p l a c e m e n t 4
C h a p t e r 1 N a m e a n d O p e r a t i o n o f E a c h S e c t i o n 5
1-1 Name of Each Section 5
1 - 2 H o w t o R e a d t h e D i s p l a y 1 0
C h a p t e r 2 P r i o r t o C a l c u l a t i n g 1 1
2-1 Contrast Adjustment 11
2 - 2 R A M P a c k f o r E x p a n s i o n 1 1
2 - 3 M e m o r y E x p a n s i o n . • 1 2
2 - 4 A u t o P o w e r O f f 1 3
C h a p t e r 3 H o w t o C a l c u l a t e 1 4
3 - 1 C a l c u l a t i o n P r i o r i t y S e q u e n c e 1 4
3-2 Input/Output Number of Positions and Operation Number of Positions 14
3 - 3 H o w t o P e r f o r m F u n d a m e n t a l C a l c u l a t i o n s 1 5
3-4 Callout of Previous Calculation Result IS
3 - 5 E r r o r M e s s a g e s 1 7
3 - 6 K e y O p e r a t i o n 1 7
Chapter 4 Manual Calculation 20
4 - 1 W h a t I s M a n u a l C a l c u l a t i o n ? 2 0
4 - 2 O p e r a t i o n M e t h o d f o r M a n u a l C a l c u l a t i o n 2 0
4-3 Manual Calculation Examples 21
4 - 3 - 1 H o w t o P e r f o r m F u n d a m e n t a l C a l c u l a t i o n 2 1
4 - 3 - 2 H o w t o P e r f o r m F u n c t i o n C a l c u l a t i o n 2 3
4-4 Arrays

( Prior to Operation)
This computer is delivered to you througl) our strict testing process, high-level
electronics technology and rigid quality control.
In order to insuie long life of the computer, please be sure to note the following
precautions.
■ Use Precautions
• Since the computer is constructed using precision electronics parts, never attempt to
take it apart. Also, do not subject the computer to shock such as throwing or
dropping or to extreme temperature variations. Be especially careful to avoid
locations where there is high temperature, high humidity or a lot of dust.
Furthermore, if the ambient temperature is low, the display response speed may be
slow or there may be no display. However, it will return to normal when normal
temperature conditions are resumed.
• Do not attempt to connect any equipment to the adaptor socket other than our
exclusive optional equipment.
• While the computer is operating, a will be displayed. At this time, key operation
will be ineffective except for one section. Therefore, always be sure to press the keys
while confirming the display.
o Be sure to replace the batteries every 2 years regardless of the amount of use.
If worn out batteries are used, they will leak and may cause a malfunction so never
leave them inside the computer.
• For care of the computer, avoid using thinner or benzine. Wipe off with a soft, dry
cloth or use a cloth which has tieen dampened with a neutral detergent.
In case of malfunction, contact the store where it was purchased or a nearby dealer.
Prior to seeking maintenance, please read this manual again and also check the power
supply as well as program or operatiorral error.
g
-3-

■Power Supply and Battery Replacement
This unit uses two lithium batteries (CH2032) for a power supply.
If the contrast is weak even when the eontrast control is adjusted for maximum contrast
(refer to paye 11), this means that the batteries are worn out. Therefore, please replace
the batteries at the earliest opportunity using the following procedure.
Furthermore, even though the unit is functioning normally, be sure to replace the
b a t t e r i e s e v e r y 2 y e a r s . S c r e w s
I 1 ^ ,
• H o w t o R e p l a c e t h e B a t t e r i e s ^ i
(1) After turning the power switch off, loosen the two
screws on the rear panel and remove the rear panel.
ALL RESET button
(After replacing the batteries,
press with a pointed object.)
(2) While pressing (g), slide the battery compartment lid (i "
in the direction of the arrow and remove it. --7-TT~r—-(A;"
(3) Remove Ifie old batteries.
(This will be easier if you tap the unit lightly
with the battery compartment facing down.)
(4) Using a dry cloth, wipe off the new batteries and
insert them with the <3side facing up.
(5) While pressing the batteries down with the battery
compartment lid, slide it closed.
(6) Replace the rear panel and tighten the screws ana
after turning the power switch on, press the ALL
RESET button.
Be sure to replace both batteries. . , -3
Never throw the old batteries into a fire. This is very dangerous as
might explode.
Be sure to position the0and ©terminals correctly.
-4-

