Fluke 8010A User manual

:
|
8010A/8012A
P/N 491944
August 1978 Rev 2 1/85
@
1985, John Fluke Mfg. Co,, Inc. All rights reserved. Litho In U.S.A.
Digital
Multimeters
Instruction Manual
— LF

ters ime:
ital Multi
igi
8010A/8012A Di
vi

Section 1
Introduction and Specifications
1-1. INTRODUCTION
1-2. This manual contains complete operating and
maintenance instructions for the Fluke Models 8010A
and 8012A Digital Multimeters. The information
presented in this manual reflects both instruments except
where indicated by a particular model number. The term
Multimeter is used throughout this manual to indicate
both the 8010A and the 8012A.
1-3. The Multimeters are portable bench-type digital
multimeters (DMMs) with 3-1/2 digit liquid crystal
displays (LCDs). The Multimeters have the following
industry-standard features:
e Voltage measurements from 100 pV to 1000V dc
and 10 mV to 750V true-rms ac.
e Current measurements from 100 nA to 2A deand 10
HA to 2A true-rms ac (up to 10A for the 8012A).
e Resistance measurements from 100 mN (1 mQ for
the 8012A) to 20 MQ.
The Multimeters also have the following special
measurement features:
e Conductance measurements up to 10,000 MQ of
equivalent resistance.
e Resistance ranges that supply enough voltage to
turn on a PN junction for testing diodes and
transistors.
@ Automatic polarity indication and overrange
indication.
° Protection from overloads and transients up to6 kV
for 10 microseconds.
© Dual-slope integration a/d conversion to ensure
noise-free measurements.
e Long term calibration stability (1 year).
14. Your Multimeter is warranted for a period of one
year upon shipment of the instrument to the original
purchaser. Conditions of the warranty are given at the
front of this manual.
1-5. OPTIONS and ACCESSORIES
14. The use of your Multimeter can be enhanced by the
options and accessories available for these instruments.
The options and accessories are listed in Table 1-1. The
Multimeters can be ordered with the Option 8010A-01 or
8012A-01 Rechargeable Battery. Detailed information on
options and accessories is contained in Section 6 of this
manual,
1-7. SPECIFICATIONS
1-8. Specifications for the Multimeters are listed in
Table 1-2. Specifications for the Option 8010A-01 or
Option 8012A-01 and other accessory specifications are
given in Section 6 of this manual.

INTRODUCTION
AND
SPECIFICATIONS
SPECIFICATIONS
Table 1-1. 8010A/8012A Options and Accessories
INPUT IMPEDANCE
MODEL DESCRIPTION MODEL DESCRIPTION
C86
Ruggedized
Carrying
Case
80J-10
Current
Shunt
Y8205
Soft
Carrying
Case
80K-6
High
Voltage
Probe
M00-200-611 Offset Mounting Kit 80K-40 High Voltage Probe
M00-200-612 Center Mounting Kit 83-RF RF Probe
MO0-200-613 Dual Mounting Kit 85-RFE RE Probe
80T-H
Touch-Hold
Probe
Y8100
DC/AC
Current
Probe
80T-150C
Temperature
Probe,
Celsius
Y8101
AC
Current
Transformer
80T-150F
Temperature
Probe,
Fahrenheit
Y8133
Deluxe
Test
Lead
Set
80i-400
AC
Current
Probe
Y8140
Slim-Flex
Test
Leads
80i-600
AC
Current
Probe
8010A-01
Rechargeable
Battery
Option
for
8010A
8012A-01 Rechargeable Battery Option for 8012A
Table 1-2. 8010A/8012A Specifications
ELECTRICAL.
ss 2s
esis
iia
See
S55
swe
eats
The
electrical
specifications
given
apply
for
an
operating
temperature of 18°C to 28°C (64.4°F to 82.4°F), relative humidity
up to 90%, and a 1-year calibration cycle.
Functions
.......:eccescesceveeetecetececn
DC
Volts,
AC
Volts,
DC
Current,
AC
Current
Resistance
and
Conductance.
DC Volts
[
RANGE
RESOLUTION
ACCURACY
for
1-Year
£200
mV
100
uV
+2V
1mvV
+20V
10
mV
£(0.1%
of
reading
+
1
digit)
+200V
100
mV
+1000V 1V
NORMAL MODE REJECTION RATIO
10 MQ, all ranges.
>90 dB at de, 50 Hz and 60 Hz.
. >60 dB at 60 Hz (at 50 Hz with 50 Hz Option).
COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO ....
(1 kQ unbalanced)
AC Volts (True RMS Responding)
OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION ....
RESPONSE TIME .......-..ecse eee
se iaastidee 1 second.
10Q00V dc or peak ac on all ranges.
ACCURACY for 1-Year (5% of Range to Full Range)
RANGE
RESOLUTION
45
Hz
10
kHz
20
kHz
:
to
1
kHz
to
10
kHz
|
to
20
kHz
to
50
kHz
200
mV
100
nV
+
(5%of
2vV
1
mV
+.(1,0%
of
reading
+
3
20V
10
mV
+(0.5%
of
reading
+
2
digits}/
reading
+
2
digits)
LL
200V
O.1V
t
digits)
+ (0.5% of FE Se
750V
WV
reading
+
2
|
digits) L

