Harman Martin ELP PAR User manual

ELP PAR
User Guide

©2021-2022 HARMAN PROFESSIONAL DENMARK ApS. All rights reserved. Features,
specifications and appearance are subject to change without notice. HARMAN
PROFESSIONAL DENMARK ApS and all affiliated companies disclaim liability for any
injury, damage, direct or indirect loss, consequential or economic loss or any other loss
occasioned by the use of, inability to use or reliance on the information contained in this
document. Martin is a registered trademark of HARMAN PROFESSIONAL DENMARK ApS
registered in the United States and/or other countries.
HARMAN PROFESSIONAL DENMARK ApS, Olof Palmes Allé 44, 8200 Aarhus N,
Denmark
HARMAN PROFESSIONAL SOLUTIONS U.S., 8500 Balboa Blvd., Northridge CA 91329,
USA
www.martin.com
ELP PAR User Guide Revision A

Table of contents
Safety information................................................................................. 4
Introduction........................................................................................... 9
Before using the product for the first time ....................................... 9
Fixture overview ................................................................................. 10
Physical installation ............................................................................ 11
Standing the fixture on a flat, horizontal surface ........................... 12
Fastening the fixture to a flat surface ............................................ 13
Mounting the fixture on a truss...................................................... 13
Securing with a safety cable ......................................................... 14
Connecting to AC power..................................................................... 15
Linking fixtures to power in a chain............................................... 16
Connecting to data ............................................................................. 17
Tips for reliable data transmission ................................................ 17
Connecting the DMX data link....................................................... 17
Fixture setup....................................................................................... 18
DMX address setting..................................................................... 19
Raw, extended and calibrated modes........................................... 19
Tungsten emulation mode ............................................................ 20
Dimming curves ............................................................................ 20
Dimming speed and smoothness.................................................. 20
Blackout or Hold if DMX signal stops............................................ 21
Cooling mode................................................................................ 21
Display rotation ............................................................................. 22
Display intensity............................................................................ 22
Temperature units......................................................................... 22
Resetting to factory defaults ......................................................... 22
Fixture test .................................................................................... 23
Fixture information ........................................................................ 23
DMX Live ...................................................................................... 25
Resetting the fixture ...................................................................... 25
Manual control .............................................................................. 25
Focus shortcut .............................................................................. 26
Control / Settings DMX channel.................................................... 26
Effects ................................................................................................ 28
RDM ................................................................................................... 29
Maintenance....................................................................................... 31
Cleaning........................................................................................ 31
Uploading new firmware ............................................................... 32
Service and repairs ....................................................................... 33
DMX protocol...................................................................................... 34
Control menus .................................................................................... 38
Troubleshooting.................................................................................. 42
Dimensions......................................................................................... 43
Specifications ..................................................................................... 44

4 Martin®ELP PAR User Guide
Safety information
WARNING!
Read the safety precautions in this manual before
installing, operating or servicing this product.
The following symbols are used to identify important safety information on
the product and in this manual:
Warning!
Safety hazard.
Risk of severe
injury or death.
Warning!
Powerful light
emission. Risk
of eye injury.
Warning!
See user
manual for
important
safety
information.
Warning!
Hazardous
voltage. Risk
of lethal or
severe electric
shock.
Warning!
Hot surfaces
and fire
hazard.
Warning! Risk Group 2 product according to EN 62471 and
IEC/TR 62778. Possibly hazardous radiation emitted from this
product. May be harmful to the eyes. Do not stare at operating
lamp and do not view the light output with optical instruments
or any device that may concentrate the beam.
This lighting fixture is for professional use only and must be
installed by a qualified technician. It is not for household use. It
presents risks of severe injury or death due to fire hazards,
electric shock and falls. It produces a powerful, concentrated
beam of light that can create a fire hazard or a risk of eye
injury if the safety precautions below are not followed. Respect
all locally applicable laws, codes and regulations when
installing, operating or servicing the fixture.
The light source contained in this fixture must be replaced by
Martin Service or an authorized Martin Service partner only.