Chapter 1
i m 1 ® 1 G 3 | G D | ( X 3 — ^
cp~c|D
CdOta "kjp io »n» «n' ooio w imin mri
(X)CIDC^CD(i)CBI)CDCpCp®
_ a —±. —-2.—-m—nz
i t t U M M i T O P f N O o e « i a u N L f i i 5 — m
CDCIDCcDCDCIDCEICO^ClDCID
0 Adaptor connector
(2) Display window
0 Shift key
(|) Power switch
d) Mode key
(6) Display contrast control
(7) Calculation instruction keys
(8) Execute key
(|) Numerical keys and decimal point key
m)' Alphabet keys
Each key has 1 or 2 operations. The operations can be divided using the shift out mode,
whereby the keys are pressed directly, and the shift in mode, whereby a key is pressed
after pressing the ® (SHIFT) Key.
G O S U B S h i f t i n m o d e
Shift out mode

Key operation in the shift out mode Qg an
Sd]©© S(s)(aia
(SSljDEESISCriSCE) 0(5)(b)H
S(1](1]IZ)CI](13IZICk]CD@ (l](e)(3lO
(XI(X)E®[1]Cn][m]®@(13 feilFli exe i
Key operation in the shift in mode ESSS
P7 P8 P9 >
t > < > < > < » < > 1 > 1 1 I > < 1
GO S UB F OR TO S TE P NE XT GO TO I F TH EN P RI NT PI P2 P3
R E T U R N S T O P E N D D E F M R U N L I S T I N P l / T 3 = T T P O I ( r v r \
CID CIID CIID C=D CZD (ZID C=D CIZD CZD i ii i l EXE I
In the shift in mode, the alphabet keys become one-key commands and the
numerical keys become program area designation keys.
▶In the extension mode (press ■"EXT" will be displayed.), small English letters
will be displayed in the shift out mode and special symbols will be displayed in the
shift in mode using the alphabet keys.
Shift out mode using the extension mode
® S H (ZD (ID EIZ] CD Cill [Zl
HSECDIIDCEICDBED
SBESEZDCDaDD
Shift in mode using the extension mode
dD C ZZ3 C=D C =) C =) C ==) CZD CZT ) CU D
% . « ? ' ¥ ( ) & - 1 -
C Z Z ) C Z D ( ) ( ) I 1 < > t 1
O □A X ♦V ♦?[D
c ? ' = p = < = " z = a □CD