INTRODUCTION AND SPECIFICATIONS
SPECIFICATIONS
Table 1-2. 8010A/8012A Specifications (cont)
AC Volts, continued
VOLT-Hz PRODUCT oe eee eee eee eee 107 max (200V max @ 50 kHz).
EXTENDED FREQUENCY RESPONSE ... Typically +3 dB at 200 kHz.
COMMON MODE NOISE REJECTION
RATIO (1 kQ unbalance) ...............0, >60 dB at 50 Hz and 60 Hz.
CREST FACTOR RANGE .............055 1.0 to 3.0.
INPUT IMPEDANCE .........c..cesee eee 10 MQ in parailel with <100 pF.
OVERLOAD PROTECTION
750V rms or 1000V peak continuous not to exceed the volt-hertz
product of 10’ (except 10 seconds maximum on 200 mV, 2V
ranges).
RESPONSE TIME... eee cece eee e eee 2 seconds maximum within a range.
DC Current
RESOLUTION ACCURACY for'1-Year BURDEN VOLTAGE
+(0.3% of reading +1 digit) 0.3V max.
0.9V max.
OVERLOAD PROTECTION ...........065 2A/250V fuse in series with 3A/600V fuse (for high energy
sources).
AC Current (True RMS Responding AC Coupled)
— =
ACCURACY: from 5% of range to full-scale, 1-Year
“ BURDEN
E RESOLUTION
BANG Orr VOLTAGE
200 pA 0.1 pA
t
2mA 1 uA ‘ .
2 £(1% of reading +2 digits) #(2% of reading 0.3V rms max.
20 mA 10 uA ; +2 digits)
200 mA 100 pA
2000 mA 1mA £(1% of reading ' 0.9V rms max.
+2 digits}
OVERLOAD PROTECTION .............. 2A/250V fuse in series with 3A/600V fuse (for high energy
sources). :
CREST FACTOR RANGE ........-...0005 1.0 to 3.0
High Current 8010A Only
ACCURACY: for 1-Year BURDEN VOLTAGE
10A de +(0.5% of reading + 1 digit) 0.5V max.
10A 45 Hz to 2 kHz
Trms ac One +(1% of reading + 2 digits} DSON EMS CaN:
OVERLOAD 5. posse a8 5h deca ec lnjo bin gueonns ttewe deat 12A maximum unfused.
1-3

INTRODUCTION
AND
SPECIFICATIONS
SPECIFICATIONS
Table 1-2. 8010A/8012A Specifications (cont)
1-4
aa a re
Resistance
FULL-SCALE MAXIMUM TEST
! : ‘
RESOLUTION ACCURACY: for 1-Year VOLTAGE CURRENT
2kQ wt 12 +(0.2% of reading > 1.0V 1.3mA
+1
digit)
<0.25V
10
pA
200 kKQ ~ph > 1.0V 35 uA
2000 kQ +(0.5% of reading <0.25V 0.10 A
+1 digit)
0.35 uA
OVERLOAD PROTECTION .............. 300V dc/ac rms on all ranges.
OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE ............... Less than 3.5V on all ranges.
RESPONSE TIME 2.2... ccc eee eee eee 1 second all ranges except 4 seconds on the 2000 kQ and 20 MQ
ranges.
DIODE TEST -cicii sie sie’ su iwitle ate ktnnes These three ranges have enough voltage to turn on silicon
> junctions to check for proper forward-to-back resistance. The 2
kQ range is preferred and is marked with a larger diode symbol on
the front panel of the instrument. The three non-diode test ranges
will not turn on silicon junctions so in-circuit resistance
measurements can be made with these three ranges.
Low Resistance 8012A Only
FULL-SCALE MAXIMUM
RANGE
RESOLUTION
|
ACCURACY:
for
1-Year
VOLTAGE
TEST
CURRENT
£(1% of reading +2
digits)
ie pee
202
(LO Ohms}
+(0.5% of reading
+2 digits)
OVERLOAD PROTECTION ..........-... 300V de/ac rms on ail ranges.
RESPONSE TIME... «0... ese e eee eee eee 1 second maximum.
OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE ............055 16V maximum on both ranges.
Conductance
OPEN MAXIMUM
RESOLUTION | ACCURACY: for 1-Year CIRCUIT TEST
VOLTAGE CURRENT
+(0.2% of reading
20 uS 10 nS + 1 digit)
+(1% of reading .
| 200 nS i, .1nS Zz +10 digits} <1V 0.10 uA
OVERLOAD PROTECTION ............4. 300V dce/ac rms on ail ranges. ,
CONDUCTANCE UNITS ........-- eevee We use the international unit of conductance, the Siemen = S =
1/Q. Another unit of conductance is the mho.

