HP 3600 v2 Series User manual
HP 3600 v2 Switch Series
Security
Configuration Guide
Part number: 5998-2355
Software version: Release 2101
Document version: 6W101-20130930
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Contents
AAA configuration ······················································································································································· 1
AAA overview ···································································································································································1
RADIUS······································································································································································2
HWTACACS ·····························································································································································7
Domain-based user management ···························································································································9
RADIUS server feature of the switch···················································································································· 10
AAA across MPLS L3VPNs ··································································································································· 11
Protocols and standards ······································································································································· 11
RADIUS attributes ·················································································································································· 12
AAA configuration considerations and task list·········································································································· 15
Configuring AAA schemes············································································································································ 16
Configuring local users········································································································································· 16
Configuring RADIUS schemes······························································································································ 20
Configuring HWTACACS schemes····················································································································· 33
Configuring AAA methods for ISP domains················································································································ 39
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 39
Creating an ISP domain ······································································································································· 39
Configuring ISP domain attributes······················································································································· 40
Configuring AAA authentication methods for an ISP domain·········································································· 41
Configuring AAA authorization methods for an ISP domain ··········································································· 42
Configuring AAA accounting methods for an ISP domain ··············································································· 44
Tearing down user connections···································································································································· 45
Configuring a NAS ID-VLAN binding·························································································································· 46
Specifying the device ID used in stateful failover mode ···························································································· 46
Configuring a switch as a RADIUS server··················································································································· 47
RADIUS server functions configuration task list ·································································································· 47
Configuring a RADIUS user·································································································································· 47
Specifying a RADIUS client ·································································································································· 48
Displaying and maintaining AAA ································································································································ 48
AAA configuration examples········································································································································ 49
AAA for Telnet users by an HWTACACS server ······························································································· 49
AAA for Telnet users by separate servers··········································································································· 50
Authentication/authorization for SSH/Telnet users by a RADIUS server························································ 51
AAA for portal users by a RADIUS server ·········································································································· 55
AAA for 802.1X users by a RADIUS server······································································································· 64
Level switching authentication for Telnet users by an HWTACACS server····················································· 70
RADIUS authentication and authorization for Telnet users by a switch··························································· 73
Troubleshooting AAA ···················································································································································· 75
Troubleshooting RADIUS······································································································································· 75
Troubleshooting HWTACACS······························································································································ 76
802.1X fundamentals ················································································································································77
802.1X architecture······················································································································································· 77
Controlled/uncontrolled port and port authorization status······················································································ 77
802.1X-related protocols ·············································································································································· 78
Packet formats························································································································································ 79
EAP over RADIUS ·················································································································································· 80
Initiating 802.1X authentication··································································································································· 80
802.1X client as the initiator································································································································ 80
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Access device as the initiator······························································································································· 81
802.1X authentication procedures······························································································································· 81
A comparison of EAP relay and EAP termination······························································································ 82
EAP relay································································································································································ 82
EAP termination ····················································································································································· 84
802.1X configuration ················································································································································85
HP implementation of 802.1X ······································································································································ 85
Access control methods ········································································································································ 85
Using 802.1X authentication with other features ······························································································ 85
Configuring 802.1X ······················································································································································ 88
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 88
802.1X configuration task list······························································································································ 88
Enabling 802.1X··················································································································································· 89
Enabling EAP relay or EAP termination ·············································································································· 89
Setting the port authorization state······················································································································ 90
Specifying an access control method·················································································································· 91
Setting the maximum number of concurrent 802.1X users on a port······························································ 91
Setting the maximum number of authentication request attempts ···································································· 91
Setting the 802.1X authentication timeout timers ······························································································ 92
Configuring the online user handshake function································································································ 92
Configuring the authentication trigger function ································································································· 93
Specifying a mandatory authentication domain on a port··············································································· 94
Configuring the quiet timer··································································································································· 94
Enabling the periodic online user re-authentication function············································································ 95
Configuring an 802.1X guest VLAN··················································································································· 95
Configuring an Auth-Fail VLAN ··························································································································· 97
Specifying supported domain name delimiters·································································································· 98
Displaying and maintaining 802.1X ··························································································································· 98
802.1X configuration examples··································································································································· 98
802.1X authentication configuration example ·································································································· 98
802.1X with guest VLAN and VLAN assignment configuration example·····················································101
802.1X with ACL assignment configuration example·····················································································103
EAD fast deployment configuration ······················································································································· 106
EAD fast deployment overview···································································································································106
EAD fast deployment implementation ···············································································································106
Configuring EAD fast deployment······························································································································106
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································106
Configuration procedure ····································································································································106
Displaying and maintaining EAD fast deployment···································································································108
EAD fast deployment configuration example············································································································108
Troubleshooting EAD fast deployment·······················································································································110
Web browser users cannot be correctly redirected ························································································110
MAC authentication configuration························································································································· 111