SHIFT Shift Key (Symbolized by @ hereafter)
If this key is pressed, ihe shift ir) mode is selected ("|T]" 'S displayed) and the shift in
functions on the keyboard can be used. Do not confuse (J](red letter) with the regular
d].
(iooil Mode Key
" This is pressed in conjunction with the GD and (SI through (e) Keys to designate the
computer's condition or angular unit in advance.
®IZ] "EXT" is displayed and the extension mode is designated. Small English
letters and special symbols can be used. To release the extension mode
press @ GD again.
^(0) "RUN" is displayed and manual calculation and program execution can be
performed.
®(3D "WRT" is displayed and program write-in and checking/editing can be
performed.
"TR" is displayed and execution trace can be performed. (See page 43 for
details.)
When "TR" is displayed, it will be extinguished and the execution trace
function will be released.
"DEC" is displayed and the angular unit will be designated as "degree".
®|5| "RAD" is displayed and the angular unit will bedesignated as "radian".
"GRA" is displayed and the angular unit will be designated as "gradient".
"PRT" is displayed and if a printer is connected, printout can be
performed.
When "PRT" is displayed, it will be extinguished and the printout
function will be released.
Cursor Keys
Press to move the cursor left or riglTt. If pressed once, it moves one character. If you
keep pressing, it will continue to tnove automatically.
ON All Clear Key
• Press to clear the entire display.
• If pressed during program execution, program execution will stop.
• When an error message is displayed, press to clear the error message display.
• When auto power off (automatic energy saving function, refer to page 13) is in
e operation and the display is off, press to turn power back on.
INS Delete/Insert Key
' • Deletes one character at the position of the blinking cursor.
• In the shift in mode, press to open up one character space for character insertion.
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^ Stop Key
P(os-;dd clurinn proyra(T> uxeajiion, "STOP' will be d.bpiayed and proyra.n execuiion
li_si()p at the end of the line.
.nny exeaiiion tiace with "SI OP" on the display, this key will display the program
;a number and the line number.
^ Execute Key
When the result of a manual calculation is required, press instead of
In the "WRT" mode, when writing in a program, press to write (store) each line in
the computer. If this key is not pressed, nothing will be written in.
In the "RUN" mode, press for data input during program execution or press to
continue program execution while "STOP" is displayed
^ Answer Key
r manual calculation, press to call out the calculation result (answer) of the previous
dilation.
J Exponent/Pi Key
len inputting exponential value, press after inputting the mantissa portion,
ample: 2.56 x 10^ (M]a(5)(D(l](aO{l]
The exponential portion may be a maximum of ±99. If this is exceeded, an error will
accur,
] Equal Key/Comparison Key
Press when using a substitution statement or for comparison when using an IF
statement (equal sign).
In the shift in mode, press for comparison when using an IF statement.
2 (B) (S) Keys/Program Number Keys
^ fMt * when inputting numerical values into the computer. Press ED
at the location of the decimal point.
D (M) (3l * ® through become the program number
>0 t designation keys and when a program has been written in, the
3 J [ 3 p r o g r a m w i l l s t a r t .
• The ch Key is pressed in the shift in mode when a power (x*) is
required.
> <
OOa Calculation Instruction Keys/Comparison Keys
Mien performing addition, subtraction, multiplication and division press at the
aspective locations.
a is used for multiplication (corresponds to "x").
9 is used for division (corresponds to -r).
n the shift in mode, press for comparison of a judgement in an IF statement
-8-

UnUW STOP END DEEM RUN LIST WPUT
Alphabet Keys/One-Key Command Keys/Character Keys
• When writing In a program or writing a command/function command, if these keys
are pressed, letters of the alphabet will be displayed. Press the ® Key when a space
is required.
• ® Keys; In the shift in mode, the characters which are written on the panel
above the keys will be displayed.
• U) - d) Keys: In the shift in mode, the one-key commands which are written on the
panel above the keys will be displayed.
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1-2 How to Read the Display
EXT®5,^!JdEGRADGRATR5SS'PRTSTOP
O T ..i i=: i£ 7 O u
A 8 A . " T - J ' J I « J «
j Displays the calculation value or result. The respective display positions are composed
I of 5 horizontal and 7 vertical dots. Up to a maximum of 12 positions are available for
display of numbers or characters. (Zero is displayed as 0.) If a formula or statement
exceeds 12 positions, the numbers or characters will move to the left and up to a
maximum of 62 characters can be input.
The blinking cursor is displayed until 55 characters have been input. From the 56th
character on, a blinking " | " will be displayed instead.
A 4-position numerical display is available on the upper portion of the display to
indicate the number of remaining steps.
Furthermore, during operation, a will be displayed in the rightmost position of the
4-position display on the upper portion of the display.
Also, various symbols such as "DEG", "RAD" and "GRA" for angular units, "(T]"
(when the ® Key is pressed), "RUN" (RUN mode), "WRT" (WRT mode), "TR" (TR
mode), PRT (PRT mode) and "STOP" will be displayed to indicate the respective
situation.
• Alphabet display example
SD!~~jirrpL T TL.-'
M L " , - - - - ' L - r U i i - J r * .