Table 1-2
ENVIRONMENTAL
Temperature Coefficient
Operating Temperature
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
Storage Temperature
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
GENERAL
Maximum Common Mode Voltage
Power Requirements
Weight
LINE MODEL ..... cece eee e eens
BATTERY MODEL
INTRODUCTION AND SPECIFICATIONS
;
SPECIFICATIONS
. 8010A/8012A Specifications (cont)
<0.1 times the applicable accuracy specification per °C for 0°C
to 18°C and 28°C to 50°C (32°F to 64.4°F and 50.4°F to 122°F).
O°C to 50°C (32°F to 122°F).
Oto 80%, 0°C to 35°C (32 to 95°F) on 2000 kQ, 20 MQ and 200 nS
ranges.
O to 80%, 0°C to 35°C (32 to 95°F) on all other ranges.
0 to 70%, 35°C to 50°C (95 to 122°F).
(without batteries): -40°C to +60°C (-40°F to +158°F)
(with batteries): -40°C to +50°C (-40°F to +122°F)
0 to 90%, -40 to 50°C {-40 to +122°F)
0 to 90%, 50 to 60°C (122 to 140°F).
500V de or peak ac.
90 to 132V or 200 to 264V at 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Line Model 2W.
(Battery Model 3.5°W.)
(See Figure 1-1.)
1.08 kg (2 Ib 6 oz)
1.42 kg (3 Ib, 6 0z)
8.55 in. (21,72 cm)
ome in. (19,05 =
9.65 in. (27,05 cm)
9.90 in. (25,15 —
—
2.52 in. (6,40 cm)
Figure 1-1. 8010A/8012A Dimensions
1-5/1-6

dg
2-1. INTRODUCTION
2-2. This section describes how to set up and make
measurements with your Multimeter. Even though you
may have used a multimeter before, we recommend that
you read the entire section carefully so that youcan use all
of the features of your Multimeter.
2-3. SETTING UP YOUR INSTRUMENT
2-4. Unpacking
2-5. Your Multimeter is shipped in a special protective
container that should prevent damage to the instrument
during shipping. Check the shipping order against the
contents of the container and report any damage or short
shipment to the place of purchase or the nearest Fluke
Technical Service Center. A list of these service centers is
located in Section 5. The container should include the
following:
@ The 8010A or 8012A Multimeter
@ Two test leads (one red and one black)
e Line power cord
e@ The 8010A/8012A Instruction Manual
2-4. Ifreshipment of the instrument is necessary, please
use the original shipping container. If the original
container is not available, be sure that adequate
protection is provided to prevent damage during
shipment. We recommend that the instrument be
surrounded by at least three inches of shock-absorbing
material on all sides of the container.
2-7. Remove the Multimeter from its container and
place it in a convenient location. The carrying handle on
the meter can be used as a prop-stand or positioned out of
the way (behind the Multimeter). To position the handle,
pull outward on the hubs of the handle and rotate the
handle into position.
Section 2
Operation
2-8. AC Line Voltage Requirements
2-9. AC line voltage requirements for your Multimeter
are listed on a decal attached to the bottom of the
instrument. Refer to Section 4 for the procedure to
change the ac line voltage setting. If your Multimeter has
the -01 Battery Option, refer to Section 6 for information
on changing ac line voltages.
CAUTION
Bo not connect the power cable to the
instrument before verifying that the intended
source matches the ac line configuration of
the instrument.
2-10. Fuse Replacement
2-11. There is one, user-replaceable fuse (F1) in your
Multimeter. The fuse (Fl) and the fuse holder form an
integral part of the mA input connector and can be
removed with ordinary tools. The fuse rating is: 2A,
normal blow (recommended part AGX2).
2-12. Use the following procedure to replace the fuse,
Fl:
1. Set the POWER switch to OFF. °
2. Remove the input power cord from the
Multimeter.
WARNING
DO NOT REPLACE THE FUSE WITH THE
INSTRUMENT TURNED ON OR CONNECT-
ED TO LINE POWER.
3. Refer to Figure 2-1, item 5 for the location of
the fuse holder.
2-4

OPERATION
FRONT PANEL FEATURES
SE OO wm
4, Using a coin or wide blade screwdriver, push in
while turning the fuse holder in the direction of
the arrow on the front panel decal.
5. Pull out the fuse holder and replace the
defective fuse.
2-13. FRONT PANEL FEATURES
2-14. Before using your Multimeter, take a few minutes
to become familiar with the use ofits controls, indicators,
and connectors. The front panel features are shown in
Figure 2-1 and described in Table 2-1. The features of the
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) are also described in the
following paragraphs,
2-15. LCD DISPLAY
2-16. The features of the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
are shown in detail in Figure 2-2. The position of the
floating decimal point is determined by the range selected.
The
maximum
measurement
value
that
can
be
displayed
is one count less than the range selected (e.g., maximum
—
measured voltage that can be displayed in the 200 mV
range would be 199.9 mV).
2-17. To extend the life of the LCD and to ensure that
the display will be ready to operate, observe the following
precautions:
e Do not store or use the instrument in temperatures
above or below those specified in Section 1.
e Do not store or use the instrument in humidity
above that specified in Section 1.
NOTE
Low temperatures (within the specified
operating limits) will cause the LCD response
to be sluggish.
e Avoid prolonged exposure of the LCD to direct
sunlight (ultraviolet).
750y AC
} 200 mv¥ 2 COC
}QM vA 2)
O78) (BaP ee "20 2 = POM}
EI Ee) Ee)
sea) Gee Ems ae) (ae 20 Soe) Ca 2000S mm)
Figure 2-1. Controls, Indicators, and Connectors