Martin®ELP PAR User Guide 5
Install, operate and service Martin products only as directed in
their user manuals, or you may create a safety hazard or
cause damage that is not covered by product warranties.
Follow the safety precautions listed below and observe all
warnings in this manual and printed on the product. Before
you install, operate or service the fixture, check the Martin
website at www.martin.com and make sure that you have the
latest user documentation for the fixture. Document revisions
are indicated at the bottom of page 2.
Technical Support
If you have questions about how to install or operate the
fixture safely, please contact Harman Professional Technical
support:
•For technical support in North America, please contact:
[e-mail]
Phone: [phone]
•For technical support outside North America, please
contact your national distributor.
Protection from electric shock
Do not expose the fixture to rain or moisture.
Disconnect the fixture from AC power before carrying out any
installation or maintenance work and when the fixture is not in
use.
Ensure that the fixture is electrically connected to ground
(earth).
Use only a source of AC power that complies with local
building and electrical codes and has both overload and
ground-fault (earth-fault) protection.
Socket outlets or external power switches used to supply the
fixture with power must be located near the fixture and easily
accessible so that the fixture can easily be disconnected from
power.
Isolate the fixture from power immediately if the power plug or
any seal, cover, cable, or other component is damaged,
defective, deformed, wet or showing signs of overheating. Do
not reapply power until repairs have been completed.

6 Martin®ELP PAR User Guide
Before using the fixture, check that all power distribution
equipment and cables are in perfect condition and rated for
the current requirements of all connected devices.
Use only Neutrik PowerCON TRUE1 TOP cable connectors to
connect to the fixture’s power sockets.
Do not connect devices to power in a chain that will exceed
the electrical ratings of any cable or connector used in the
chain.
To connect fixtures to mains power in a chain, you must first
obtain 12 AWG or 2.5 mm2power input and throughput cables
that are 16 A rated and temperature-rated to suit the
application. In the USA and Canada the cables must be UL-
listed, type SJT or equivalent. In the EU the cables must be
type H05VV-F or equivalent. Suitable cables with Neutrik
PowerCON TRUE1 TOP connectors are available from Martin
(see ‘Accessories’ on page 46). If you use these cables, you
can connect fixtures to power in a linked chain, POWER OUT
throughput socket to POWER IN input socket, but do not link
more than:
•four (4) ELP PAR fixtures in total at 100-120 V, or
•seven (7) ELP PAR fixtures in total at 200-240 V.
If you intend to connect other devices to the POWER OUT
socket in a daisy chain, add together the maximum current
draw of all the devices in the chain. Do not create a chain of
devices whose total maximum current draw will exceed the
maximum current rating of any connector in the chain. The
maximum permitted current at the POWER IN connector is
16 A. The maximum permitted current at the POWER OUT
connector is 12 A.
The voltage and frequency at the POWER OUT socket are the
same as the voltage and frequency applied to the POWER IN
socket. Only connect devices to the POWER OUT socket that
accept this voltage and frequency.
Protection from burns and fire
Do not operate the fixture if the ambient temperature (Ta)
exceeds 40° C (104° F).
The surface of the product casing can reach up to 65° C
(149° F) –TBC during operation. Avoid contact by persons

Martin®ELP PAR User Guide 7
and materials. Allow the fixture to cool for at least 15 minutes
before handling.
Keep flammable materials well away from the fixture. Keep all
combustible materials (e.g. fabric, wood, paper) at least 0.5 m
(1.7 ft.) away from the fixture housing.
Ensure that there is free and unobstructed airflow around the
fixture. Provide a minimum clearance of 0.5 m (1.7 ft.) around
fans and air vents.
Do not use the fixture to illuminate surfaces within 1 m (3.3 ft.)
of the fixture.
Do not stick filters, masks or other materials onto any optical
component.
The fixture’s lenses can focus the sun’s rays, creating a risk of
fire and damage. Do not expose the front of the fixture to
sunlight or any other bright light source.
Protection from eye injury
Warning! Risk Group 2 product according to EN 62471 and
IEC/TR 62778.
The ELP PAR fixture falls into the following risk groups
according to EN 62471 and IEC/TR 62778 at the distances
indicated below.
The luminaire should be positioned so that prolonged staring
into the luminaire at a distance closer than 21.5 m is not
expected.
Do not look directly into the product’s light output.
Do not look at operating lamp. Eye injury may result.
Do not look at the light output with magnifiers, telescopes,
binoculars or similar optical instruments that may concentrate
the light output.
Ensure that persons are not looking directly into the front of