Adjustment of display contrast can be performed using the adjustment control located
on the right side of the computer.
Turn in the directioti of the arrow to increase contrast. Turn in the opposite direction
to reduce contrast. This is used to compensate contrast of the display in accordance
with battery capacity or to adjust to compensate for the viewing angle.
2 - 2 R A M P a c k f o r E x p a n s i o n ( o p t i o n ) , .
The standard RAM area (memory) of this unit is 544 steps/26 memories. However, this
can be increased to a maximium of 1,568 steps/222 memories by using the OR-1
optional RAM pack. This expanded RAM area can be used the same as the standard area
and permits step number increase and memory expansion (refer to page 12).
• How to install the RAM pack
(preparation)
Since the internal circuitry may be damaged by static electricity, prior to handling the
pack, be sure to ground yourself by touching some metallic object such as a doorknob
so as to discharge any static electricity.
(procedure)
( 1 ) T u r n i l i e p o w e r s w i t c h o f f . r
(2) Loosen the two screws on the rear panel
and remove the rear panel.
PCS pad portion
-11 -

(3) Insert the pack into the socket on the
computer body and slide the clasp into a
locked position.
* Never touch the connector portion of the
RAM pack or the PCB pad portion of the
computer body.
(4) Replace the rear panel and tighten tfie
screws.
ill Hi
■f— Clasp
After installing or removing the RAM pack, be sure to press the ALL.
RESETbutton withapointed objectafter turning the powerswitc^ton.;, ^
If the ALL RESET button is not pressed, the memory contents may
c h a n g e d o r a m e a n i n g l e s s d i s p l a y m a y b e s h o w n . . ' ;
Use care not to allow the connector portion of the pack or the PCB,R3ci,^'^
portion of the computer body to become dusty or dirty, and avpid
fingerprints on them as this will cause poor contact. ' > <«• n
Be sure to place the removed pack in its case and store In a location where ft
i s n o t s u b j e c t t o d u s t o r d i r t . : % 4 v
2-3 Memory Expansion
There are normally 26 memories (variables). The number of steps at this time is 544.
The maximum number of standard memories is 94. Using a RAM pack, this can be
expanded to 222. For memory expansion, program steps are converted to memory using
8 steps per memory.
Num b er of Me m ori e s Number of Program Steps
Standard Expanded
544 1568
536 1560
528 ' 1552