OPERATION
FRONT PANEL FEATURES
Table 2-1. 8010A/8012A Controls, Indicators, and Connectors
ITEM NO. NAME FUNCTION
1 Display
2 AC/DC Function
Switch
3 V/mA/kQ/S
Function Switches
4 Range Switches
5 mA Input Connector
6 COMMON Input
Connector
7 V/KQ/S Input
Connector
8 10A Input Connector
9 Low Ohms Input
Connector
/ZERO Controi
10 POWER Switch
3%-digit LCD display. Indicates measured input values and an
overrange condition. (Also contains an annunciator for low
battery charge, if the Rechargeable Battery Option is installed.)
A two-position switch (push IN and push OUT) used to
select ac (IN) or dc (OUT) for current or voltage measurement.
Interlocked switches, used with the AC/DC Function switch to
select the measurement functions. Pushing one switch will
release the others. The conductance function is selected by
pushing the kQ switch and one of three pairs of Range Function
switches. The Low Ohms feature of the 8012A is selected by
pressing the V and mA switches simultaneously.
Interlocked switches that select the measurement ranges.
Pushing a switch selects the corresponding range and releases
a depressed switch(es).
A fuse protected, test lead connector for current measurements,
less than 2A. Fuse is accessible from the front panei.
Test lead connector used as the low or common input for all
measurement functions.
Test lead connector used as the high input for ail voltage, resist-
ance, continuity and conductance measurement functions.
Test lead connector used for the 10A Range current function of
the 8010A.
Test lead connector used for the Low Ohms resistance function
of the 8012A. ZERO Control used to compensate for test lead
resistance.
Push-on/push-off switch. Used for energizing and de-energiz-
ing the instrument.
LOW BATTERY INDICATOR
(RECHARGEABLE
BATTERY
OPTION
ONLY)
POLARITY SIGN
DISABLED ae
agi | |
DURING Vac,
mA/Aac, and KQ
FUNCTIONS
DISPLAY ANNUNCIATORS
OVERRANGE INDICATION
Position of decimal point dependent
on range selected.
NOTE:
Figure 2-2. Liquid Crystal Display
2-3

i Sah Oe
OPERATION
SIGNAL INPUT LIMITS
2-18. SIGNAL INPUT LIMITS
CAUTION
Exceeding the maximum signal input limits
can damage the instrument.
2-19, Before using your Multimeter, it is important to
note the maximum input limits that may bg applied to the
instrument. Table 2-2 lists the maximum signal input
levels for each function, range, and input connector.
WARNING
TO AVOID ELECTRICAL SHOCK, DO NOT
CONNECT THE COMMON INPUT CON-
NECTOR TO ANY SOURCE MORE THAN
500V DC, OR 500V PEAK AC ABOVE EARTH
GROUND.
2-20. OPERATING TECHNIQUES
2-21. The following paragraphs describe how to operate
your Multimeter in each of its five primary measurement
functions. Additional operating instructions and
applications are given in the paragraphs on Applications,
later in this section.
2-22. AC/DC Voltage (V)
2-23., Figure 2-3 describes how to operate your
Multimeter for ac or de voltage measurements. For all
measurements, select the highest range that will provide
the required resolution of the measurement. If measuring
an unknown voltage, set the DMM on the highest range,
then (if needed) select a lower range.
2-24. AC/DC Current (mA)
2-25. Figure 2-4 describes how to operate your
Multimeter for ac or dc current measurements up to 2A.
(The 10A Range current measurement feature of the
8010A is described in the following paragraph.) Turn off
power to the circuit being measured before breaking the
circuit and connecting the Multimeter in series with the
current source. To minimize common mode voltages,
break the circuit on the ground side of the current source.
The mA input connector contains an in-line fuse. If the
Multimeter does not respond when measuring curtent
using the mA input connector, check the fuse (refer to the
fuse replacement procedure earlier in this section). If
measuring an unknown current, set the Multimeter on the
highest range, then select a lower range if needed.
2-26. AC/DC Current (10A max, 8010A only)
CAUTION
The 10A input connector on the 8010A is not
fused. Take extra precautions to not exceed
the 10A maximum current handling ability of
the 8010A.
2-27. Figure 2-5 describes how to operate the 8010A for
ac or dc current measurements up to 10A. The 10A input
connector on the 8010A is not fused. Observe the Caution
given above. All other conditions for normal ac or de
current measurements, given in the preceding paragraph,
apply to the LOA Range feature of the 8010A.
2-28. Resistance (Q)
2-29. Figure 2-6 describes how to operate your
Multimeter for resistance measurements. (The Low
Ohms resistance feature of the 8012A is described in the
following paragraph.) Erroneous measurements can
occur if power is present in the resistance being measured.
Ensure that power is removed and the circuits are
discharged before measuring in-circuit resistances. The
AC/DC function switch has no effect during resistance
measurements.
2-30. Low Ohms Resistance (LO RANGE ©, 8012A
only)
2-31. Figure 2-7 describes how to operate the 8012A for
low ohms resistance measurements. All other conditions
for normal resistance measurements, given in the
preceding paragraph, apply to the LO OHMS feature of
the 8012A.
Tabie 2-2. Maximum Input-Signal Limits
FUNCTION RANGE INPUT MAXIMUM INPUT
SELECTED SELECTED TERMINALS OVERLOAD _|
DC ALL RANGES 1000V de or peak ac
Or VIKQUS
or 20V, 200V, 750V and 750V rms continous or 107 V-Hz
dB | COMMON
2V, 200 mV 750V rms for no longer than 15 seconds or 107V-Hz
L___ - +
nig Double f d: 2A, 250V fi i
mA | or ALL RANGES mA and COMMON OR eee bea cuean ery wee
series with a 3A, 6O0V fuse
AC
V/KQUS and
kQorS ALL RANGES COMMON SO00V de or ac rms
2-4