8 Martin®ELP PAR User Guide
the fixture when the product lights up suddenly. This can
happen when power is applied, when the product receives a
DMX signal, or when certain control menu items are selected.
To minimize the risk of eye irritation or injury, disconnect the
fixture from power at all times when the fixture is not in use
and provide well-lit conditions to reduce the pupil diameter of
anyone working on or near the fixture.
Protection from injury
The fixture is not portable when installed.
Ensure that any supporting structure and/or hardware used
can hold at least 10 times the weight of all the devices they
support.
If suspending from a rigging structure, fasten the fixture to a
rigging clamp. Do not use safety cables as the primary means
of support.
If the fixture is installed in a location where it may cause injury
or damage if it falls, install as directed in this manual a
secondary attachment such as a safety cable that will hold the
fixture if a primary attachment fails. The secondary attachment
must be approved by an official body such as TÜV as a safety
attachment for the weight that it secures, must comply with EN
60598-2-17 Section 17.6.6 and must be capable of bearing a
static suspended load that is ten times the weight of the fixture
and all installed accessories.
Check that all external covers and rigging hardware are
securely fastened.
Block access below the work area and work from a stable
platform whenever installing, servicing or moving the fixture.
Do not operate the fixture with missing or damaged covers,
shields or any optical component.
In the event of an operating problem, stop using the fixture
immediately and disconnect it from power. Do not attempt to
use a fixture that is obviously damaged.
Do not modify the fixture in any way not described in this
manual or install other than genuine Martin parts.
Refer any service operation not described in this manual to a
qualified technician.

Martin®ELP PAR User Guide 9
Introduction
The ELP PAR is a bright single-lens LED PAR Can with calibrated color
output from seven RGBW LEDs and a motorized zoom with an angle that
varies from 5.6° to 57.6° (field angle, one-tenth peak) or 4.2° to 35.4° (beam
angle, half-peak). It offers electronic dimming and strobe and features a
bracket for floor or truss mounting.
The ELP PAR can be controlled using any DMX-compliant controller.
The fixture is supplied with a folding mounting bracket.
Before using the product for the first time
1. Read ‘Safety information’on page 4 before installing, operating or
servicing the fixture.
2. Unpack and ensure that there is no transportation damage before using
the fixture. Never attempt to operate a damaged fixture.
3. Check that the voltage and frequency of the local power source match
the mains power requirements of the fixture.
4. Either hard-wire the fixture to an AC mains power source or provide a
power input cable and local power plug as described in this manual and
connect to an AC mains power outlet.
5. Check the support pages on the Martin Professional website at
www.martin.com for the most recent user documentation and technical
information about the fixture. Martin user manual revisions are identified
by the revision letter at the bottom of the inside cover.
When the fixture is powered on for the first time, it may smoke slightly as it
warms up, but this will only last a few minutes and is no cause for concern.
Be prepared for the fixture to suddenly emit bright light when power is
applied.

10 Martin®ELP PAR User Guide
Fixture overview
1- Display
2–Control buttons
3–Tilt adjustment handle
4–Mains power IN (Neutrik PowerCON TRUE1 TOP)
5–Mains power OUT / THRU (Neutrik PowerCON TRUE1 TOP)
6–DMX IN (Neutrik 5-pin XLR)
7–DMX OUT / THRU (Neutrik 5-pin XLR)
8–Carabiner clips (not supplied) for safety cable
2
1
3
4
5
7
6
8
8

Martin®ELP PAR User Guide 11
Physical installation
Read ‘Safety information’ on page 4 before installing the
fixture.
Warning! See illustration below. Position or shade the
head so that the front of the head will not be exposed to
sunlight or any other strong light source from any angle –
even for a few seconds. The fixture can focus the sun’s
rays internally, creating a risk of fire and damage.
The fixture is designed for indoor use only and must be used in a dry
location with adequate ventilation. Ensure that none of the fixture’s
ventilation slots are blocked.
You can either fasten the fixture to a secure structure (such as a rigging
truss) or surface. You can also stand it on a secure surface. Do not place
the fixture in a location where it can be moved, fall over, or present a danger
of tripping or injury.
If you install the fixture in a location where it may cause injury or damage if it
falls, secure it as directed in this user manual using a securely anchored
safety cable that will hold the fixture if the primary fastening method fails.
Martin can supply safety cables and rigging clamps that are suitable for use
with the fixture (see ‘Accessories’ on page 46).
Avoiding damage from other light sources
Important! Do not point the light output from other lighting fixtures at the ELP
PAR, as powerful light can damage the display.