Memory expansion Is performed in units of 1 using a DEFM command.
Example:
Expand by 30 and make 56.
Operation:
Select the RUN mode (press ® (^ ) or the WRT mode (press @(T| ).
DEFM 30aa I * * * VAR : 56
* DEFM can be input by pressing (1](T)(T)(m] or by pressing .
ADEFM command is also used to confirm the number of memories which are currently
designated.
Example:
A total of 56 memories are designated.
DEFM SQ [ * * * VAR : 56
• When a large number of program steps are already in use. in order to protect the
existing program, if a designation is attempted which would cause an insufficient
number of steps, an error will occur. (ERR 1 insufficient number of steps)
• The exclusive character variable ($) is not counted when designating since it is a
special memory.
This is an automatic energy-saving function which prevents wasted power consumption
when you forget to turn off the power switch. Approximately 7 minutes after the last
key operation (except during program execution), power will go off automatically.
In this case, power can be resumed by pressing the Q3 Key or turning the power switch
off and then on again.
Even if power is turned off, memory contents and program contents will not be
erased. However, angular unit designation and the respective mode designation
("WRT", "TR", "PRT", etc.) are all released.
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C h a p t e r s i
How to Calculate
."v.-:
Munual calculation and program calculation are performed in the "RUN" mode. (Press
and RUN will be displayed.)
Furthermore, with respect to "DEC", "RAD" and "GRA", since these only apply to
angular unit, the display of these has no effect for a calculation which has nothing to do
with angular unit.
3-1 Calculation Priority Sequence (True Algebr^c Logic)
This unit determines the calculation priority sequence internally and will perform
calculations based on that sequence.
The calculation priority sequence is determined as follows.
(p Functions (SIN, COS, TAN, etc.)
(2) Power
(DMultiplication and division (sfcand /)
0Addition and subtraction (+ and -)
When the priority Is Jthe,j5^e,„^|a^
0 latlon.will.begrfi
' Fijrthermpre, when parenl[l^s^1pj^s
' used,' these
Example:
2 + 3 * S I N ( 1 7 + 1 3 ) t 2 = 2 . 7 5
3-2 Input/Output Number of Positions and Operation Number of
■P o s i t i o n s ! . . .
The number of input positions for this unit are 12 positions for the mantissa portion
and 2 positions for the exponential portion. Internal operations are also performed
using 12 positions for the mantissa portion and 2 positions for the exponential portion.
The range is 1 x 10"®®-±9.99999999999 x 10^®®and 0.
The number of output positions is 10 positions for the mantissa portion and 2 positions
for the exponential portion. However, if an exponential portion is attached, the
mantissa portion will be 8 positions.
• For function results, etc., when the number of display positions (12 positions) is
exceeded, up to 12 positions will be displayed, including the 0 and the decimal point.
-14-

Example:
(1X10'^)-^7 = 14285.71429 1[I]5a7aa |l4285.71429
(1x10^)^7-14285-0.7142857 1 ESQ70142850 0.7142857
When the calculation result exceeds 10'° (10,000,000.000) or is below 10"^ (0.001), it
is automatically displayed using an exponential display.
Example:
1234567890X10=12345678900 12345678900160 j 1.2345678e10
( = I.23456789XI0") Exponential'si7n
The exponential portion is displayed along with an exponential sign following the
mantissa portion.
1.234-M 0000=0.0001234
( = 1.234X10")
1.23401000002 1.234E"04
How to Perform Fundamental Calculations • ^ 4
(1) Calculation symbols and function commands
For calculation symbols used in BASIC, the and are used for addition and
subtraction. However, for multiplication and division, "5|c" and " / " are used instead of
" x " a n d " - r " .
Example:
2 + 3- 4x5-^6 becomes 2 + 3- 43|t5/6
The functions usable with this unit are as follows.
Function Name
Trigonometric function
c o s X
tan X
Inverse trigonometric function sin ' ^
Square root
Exponential function
Natural logarithm
Common logarithm
Change to integer
log X
C O S X
TAN X
ASN X
A C S X
ATN X
SOR X
EXP 1*
LOG X
-15-