MAC authentication overview ····································································································································111
User account policies··········································································································································111
Authentication approaches ································································································································111
MAC authentication timers·································································································································112
Using MAC authentication with other features ·········································································································112
VLAN assignment ················································································································································112
ACL assignment ···················································································································································112
Guest VLAN ·························································································································································112
MAC authentication configuration task list ···············································································································113
Basic configuration for MAC authentication·············································································································113
iii
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································113
Configuration procedure ····································································································································113
Specifying an authentication domain for MAC authentication users ·····································································114
Configuring a MAC authentication guest VLAN ······································································································115
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································115
Configuration procedure ····································································································································115
Displaying and maintaining MAC authentication ····································································································116
MAC authentication configuration examples············································································································116
Local MAC authentication configuration example···························································································116
RADIUS-based MAC authentication configuration example···········································································118
ACL assignment configuration example············································································································120
Portal configuration················································································································································· 123
Portal overview·····························································································································································123
Introduction to portal···········································································································································123
Extended portal functions ···································································································································123
Portal system components···································································································································123
Portal system using the local portal server········································································································125
Portal authentication modes ·······························································································································126
Portal support for EAP·········································································································································127
Layer 2 portal authentication process ···············································································································128
Layer 3 portal authentication process ···············································································································129
Portal stateful failover··········································································································································133
Portal authentication across VPNs·····················································································································134
Portal configuration task list ········································································································································135
Configuration prerequisites·········································································································································136
Specifying the portal server ········································································································································136
Specifying the local portal server for Layer 2 portal authentication······························································136
Specifying a portal server for Layer 3 portal authentication ··········································································137
Configuring the local portal server ····························································································································138
Customizing authentication pages ····················································································································138
Configuring the local portal server····················································································································141
Enabling portal authentication····································································································································141
Enabling Layer 2 portal authentication ·············································································································142
Enabling Layer 3 portal authentication ·············································································································142
Controlling access of portal users ······························································································································143
Configuring a portal-free rule·····························································································································143
Configuring an authentication source subnet···································································································144
Setting the maximum number of online portal users························································································144
Specifying an authentication domain for portal users·····················································································145
Configuring Layer 3 portal authentication to support web proxy··································································145
Enabling support for portal user moving ··········································································································146
Specifying an Auth-Fail VLAN for portal authentication ··························································································147
Configuring RADIUS related attributes ······················································································································148
Specifying NAS-Port-Type for an interface ·······································································································148
Specifying a NAS ID profile for an interface ···································································································149
Specifying a source IP address for outgoing portal packets ···················································································149
Configuring portal stateful failover·····························································································································150
Specifying an auto redirection URL for authenticated portal users·········································································152
Configuring portal detection functions·······················································································································152
Configuring online Layer 2 portal user detection ····························································································152
Configuring the portal server detection function······························································································153
Configuring portal user information synchronization······················································································154
Logging off portal users···············································································································································155
Displaying and maintaining portal ····························································································································155
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Portal configuration examples ····································································································································156
Configuring direct portal authentication···········································································································156
Configuring re-DHCP portal authentication······································································································161
Configuring cross-subnet portal authentication ································································································163
Configuring direct portal authentication with extended functions··································································165
Configuring re-DHCP portal authentication with extended functions ····························································167
Configuring cross-subnet portal authentication with extended functions·······················································169
Configuring portal stateful failover····················································································································171
Configuring portal server detection and portal user information synchronization·······································179
Configuring Layer 2 portal authentication········································································································185
Troubleshooting portal·················································································································································188
Inconsistent keys on the access device and the portal server·········································································188
Incorrect server port number on the access device··························································································189
Triple authentication configuration ························································································································ 190
Triple authentication overview····································································································································190
Triple authentication mechanism ·······················································································································190
Using triple authentication with other features·································································································191
Configuring triple authentication································································································································192
Triple authentication configuration examples ···········································································································192
Triple authentication basic function configuration example ···········································································192
Triple authentication supporting VLAN assignment and Auth-Fail VLAN configuration example ··············195
Port security configuration ······································································································································ 200
Port security overview ··················································································································································200
Port security features ···········································································································································200
Port security modes ·············································································································································200
Working with guest VLAN and Auth-Fail VLAN ······························································································203
Port security configuration task list ·····························································································································203
Enabling port security ··················································································································································204
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································204