OPERATION
OPERATING TECHNIQUES
VOLTAGE, LINEAR (V)
1. SELECT RANGE
2. SELECT FUNCTION a \
7
sf me & ee ies)
Fy x
WO? BEBEaO
0) Gee ZS oon) Coe 20 Sm a }
6 Max A) cena
DIGiTAL/MUBTIMETER
Figure 2-3. AC/DC Voltage Operation
CURRENT
(ma)
;
1. SELECT RANGE
2. SELECT FUNCTION
©) Max Ay) FONeR
a Pam
©
3. CONNECT TEST LEADS
4. BREAK CIRCUIT
5. PLACE 8010A IN SERIES
Figure 2-4. AC/DC Current Operation

OPERATION
OPERATING TECHNIQUES
CURRENT (mA)
1, SELECT RANGE
2, SELECT FUNCTION
} 200 mv “7 2200
Ci Ma 2
Dooogoo
=
0)
Came
Fn
ve)
(aed
Sem)
Ceo)
govelloigiTaL MULTIMETER
3. CONNECT TEST LEADS
4. BREAK CIRCUIT
5. PLACE 800A IN SERIES °
Figure 2-5. AC/DC Current Operation, 10A (8610A only)
RESISTANCE (kQ)
1. DE-ENERGIZE CIRCUIT TO BE MEASURED
2. SELECT RANGE
3. SELECT FUNCTION
4. CONNECT TEST LEADS
HIGH (+)
LOW (-)
aos ee) =i) ae
Lay 6 Powe
Ecoee] ©
80108 OIGITAL MUBTIMETER
Figure 2-6. Resistance Operation

_ LOW OHMS RESISTANCE
(LO RANGE 9)
1. DE-ENERGIZE CIRCUIT TO BE MEASURED
2. SELECT RANGE (2 or 20Q) >
3. SELECT FUNCTIONS (BOTH SWITCHES)
4. CONNECT TEST LEADS
OPERATION
INITIAL CHECKOUT PROCEDURE
ta ent =)
a J
LOW (—) J GUORANGE Om) (S510) Cae 2S me) Ce Sem } Centr)
HIGH(+) —+
5. SHORT TEST LEADS
TOGETHER. USING THE
ZERO CONTROL, “ZERO”
THE DISPLAY READING.
6. MEASURE UNKNOWN
RESISTANCE
en Ee ee
Figure 2-7. Resistance Operation, LO Range Q (8012A only)
2-32. Conductance (S=1/0)
2-33. Figure 2-8 describes how to operate your
Multimeter for conductance measurements. When
S=1/0 is selected, three ranges of measurements are
available, 2 mS, 20 wS, and 200 nS. To select a range,
press both range switches (above the grey-shaded area)
simultaneously.
2-34. Diode Test
2-35. Figure 2-9 describes how to operate your
Multimeter for diode tests. The three resistance ranges
with the diode symbol beside the range value provide a
measurement voltage sufficient to cause a silicon junction
to conduct. These ranges (2 kQ, 200 kQ, and 20 MQ) can
be used to check silicon diodes and transistors. The 2 kQ.
resistance range is the preferred: diode and transistor
testing range and is labeled with the largest diode symbol
(P+). For a silicon diode, the typical forward’ bias
voltage (on the 2 kQ, + range) is 0.6V. A reversed bias
silicon diode should display the overrange indicator (on
the 2 kQ, -® range).
2-36. INITIAL CHECKOUT PROCEDURE
2-37. The following procedure.allows you to verify that
the Multimeter is operating correctly for most functions.
The only test equipment required is a'set of test leads and
access to a standard wall socket. This procedure checks
for general operation only and is not intended to verify
Pre ——_____
instrument accuracy. Performance tests and calibration
adjustments are contained in Section 4 of this manual for
the purpose of festing and correcting instrument
accuracy,
2-38. Use the following procedure to verify that most of
the functions of your Multimeter are operating correctly:
1. Select the AC V function on the Multimeter.
2. Set the Multimeter to the 750V range.
WARNING
THE LOCAL LINE VOLTAGE IS BEING
MEASURED IN THE FOLLOWING STEP. DO
NOT TOUCH THE PROBE TIPS OR ALLOW
THE PROBE TIPS TO COME IN CONTACT
WITH EACH OTHER WHILE PREFORMING
THE FOLLOWING STEP.
3. Insert the probe tips into a standard wall
socket. Note the preceding warning. The
display should read the local line voltage.
4, Momentarily set the instrument to the 20V
range. The overrange indicator should be
displayed.
5. Remove the test leads from the wall socket.
2-7