12 Martin®ELP PAR User Guide
Mounting bracket angle scales
See illustration on right. The fixture’s mounting
bracket has angle scales printed on both sides
next to the adjustment handles. The scales show
the precise angle at which the head is tilted. There
are two scales. The inner scale is for use when
standing the fixture on the floor. The outer scale is
for use when flying the fixture overhead.
Standing the fixture on a flat, horizontal surface
Use a stable horizontal surface that can support at
least 10 times the weight of all the fixtures and
equipment that it will support.
See illustration on right. The fixture can be
placed on the surface by releasing the adjustment
handles (arrowed) on both sides of the fixture, fully
opening the legs of the mounting bracket, and then
re-tightening the adjustment handles.

Martin®ELP PAR User Guide 13
Fastening the fixture to a flat surface
Use a stable horizontal surface that can support at least 10 times the weight
of all the fixtures and equipment that it will support. Ensure that all fasteners
used can support at least ten times the weight of all the fixtures and
equipment that they will support.
To fasten the fixture to a surface:
1. See illustration on left. Pass an M12,
grade 8.8 steel minimum, bolt or
screwbolt through the hole (arrowed) in
the center of the main mounting
bracket leg and into the surface.
2. If using a bolt, secure with a washer
and self-locking nut.
3. Check that the fixture is held securely.
4. If you install the fixture in a location
where it may cause injury or damage if
it falls, secure it as directed below with
a securely anchored safety cable that
will hold the fixture if the primary
fastening method fails.
Mounting the fixture on a truss
The fixture can be clamped to a truss or similar rigging
structure in any orientation. When installing the fixture
hanging vertically down, you can use an open-type clamp
such as a G-clamp. When installing in any other
orientation, you must use a half-coupler clamp (see
illustration on right) that completely encircles the truss
chord.
To clamp the fixture to a truss:
1. Check that the rigging structure can support at least ten times the weight
of all fixtures and equipment to be installed on it.
2. Block access under the work area.
3. Either:
-Bolt a rigging clamp directly to the fixture’s mounting bracket using
an M12 grade 8.8 steel bolt and self-locking washer, or

14 Martin®ELP PAR User Guide
-Bolt a rigging clamp to a Martin omega
bracket (available as an accessory by
ordering P/N 91602001 from your
Martin supplier) using a grade 8.8 steel
bolt. See illustration on right. Fold the
legs of the fixture’s mounting bracket
together and fasten the omega bracket
securely to the mounting bracket. Turn the
quarter-turn fasteners on the omega
bracket a full 90° to lock.
4. Working from a stable platform, hang the fixture
with its clamp on the truss and fasten the clamp
securely.
5. Loosen the adjustment handles on both sides of the fixture, adjust the
fixture’s tilt angle, and re-tighten the handles.
6. Secure the fixture with a safety cable as directed below.
Securing with a safety cable
1. Obtain a safety cable (or other secondary
attachment) that is approved for the weight of the
fixture.
2. See illustration on right. There is one attachment
point (arrowed) in the cooling vent on the top of
the fixture and a second, identical attachment
point on the bottom of the fixture. Fasten the
cable to one of the safety cable attachment
points (arrowed) on the fixture by either looping it
around the attachment point or using a carabiner
clip.
Do not simply loop the safety cable around the
legs of the mounting bracket, as this will leave
the fixture unsecured if the fixture separates from
the mounting bracket.
3. Remove as much slack as possible from the safety cable and fasten it to
a secure anchoring point.
4. Make sure that the safety cable will hold the fixture if a primary
attachment fails.
Your Martin dealer can supply suitable safety cables and rigging clamps
(see ‘Accessories’ on page 46).