Configuration procedure ····································································································································204
Setting port security’s limit on the number of MAC addresses on a port·······························································204
Setting the port security mode ····································································································································205
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································205
Configuration procedure ····································································································································205
Configuring port security features ······························································································································206
Configuring NTK ·················································································································································206
Configuring intrusion protection ························································································································206
Enabling port security traps································································································································207
Configuring secure MAC addresses ··························································································································208
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································208
Configuration procedure ····································································································································209
Ignoring authorization information from the server··································································································209
Displaying and maintaining port security··················································································································210
Port security configuration examples ·························································································································210
Configuring the autoLearn mode·······················································································································210
Configuring the userLoginWithOUI mode ········································································································213
Configuring the macAddressElseUserLoginSecure mode················································································217
Troubleshooting port security······································································································································220
Cannot set the port security mode·····················································································································220
Cannot configure secure MAC addresses ········································································································220
Cannot change port security mode when a user is online··············································································220
User profile configuration······································································································································· 222
User profile overview···················································································································································222
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User profile configuration task list······························································································································222
Creating a user profile ················································································································································222
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································222
Creating a user profile········································································································································223
Configuring a user profile ···········································································································································223
Configuration guidelines ····································································································································223
Configuration procedure ····································································································································223
Enabling a user profile ················································································································································224
Displaying and maintaining user profiles··················································································································224
HABP configuration················································································································································· 225
HABP overview·····························································································································································225
Configuring HABP························································································································································226
Configuring the HABP server ·····························································································································226
Configuring an HABP client ·······························································································································226
Displaying and maintaining HABP·····························································································································227
HABP configuration example······································································································································227
Public key configuration ········································································································································· 230
Overview·······································································································································································230
Public key configuration task list·································································································································230
Configuring a local asymmetric key pair on the local device·················································································231
Creating a local asymmetric key pair ···············································································································231
Displaying or exporting the local host public key ···························································································232
Destroying a local asymmetric key pair············································································································233
Specifying the peer public key on the local device··································································································233
Displaying and maintaining public keys ···················································································································234
Public key configuration examples·····························································································································235
Manually specifying the peer public key on the local device ········································································235
Importing a peer public key from a public key file··························································································236
PKI configuration····················································································································································· 240
Introduction to PKI ························································································································································240
PKI overview ························································································································································240
PKI terms·······························································································································································240
PKI architecture····················································································································································241
PKI applications ···················································································································································242
PKI operation ·······················································································································································242
PKI configuration task list ············································································································································242
Configuring an entity DN············································································································································243
Configuring a PKI domain···········································································································································244
Submitting a PKI certificate request····························································································································246
Submitting a certificate request in auto mode··································································································246
Submitting a certificate request in manual mode·····························································································246
Retrieving a certificate manually ································································································································247
Configuring PKI certificate verification ······················································································································248
Configuring CRL-checking-enabled PKI certificate verification ·······································································248
Configuring CRL-checking-disabled PKI certificate verification ······································································249
Destroying a local RSA key pair ································································································································249
Deleting a certificate····················································································································································250
Configuring an access control policy ························································································································250
Displaying and maintaining PKI ·································································································································251
PKI configuration examples·········································································································································251
Requesting a certificate from a CA server running RSA Keon ·······································································251
Requesting a certificate from a CA server running Windows 2003 Server ·················································254
Configuring a certificate attribute-based access control policy······································································257
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Troubleshooting PKI ·····················································································································································259
Failed to retrieve a CA certificate······················································································································259
Failed to request a local certificate ···················································································································259
Failed to retrieve CRLs ········································································································································260
IPsec configuration·················································································································································· 261
IPsec overview ······························································································································································261
IPsec implementation···········································································································································261
Basic concepts ·····················································································································································262
IPsec for IPv6 routing protocols··························································································································264
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································264
Configuring IPsec for IPv6 routing protocols·············································································································264
Configuring an IPsec proposal ··························································································································264
Configuring an IPsec policy ·······························································································································265