OPERATION
APPLICATIONS
CONDUCTANCE (S = 1/9)
1. DE-ENERGIZE CIRCUIT TO BE MEASURED
2. SELECT RANGE
3. SELECT FUNCTION
4, CONNECT TEST LEADS
HIGH (+)
LOW (—)
LUKE]
* aod DIGITAL MUBTIMETER
‘Cae ©
Hos
oe ow LI
eat
Bee ee ee ee
Figure 2-8. Conductance Operation
6. Select the resistance function. The overrange
indicator should appear in the display.
7. Set the instrument to the 20020 range and short
the test leads. The display should read “00.0”.
8. Select the S=1/OQ (conductance) function, 2
mS range. The display should read “.000” + 5
counts.
9. Short the test leads. The overrange indicator
should appear in the display.
10. This concludes the Initial Checkout procedure
for your Multimeter. If the performance of the
instrument is in question refer to the
Performance tests in Section 4 of this manual.
2-39. APPLICATIONS
2-40. The following paragraphs contain additional
information and measurement techniques for the five
primary functions of your Multimeter.
WARNING
TO AVOID ELECTRICAL SHOCK AND/OR
INSTRUMENT DAMAGE, DO NOT CON-
NECT THE COMMON INPUT TERMINAL TO
ANY SOURCE OF MORE THAN 500 VOLTS
DC OR PEAK AC ABOVE EARTH GROUND.
2-41. Circuit Loading Error (Voltage)
2-42. Circuit loading errors occur when voltage
‘measurements are taken on high impedance circuits. This
is because the Multimeter loads the source, thus changing
the operating voltage of the source. As long as the circuit
impedance (source impedance) is low compared to the
input impedance of the Multimeter this error may be
insignificant. For example, when measuring a circuit with
a source impedance of 10 k0 or less, the error will be <0.!
%. If the circuit loading error is significant, use the
appropriate formula contained in Figure 2-10 to calculate
the percentage of error.
WARNING
OPERATOR INJURY AND INSTRUMENT
DAMAGE MAY RESULT IF THE BACKUP
FUSE (F2) BLOWS WHEN CURRENT IS
BEING MEASURED FROM A VOLTAGE OF.
GREATER THAN 600 VOLTS.

. for the highest range.
DIODE TEST (kQ, + )
1, DE-ENERGIZE CIRCUIT TO BE MEASURED
2, SELECT Range (2-+- range preferred}
3. SELECT FUNCTION
4. CONNECT TEST LEADS
HIGH (+)
LOW (-}
OPERATION
APPLICATIONS
Cap) (eS)
poral oiciTaL me rimeTER
6 sy Gwe
oe EE
_ FORWARD BIAS: x
REVERSE BIAS:
+
Figure 2-9. Diode Test Operation
2-43. Burden Voltage Error (Current)
2-44. When a multimeter is placed in series with a circuit
to measure current, the voltage drop of the multimeter
induces an error. This voltage is called the burden voltage.
The maximum full-scale burden voltages for your
Multimeter are 0.3V for the four lowest ranges and 0.9V
2-45. These voltage drops can affect the accuracy of the
current measurement if the current source is unregulated
and the resistance of the shunt and fuses of the multimeter
exceeds 1/1000 of the source resistance. Ifthe multimeter
burden voltage is significant, the formula in Figure 2-11
can be used to calculate the burden voltage error.
2-46. Test Lead Compensation (Resistance)
2-47. When measuring low resistances, the effects of test
lead resistance may add a significant error. This error is
compensated for by measuring the lead resistance and
subtracting it from the resistance measured in the circuit.
The test lead resistance of the 8010A must be subtracted
manually, by the operator, to compensate for this error.
The 8012A provides a ZERO function, for Low Ohms
resistance measurements, that “zeros out” the value of the
test lead resistance, Figure 2-7 and the paragraphs on
Low Ohms Resistance describe how to-use the ZERO
function of the 8012A.
2-48. Use the following procedure to manually
compensate for test lead resistance:
1. Setup the Multimeter as shown in Figure 2-6.
2. Short the test leads together (press the test leads
together firmly).
2-9