Martin®ELP PAR User Guide 15
Connecting to AC power
Read ‘Safety information’on page 4 before connecting the
fixture to AC mains power.
Before you connect other fixtures to the POWER OUT socket,
see ‘Linking fixtures to power in a chain’ on page 16.
For protection from electric shock, the fixture must be
grounded (earthed). The power distribution circuit must be
equipped with a fuse or circuit breaker and ground-fault (earth-
fault) protection.
Socket outlets or external power switches used to supply the
fixture with power must be located near the fixture and easily
accessible so that the fixture can easily be disconnected from
power.
Do not use an external dimming system to supply power to the fixture, as
this may cause damage to the fixture that is not covered by the product
warranty.
The fixture requires a power input cable with a Neutrik powerCON TRUE1
NAC3FX-W (TOP) female cable connector for AC mains power input. The
cable must meet the requirements listed under “Protection from electric
shock” on page 5. Martin can supply suitable cables with female TRUE1
TOP input connectors 1.5 m (4.9 ft.) or 5 m (16.4 ft.) long, as well as loose
female TRUE1 TOP input connectors (see “Accessories” on page 46).
The fixture can be hard-wired to a building electrical installation if you want
to install it permanently, or a power plug that is suitable for the local power
outlets can be installed on the power cable. If you install a power plug on the
power cable, follow the plug manufacturer’s instructions and connect the
wires in the power cable as shown in this table:
Earth, Ground or
Neutral or N
Live or L
US system
Green
White
Black
EU system
Yellow/green
Blue
Brown
The fixture has an auto-ranging power supply that accepts AC mains power
at 100-120/200-240 V at 50/60 Hz. Do not apply AC mains power at any
other voltage or frequency to the fixture.

16 Martin®ELP PAR User Guide
Linking fixtures to power in a chain
If you obtain a 12 AWG / 2.5 mm2power input cable and 12 AWG / 2.5 mm2
throughput cables from Martin (see “Accessories” on page 46), you can
relay mains power from one fixture to another by connecting fixtures to
power in a linked daisy-chain, POWER OUT throughput socket to POWER
IN input socket.
Using 12 AWG / 2.5 mm2cables from Martin, you can create a daisy chain
of linked fixtures that contains:
•maximum four (4) ELP PAR fixtures in total at 100-120 V, or
•maximum seven (7) ELP PAR fixtures in total at 200-240 V.

Martin®ELP PAR User Guide 17
Connecting to data
A DMX 512 data link is required in order to control the fixture via DMX. The
fixture has 5-pin XLR connectors for DMX data input and output.
The number of daisy-chained fixtures is limited by the number of DMX
channels required by the fixtures in relation to the maximum 512 channels
available in one DMX universe. Note that if independent control of a fixture is
required, it must have its own DMX channels. Fixtures that are required to
behave identically can share the same DMX address and channels. To add
more fixtures or groups of fixtures when the above limit is reached, add a
DMX universe and another daisy-chained link.
Tips for reliable data transmission
Use shielded twisted-pair cable designed for RS-485 devices: standard
microphone cable cannot transmit control data reliably over long runs. 24
AWG cable is suitable for runs up to 300 meters (1000 ft.). Heavier gauge
cable and/or an amplifier is recommended for longer runs. The pinout on all
connectors is pin 1 = shield, pin 2 = cold (-), and pin 3 = hot (+). Pins 4 and 5
in the 5-pin XLR connectors are not used in the fixture but are available for
possible additional data signals as required by the DMX512-A standard.
Standard pinout is pin 4 = data 2 cold (-) and pin 5 = data 2 hot (+).
If you need to split the link into branches, use a splitter such as the Martin
RDM 5.5 Splitter.
Terminate the link by installing a DMX termination plug in the output socket
of the last fixture. The termination plug, which is a male XLR plug with a 120
Ohm, 0.25 W resistor soldered between pins 2 and 3, “soaks up” the control
signal so it does not reflect and cause interference. If a splitter is used,
terminate each branch of the link.
Connecting the DMX data link
To connect the fixture to data:
1. Connect the DMX data output from the controller to the first fixture’s
male XLR DMX input connector.
2. Connect the first fixture’s DMX output to the DMX input of the next
fixture and continue connecting fixtures output to input. Terminate the
last fixture on the link with a DMX termination plug.