Displaying and maintaining IPsec······························································································································267
IPsec for RIPng configuration example·······················································································································267
SSH2.0 configuration ············································································································································· 272
SSH2.0 overview ·························································································································································272
Introduction to SSH2.0 ·······································································································································272
SSH operation ·····················································································································································272
SSH connection across VPNs·····························································································································275
Configuring the switch as an SSH server ··················································································································275
SSH server configuration task list ······················································································································275
Generating a DSA or RSA key pair ··················································································································275
Enabling the SSH server function·······················································································································276
Configuring the user interfaces for SSH clients································································································276
Configuring a client public key··························································································································277
Configuring an SSH user····································································································································278
Setting the SSH management parameters ········································································································279
Configuring the switch as an SSH client ···················································································································280
SSH client configuration task list························································································································280
Specifying a source ip address/interface for the SSH client··········································································280
Configuring whether first-time authentication is supported ·············································································281
Establishing a connection between the SSH client and server ·······································································281
Displaying and maintaining SSH ·······························································································································282
SSH server configuration examples ···························································································································283
When the switch acts as a server for password authentication ·····································································283
When the switch acts as a server for publickey authentication ·····································································285
SSH client configuration examples·····························································································································290
When switch acts as client for password authentication ················································································290
When switch acts as client for publickey authentication ················································································293
SFTP configuration ·················································································································································· 296
SFTP overview·······························································································································································296
Configuring the switch as an SFTP server ·················································································································296
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································296
Enabling the SFTP server ····································································································································296
Configuring the SFTP connection idle timeout period ·····················································································296
Configuring the switch an SFTP client························································································································297
Specifying a source ip address or interface for the SFTP client ·····································································297
Establishing a connection to the SFTP server····································································································297
Working with SFTP directories···························································································································298
Working with SFTP files······································································································································298
Displaying help information ·······························································································································299
Terminating the connection to the remote SFTP server ····················································································299
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SFTP client configuration example ·····························································································································300
SFTP server configuration example ····························································································································303
SSL configuration ···················································································································································· 306
SSL overview·································································································································································306
SSL security mechanism ······································································································································306
SSL protocol stack ···············································································································································307
SSL configuration task list············································································································································307
Configuring an SSL server policy ·······························································································································307
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································307
Configuration procedure ····································································································································308
SSL server policy configuration example ··········································································································309
Configuring an SSL client policy ································································································································310
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································311
Configuration procedure ····································································································································311
Displaying and maintaining SSL·································································································································311
Troubleshooting SSL·····················································································································································312
SSL handshake failure·········································································································································312
TCP attack protection configuration······················································································································· 313
TCP attack protection overview ··································································································································313
Enabling the SYN Cookie feature ······························································································································313
Displaying and maintaining TCP attack protection ··································································································314
IP source guard configuration ································································································································ 315
IP source guard overview············································································································································315
Static IP source guard binding entries···············································································································315
Dynamic IP source guard binding entries·········································································································316
IP source guard configuration task list ·······················································································································316
Configuring the IPv4 source guard function··············································································································316
Configuring IPv4 source guard on a port·········································································································316
Configuring a static IPv4 source guard binding entry·····················································································317
Setting the maximum number of IPv4 source guard binding entries ·····························································318
Configuring the IPv6 source guard function··············································································································318
Configuring IPv6 source guard on a port·········································································································319
Configuring a static IPv6 source guard binding entry·····················································································319
Setting the maximum number of IPv6 source guard binding entries ·····························································320
Displaying and maintaining IP source guard············································································································320
IP source guard configuration examples ···················································································································321
Static IPv4 source guard binding entry configuration example ·····································································321
Dynamic IPv4 source guard binding by DHCP snooping configuration example ·······································323
Dynamic IPv4 source guard binding by DHCP relay configuration example···············································324
Static IPv6 source guard binding entry configuration example ·····································································325
Dynamic IPv6 source guard binding by DHCPv6 snooping configuration example ···································326
Dynamic IPv6 source guard binding by ND snooping configuration example············································328
Troubleshooting IP source guard ································································································································329
Neither static binding entries nor the dynamic binding function can be configured···································329
ARP attack protection configuration ······················································································································ 330
ARP attack protection overview··································································································································330
ARP attack protection configuration task list ·············································································································330
Configuring ARP defense against IP packet attacks·································································································331
Introduction ··························································································································································331
Configuring ARP source suppression ················································································································331
Enabling ARP black hole routing ·······················································································································332
Displaying and maintaining ARP defense against IP packet attacks·····························································332
viii
ARP defense against IP packet attack configuration example········································································332