OPERATION
APPLICATIONS
3. Record the Multimeter reading obtained in
Step 2.
4. Proceed with the resistance measurement and
subtract the value of Step 3 from the
Multimeter reading.
1.
DC
VOLTAGE
MEASUREMENTS
Loading Error in % = 100 x Rs + (Rs + 107)
Where: Rs = Source resistance in ohms of
circuit being measured.
2. AC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS
First, determine input impedance, as follows: *
10”
Zin= F
V1i+(27F ° Rin * Cin)?
Where: Zin = etfective input impedance
Rin = 10” ohms
Cin = 100 x 107}? Farads
F = frequency in Hz
Then, determine source loading error as follows: *
Loading Error in % = 100 x >So
Where: Zs = source impedance
Zin = input impedance (calculated)
*Vector algebra required
Figure 2-10. Circuit Loading Error
2-49. High Resistance Measurements
(Conductance)
2-50. The conductance function of your Multimeter can
be used to measure high resistive (low leakage)
components (diodes and capacitors) while minimizing
noise problems. The three conductance ranges (2 mS, 20
pwS, and 200 nS) can be used for making resistance
measurements from 500Qto 1 MO, 50k to 100 MQ, and
5 MOQ. to 10,000 MO. Refer to Figure 2-12 for a list of
conductance to resistance conversions.
2-51. Leakage Resistance Measurements
(Conductance) .
2-52. Use the conductance function for leakage testing
on purely resistive components (e.g., cables and pcb’s).
NOTE
Under high humidity conditions, fingerprints
and other residual surface contaminants can
create their own leakage paths. Clean all
surfaces and use clean test leads to minimize
the effect of leakage paths.
2-53. Diode Leakage Tests (Conductance)
2-54. Diode leakage (Ir) tests require that the diode
junction be reverse biased while being measured. Connect
the anode of the diode to the COMMON input connector
to reverse bias a diode junction. A good silicon diode will
produce an in-scale display reading on the 200 nS range
when reverse biased.
IM
Es S Ri
Es
Es = Source voltage
RI = Load resistance + Source resistance
jm = Measured current (display reading in amps)
Eb = Burden valtage (calculated)
£b = meas. current [(200/current range in mA} +.35]
ERROR:
Error in % = 100 x Eb/(Es - Eb)
Error in A = (Eb x Im)/(Es - Eb)
ee
EXAMPLE:
Es = 15V
RI = 100 kQ
Im = 148.51 yA (.14851 mA)
Eb = 148.51 x 10-® x [(200/.2) + 35]
= 148.51 x 10-® x 1000.35 = 148.56 mV
Max. error in % = 100 x [148.56 MV/{15V ~ .14856V)] = 1.0003%
Add this to the range spec. accuracy:
Max. error in % = 1.0003% +(.2% + 2 digits)
Max. error in A = (148.56 mV x 148.51 wA)/(15000 mv - 148.56 mV)
= 1.486 pA
Add 1.486 wA to the reading for correct current
Figure 2-11. Calculating Burden Voltage Error
2-10

Sam,
Interpolation Table (I/no.)
2
3
4
5 196
6 .167 | .164
7 143) .141
8 | .125 1.123
9 .117: 4.110
*mS to kQ *uS to MQ *n$ to MQ
2mS RANGE 20 uS RANGE 200 nS RANGE
(1/ms = kQ) (1/u8 = MQ) (1000/nS = MQ)
ms
KQ
us
mQ
ns
MQ
2.0 5 20 05 200 5
1.0 1 10 J 400 10
05 2 5 2 50 20
0.2 5 2 5 20 50
0.1
10
1 1
10
100
0.05 20 5 2 5 200
0.02 50 2 5 2 500
0.01 100 a 10 1 1900
0.005 200 05 20 0s 2000
0.002 500 02 50 0.2 5000
0.001 1000 01 100 0.1 10000
CONVERSION SCALES
Use the following procedure to convert a conductance reading (displayed in siemens) to equivatent resistance (in ohms):
1. On the Interpolation Table locate the most significant digit of the conductance display under the DIGIT column
heading.
2. On the Interpolation Table locate the second most significant digit of the conductance display across from the DIGIT
row.
8. On the Interpolation Table locate the value (of resistance) at the intersection of the two digits in Steps 1 and 2, then use
*S = siemens = 1/Q = International Unit of Conductance
Formerly Known as the mho.
the appropriate Conversion Scale to determine the position of the decimal point.
For Example:
A reading of 52.0 nS is displayed on the Muttimeter. The interpolation Table shows a value of .192. Using the Conversion
Scale, under the 200 nS Range heading,'52.0 nS corresponds to approximately 20 MQ. Therefore, the actual equivalent
resistance is 19.2 MQ
Figure 2-12. Conductance to Resistance Conversion
OPERATION
APPLICATIONS
ae
2-11

OPERATION
APPLICATIONS
2-55. Transistor Tester
2-56. The transistor tester described in the following
paragraphs provides approximate test information. Beta
is tested using a Vceof 2V and an Icof about 200 pA. This
transistor tester is useful for checking the proper
operation of transistors and approximate beta values for
comparative measurements.
2-57. The transistor tester fixture is described in Figure
2-13.
When
assembled
and
connected
to
the
V/kQ/S
and
the
COMMON
input
connector,
the
Multimeter
can
be
used
to
determine
the
following
information
about
transistors:
® Transistor type (NPN or PNP)
e Defective transistors (shorted or open)
® Collector-to-emitter leakage (Iczs)
e Beta from 10 to 1000 in a single range.
2-58. Transistor type is determined by setting the switch
on the test fixture to BETA, setting the Multimeter to the
2 mS range, and observing the display reading. If a low
reading (< 0.010) is displayed, reverse the test fixture at
the input connectors. If the collector of the transistor is
now connected to the COMMON input connector the
transistor is a PNP type. An NPN type will have its
collector connected to the V/kQ/S input connector.
2-59. DEFECTIVE TRANSISTORS
2-60. If the transistor is defective, the following
indications will appear, regardless of transistor type or
test position:
I, An open transistor will produce a display
reading of 0.001 or less. ‘
2. A shorted transistor will produce an overrange
indication on the display.
SCHEMATIC TRANSISTOR
UNDER TEST TEST
FIXTURE
—_—_|_—
BETA
CONSTRUCTION
DETAIL
$1 TOGGLE SWITCH
SPDT
4
Pt
R1 1
| PLUG INTO
TBOKS | COMMON AND
| V/KQ/S INPUT
TERMINALS
—_______-l_»
J1 TRANSISTOR
SOCKET
5% 1
3/16”
HOLE
WIRE
TO
BASE
CONTACT
OF
TRANSISTOR SOCKET
Figure 2-13, Transistor
R1 750 kQ
/4w
Pi BANANA PLUG
CONNECTOR 0.75” SPACING
GENERAL RADIO TYPE 274 MB
WIRE TO
SWITCH ARM
Beta Test Fixture