18 Martin®ELP PAR User Guide
Fixture setup
This section explains the fixture characteristics that can be set to determine
how it can be controlled and will behave. These settings are made using the
menus available in the control panel. Settings are retained in memory when
the fixture is powered off.
You can find a complete map of the control menu structure in ‘Control
menus’ on page 38.
Using the control menus
•To access the control menus or to return to the next highest level in the
menu structure, press the MENU button.
•Navigate the menu structure using the DOWN, UP and ENTER buttons.
•If you have selected a menu option, confirm your selection and set that
option using the ENTER button, or if you want to return to the next
highest level in the menu structure without making a change, press the
MENU button.
•To exit the menus, press the MENU button.
Special keypress functions
•Holding the UP button and pressing the DOWN button rotates the
control panel display through 180°.
•Holding the MENU button and pressing the UP button resets the entire
fixture.
•Holding the ENTER button pressed for 5 seconds puts the fixture into
Focus shortcut mode for one minute (see ‘Focus shortcut’ on page 26).
MENU
•Activate the control menus, or
•Open the Shortcuts menu by holding for 2
seconds, or
•Return to the previous level of the menu structure,
or
•Press to exit the menus
DOWN
Go down a menu level
UP
Go up a menu level
ENTER
Confirm the selected function

Martin®ELP PAR User Guide 19
Menu shortcuts
Pressing and holding the MENU button for two seconds opens a small
Shortcuts menu with two items:
•RESET ALL carries out a complete reset of the fixture with all its effects.
•ROTATE DISPLAY rotates the control panel display through 180°. This
function makes it easier to read the control panel menus when changing
from standing to hanging installation.
DMX address setting
The DMX address, also known as the start channel, is the first channel used
to receive instructions from a DMX controller. The fixture uses 14 DMX
channels. This means that if you have a group of fixtures and you set the
first fixture’s DMX address to 1, then DMX address 15 is available for the
next fixture, DMX address 29 for the fixture after that, and so on.
For independent control, each fixture must be assigned its own control
channels. You can give the same DMX address to two fixtures of the same
type if you want them to behave identically. Giving the same DMX address
to multiple fixtures can be useful for grouped control and troubleshooting.
To set the fixture’s DMX address:
1. In the fixture’s control panel, use the UP and DOWN buttons to select
DMX ADDRESS and press ENTER. The fixture’s currently set DMX
address will blink in the display.
2. Use the UP and DOWN buttons to select a new address.
3. Once the new address has been selected, press ENTER to confirm it (or
press MENU to exit without making a change).
Raw, extended and calibrated modes
In raw mode, all LEDs operate at full intensity and CTC (color temperature
correction) functionality is disabled. The color output of one fixture may or
may not closely match that of other fixtures, depending on LED binning.
In extended mode, mixed white is calibrated, giving perfect white matching
across multiple fixtures, but primary and secondary colors are not calibrated,
which allows maximum color saturation. The closer you move towards white,
the more closely multiple fixtures will match each other’s output. The further
you move away from white and the closer you move towards saturated color,
the less closely multiple fixtures will match each other’s output.
In calibrated mode, white and color are fully calibrated. This means that the
output of multiple fixtures will match with no visible differences. On the other
hand, color saturation will be slightly less heavy.

20 Martin®ELP PAR User Guide
Tungsten emulation mode
In tungsten emulation mode, the fixture’s white light output is made warmer,
the warm shift is increased at lower dimming levels, and an ‘afterglow‘ effect
is added after dimming. This mode gives the ‘look and feel’ of a fixture that
uses a 2800 K incandescent light bulb as its source.
Dimming curves
Four dimming curves are available:
LINEAR –The increase in light intensity appears to be linear as DMX
value is increased.
SQUARE LAW –light intensity control is finer at low levels and coarser
at high levels.
INVERSE SQUARE LAW –light intensity control is coarser at low levels
and finer at high levels.
S-CURVE –light intensity control is finer at low levels and high levels
and coarser at medium levels.
To set the fixture’s dimming curve:
1. Select DIMMER CURVE and press ENTER. The currently set dimming
curve mode will blink in the display.
2. Use the DOWN and UP buttons to select LINEAR, SQUARE LAW, INV
SQ LAW, or S-CURVE.
3. Press ENTER to confirm your choice (or press MENU to exit without
making a change).
Dimming speed and smoothness
You can optimize dimming to give either the fastest or the smoothest
changes in dimming levels. To optimize dimming:
1. Select DIMMING SPEED and press ENTER.
2. Use the DOWN and UP buttons to select FAST (dimmer optimized for
speed) or SMOOTH (dimmer optimized for smoothness).
3. Press ENTER to confirm your choice (or press MENU to exit without
making a change).