i Delete fraction from the Integer portion FRAG X FRAG x
j Change to absolute value \ x \ A B S X
1 - Symbolize positive number -> 1 SON x
10->0
1negat ive number -> -1
1* Round off (round off A-at 10-^) RND(r,i/)*
1 Random number RAN n
^ • In the case of the RND function, the argument must be enclosed In parentheses
s ★EXP is a command to call out the numerical value of the exponential table'
3-4 Callout of Previous Calculation Result , .
The result obtained by executing a manual calculation or program calculation Is stored
1 until the next calculation Is executed. This result can be displayed by pressing the |^
1 Key.
1Example:
74 H 852-1593
2431-1593-838
i Operation:
1 SdiaicadKDd) 741+852
sa 1593
(iKD^mo® 2431-1593
838
Also, the numerical value which Is displayed following a calculation can be used In the
next calculation just as it Is.
Example:
25.3+13.9=39.2
39.2X7.6=297.92
(2i(5)Q(3]a(ii(3)iz][i]afl 39.2
aSCDfe] 39.2*7.6
m297.92
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3 - 5 E r r o r M e s s a g e s v - - ^ ; ~ ~ ^ i
— — — i ' ' ; - - - - - T I ' v n ' ] - l - f l y
If the formula or substitution siatetneni cfo not conform to BASIC grammar or if the
calculation range of the computer is exceeded, an ei roi will occur during execution and
an error message will be displayed. Concerning power (.vt.)') however, when y is a
natural number, an error message will not be displayed even if .y is smaller than 0 (zero).
The following error messages are displayed for manual calculation.
ERR2
ERRS
(S ynt ax e rro r)
(Mathematical error]
The following error messages are displayed for program calculation.
ERR2 P0-10
E R R S P 2 - S 0
(A syntax error has occurred on line 10 of
pr ogram P0.)
(A mathematical error has occurred on line 30 of
program P2.)
(Refer to page 61 for an explanation of error messages.)
• If the calculation result exceeds ±9.99999999999 x 10^'*^ an overiiow will occur and
an ERR 3 error message will be displayed. Also, if tfie result is less than 1.0 x 10"'^.
an underflow will occur and the calculation result will become 0.
3-6 Key Operation
For manual calculation as well as for program calculation and program write-in, key
operation is performed as follows.
(1) Alphabetical
Example: Input ABC
Operation: (JUl]© [aBC
Example: Input SIN
O p e r a t i o n : ( S I T j C S S I N
• Numerical input
Example: Input 123
O p e r a t i o n : | T J ( 2 l ( 3 ) 1 9 S
Example: Input 96.3
Operation:
-17-

• Symbol input
Example: Input $#?
Operation: ®clD@ci3t5!DdL)
Example: Input @¥£7
Operation: @(3.... (extension mode designation)
(extension mode release)
• Input of numerical value with exponent
Example: Input 7.896 x 10'^
Operation: [21Q®(1]11](I](D(D
Example: Input -2.369 x 10"
Extension mode
mci
7.896e15
I(1]Q(1]|6|(1]|T)B(§](5) -2.369e-45
(2) Changing input contents (correction, deletion and insertion)
• Correction
For correction, move the cursor to the location to be corrected (using © and g]
and at that position, press the correct character, number or symbol.
E x a m p l e : C o r r e c t " A $ " t o " B $ " . A $ _
Operation: Move the cursor 2 character positions to the left.
Press the dl Key.
Example: Correct "LIST" to "RUN". LIST_
Operation: Move the cursor 4 character positions to
the left.
P r e s s o r ® a D
LIST
RUN _
-18-

• Deletion
Fordeletion, movethe cursorto theposition tobe deletedand pressthe ® Key.Each
time the key is pressed, one character is deleted and the characters to the right of that
will move one position to the left.
Example; Delete one of the "1" characters from
"SUN".
SIIN_
Operation: Move the cursor 2 character positions to
the left.
©g) SUN
Press @ . SIN
Example: Delete "X," from "INPUT X, Y". INPUT x.y_
Operation: Move the cursor 3 positions to the left.
©©© INPUT X.Y
P r e s s . INPUT Y
• Insertion
For insertion, move the cursor to a position located just to the right of the character
after which you want to make an insertion. At that position, press and one
character space will be opened up. Then press the desired character, number or symbol
key.
Example: Change "T=A$" to "T$-A$". T=A$_
Operation: Move the cursor 3 character positions to
the left.
©©©
Press and open up one charac
ter space.
T=A$
T_=A$
Press &3CL . T$=A$
Example: Change "PRINT X" to "PRINT SIN X". PRINT X_
Operation: Move the cursor 1 character position to the left.
©PRINT X
Press PRINT _ X
Press Cs]©[rD . PRINT SINX
The above are methods for changing input contents.
-19-