
GramPRO-80
User Operating Manual
Doc: GRAMPRO-80-UM Release Date: Feb 6, 2016
QUICKSLIDE
A Div. of Hardy Diagnostics 3411 McNiel Ave, Suite 302
800-295-9588 Wichita Falls, TX 76308
Page 12 of 94
Hans Christian Gram, is one of the most important staining techniques in microbiology. It is almost
always the first test performed for the identification of bacteria. The primary stain of the Gram's
method consists of staining with crystal violet which is then fixed with iodine. The microorganisms
that retain the crystal violet-iodine complex appear purple under microscopic examination and are
commonly classified as Gram-positive. Others that are not stained by crystal violet are referred to
as Gram-negative, and appear red as a result of counter-staining with safranin.
Gram staining is based on the ability of bacteria cell wall to retain the crystal violet dye during
solvent treatment. The cell walls for Gram-positive microorganisms have a higher peptidoglycan
and lower lipid content than Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria cell walls are stained by the crystal
violet. Iodine is then added as a mordant to form the crystal violet-iodine complex so that the dye
cannot be removed easily. Subsequent treatment with a decolorizer, which is a solvent, dissolves
the lipid layer from the Gram-negative cells. The removal of the lipid layer enhances the leaching
of the primary stain from the cells into the surrounding solvent. In contrast, the solvent dehydrates
the thicker Gram-positive cell walls, closing the pores as the cell wall shrinks during dehydration.
As a result, the diffusion of the violet-iodine complex is blocked, and the bacteria remain stained.
The length of the decolorization is critical in differentiating the Gram-positive bacteria from the
Gram-negative bacteria. A prolonged exposure to the decolorizing agent will remove all the stain
from both types of bacteria. Some Gram-positive bacteria may lose the stain easily and therefore
appear as a mixture of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Gram-variable). Finally, a
counter-stain of safranin is applied to the smear to give decolorized Gram-negative bacteria a red
or pink color.
The decolorization step is especially critical and must be timed correctly; the crystal violet stain is
removed from both Gram-positive and negative cells if the decolorizing agent is left on too long.
This can be particularly problematic for smears varying excessively in thickness –thicker smears
require longer exposure for proper decolorization than thinner smears. This is the most sensitive
and variable step of the procedure, and requires experience to know just how much to decolorize
manually. Many labs performing manual Gram Stains have considerable quality control problems
for this reason. The GramPRO-80 incorporates a patented computerized “electronic eye” to
perfectly time the decolorization of every sample, guaranteeing that all slides are processed
correctly every time.
5.2 Sample Slide Preparation
5.2.1. Transfer a drop of the suspended culture to be examined on a slide with an inoculation loop.
If the culture is to be taken from a Petri dish or a slant culture tube, first add a drop or a few loop
full of water on the slide and aseptically transfer a minute amount of a colony from the Petri dish.
Note that only a very small amount of culture is needed; a visual detection of the culture on an
inoculation loop already indicates that too much is taken. If staining a clinical specimen, smear a
very thin layer onto the slide, using a wooden stick. Do not use a cotton swab, if at all possible, as
the cotton fibers may appear as artifacts. The smear should be thin enough to dry completely
within a few seconds. Stain does not penetrate thickly applied specimens, making interpretation
very difficult.