2-61. TRANSISTOR LEAKAGE TEST
2-62. Use the following procedure to test transistors for
leakage (Ices):
1. Install the transistor, and connect the test
fixture to the Multimeter (see preceding
paragraphs).
2. Set the switch on the test fixture to ICES.
3. Select the conductance function, 2 mS range on
the Multimeter.
4, Areading of more than 0.0020 (6 uA) indicates
a faulty transistor (silicon).
2-63. TRANSISTOR BETA TEST
2-64. Use the following procedure to test the beta of a
transistor:
1. Install the transistor and connect the test
fixture to the Multimeter (see preceding
paragraphs).
2. Set the switch in the test fixture to BETA.
3. Select the conductance function, 2 mS range on
the Multimeter.
4. Note the display reading on the Multimeter,
then shift the decimal point three places to the
tight. This will be the beta of the transistor.
NOTE
Beta is a temperature-sensitive measurement.
Allow sufficient time for each tested transistor
to stabilize. Avoid touching the transistor case
with your fingers while making beta
measurements.
2-65. True-RMS Measurements
2-66. One of the most useful features of the Multimeters
is the direct measurement of true-rms ac voltages and ac
current. Mathematically, rms is defined as the square root
of the mean of the squares of the instantaneous voltages.
In physical terms, rms is equivalent to the de value that
dissipates the same amount of heat in a resistor as the
original waveform. True-rms is the effective value of any
waveform and represents the energy level of the signal. It
is used directly in the relationships of Ohm’s Law and
provides a reliable basis for comparisons of dissimilar
waveforms.
2-67. Most multimeters in use today have average-
responding ac converters rather than true-rms converters
like the 8010A and 8012A. Usually the gain in average-
responding meters is adjusted so that the reading gives the
rms value, provided the input signal is a harmonic-free
sinusoid. However, if the signal is not sinusoidal, the
average-responding meter does not give a correct rms
reading.
OPERATION
APPLICATIONS
2-68. Your Multimeter’s ac converter calculates the rms
value through analog computation. This results in
accurate rms values for mixed frequencies, modulated
signals, square waves, sawtooths, 10%-duty-cycle pulses,
etc, when these signals are measured with your
Multimeter.
2-69. Waveform Comparison (RMS vs Averaging
Meters)
2-70. Figure 2-14 shows the relationship between
common waveforms and their displayed value, as they
appear on the 8010A or 8012A, compared to average-
responding meters. Figure 2-14 also illustrates the
relationship between ac and de measurements for ac-
coupled meters. For example, the first waveform (in
Figure 2-14) is a sine wave with a peak voltage of 1.414V.
Both Fluke Multimeters (8010A and 8012A) and the
average responding meters display the correct rms
reading of 1.000V (the de component equals 0). The
1.414V (peak) rectified square wave also produces a
correct de reading (0.707V) on all the multimeters, but
only the Fluke Multimeters correctly measure the ac
component (0.707V). The average responding meter
measures the ac component of the rectified square wave as
0.785V, which is an error of 5.6%.
2-71. Waveform Crest Factors
2-72. The crest factor of a waveform is the ratio of the
peak to rms voltage. In waveforms where the positive and
negative half-cycles have different peak voltages, the
higher voltage is used in computing the crest factor. Crest
factors start at 1.0 for a square wave (peak voltage equals
rms voltage).
2-73. Your Multimeter can measure signals with a crest
factor of 3.0 or less, at full scale. Figure 2-15 illustrates
some typical signals and their crest factors. The
waveforms in Figure 2-15 show that a signal with a crest
factor of greater than 3.0 is not common.
2-74. To ensure that a signal measured with your
Multimeter has a crest factor below 3.0, measure the peak
value with an ac coupled oscilloscope. If the peak value is
not more than three times the true-rms reading of your
Multimeter, then the crest factor of the signal is 3.0 or less.
Another method of verifying the error caused by the crest
factor of a signal is to compare the reading of your
Multimeter with a reading on the next higher range of
your Multimeter. The crest factor capability of your
Multimeter increases (from 3.0) for readings less than
full-scale. The crest factor capability of your Multimeter
is shown by the following equation:
Crest Factor Capability = 3 (Ranse)
Input
The error caused by exceeding the crest factor of 3.0 at full
scale, will be reduced significantly on the next higher
measurement range of your Multimeter. The crest factor
capability at 1/10 scale approaches 10.
2-13