Configuring ARP packet rate limit ······························································································································334
Introduction ··························································································································································334
Configuring ARP packet rate limit ·····················································································································334
Configuring source MAC address based ARP attack detection··············································································335
Introduction ··························································································································································335
Configuration procedure ····································································································································335
Displaying and maintaining source MAC address based ARP attack detection··········································336
Source MAC address based ARP attack detection configuration example ··················································336
Configuring ARP packet source MAC address consistency check ·········································································337
Introduction ··························································································································································337
Configuration procedure ····································································································································337
Configuring ARP active acknowledgement ···············································································································337
Introduction ··························································································································································337
Configuration procedure ····································································································································338
Configuring ARP detection··········································································································································338
Introduction ··························································································································································338
Enabling ARP detection based on static IP source guard binding entries/DHCP snooping entries/802.1x
security entries/OUI MAC addresses ···············································································································338
Configuring ARP detection based on specified objects ··················································································339
Configuring ARP restricted forwarding ·············································································································340
Displaying and maintaining ARP detection ······································································································340
ARP detection configuration example I ·············································································································341
ARP detection configuration example II ············································································································342
ARP restricted forwarding configuration example ···························································································343
Configuring ARP automatic scanning and fixed ARP·······························································································345
Introduction ··························································································································································345
Configuration procedure ····································································································································345
Configuring ARP gateway protection ························································································································346
Introduction ··························································································································································346
Configuration procedure ····································································································································346
ARP gateway protection configuration example······························································································347
Configuring ARP filtering·············································································································································348
Introduction ··························································································································································348
Configuration procedure ····································································································································348
ARP filtering configuration example··················································································································348
ND attack defense configuration ··························································································································· 350
Introduction to ND attack defense······························································································································350
Enabling source MAC consistency check for ND packets·······················································································351
Configuring the ND detection function······················································································································351
Introduction to ND detection ······························································································································351
Configuring ND detection ··································································································································352
Displaying and maintaining ND detection ·······································································································352
ND detection configuration example·························································································································353
URPF configuration·················································································································································· 355
URPF overview······························································································································································355
What is URPF·······················································································································································355
URPF check modes ··············································································································································355
How URPF works ·················································································································································356
Network application ···········································································································································359
Configuring URPF·························································································································································359
URPF configuration example·······································································································································359
ix
MFF configuration ··················································································································································· 361
MFF overview ·······························································································································································361
MFF function ························································································································································361
Basic concepts ·····················································································································································362
Operation modes ················································································································································362
Working mechanism···········································································································································363
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································363
Configuring MFF ··························································································································································363
Displaying and maintaining MFF ·······························································································································365
MFF configuration examples·······································································································································365
Auto-mode MFF configuration example in a tree network··············································································365
Auto-mode MFF configuration example in a ring network ·············································································367
Manual-mode MFF configuration example in a tree network·········································································369
Manual-mode MFF configuration example in a ring network ········································································370
SAVI configuration·················································································································································· 372
SAVI overview ······························································································································································372
Global SAVI configuration··········································································································································372
SAVI configuration in DHCPv6-only address assignment scenario ········································································373
SAVI configuration in SLAAC-only address assignment scenario···········································································375
SAVI configuration in DHCPv6+SLAAC address assignment scenario··································································377
Blacklist configuration············································································································································· 380
Blacklist overview·························································································································································380
Configuring the blacklist feature·································································································································380
Displaying and maintaining the blacklist ··················································································································380
Blacklist configuration example··································································································································381
Network requirements·········································································································································381
Verifying the configuration·································································································································381
Support and other resources ·································································································································· 382
Contacting HP ······························································································································································382
Subscription service ············································································································································382
Related information······················································································································································382
Documents····························································································································································382
Websites·······························································································································································382
Conventions ··································································································································································383
Index ········································································································································································ 385
1
AAA configuration
AAA overview
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) provides a uniform framework for implementing
network access management. It can provide the following security functions:
•Authentication—Identifies users and determines whether a user is valid.
•Authorization—Grants different users different rights and controls their access to resources and
services. For example, a user who has successfully logged in to the switch can be granted read and
print permissions to the files on the switch.
•Accounting—Records all user network service usage information, including the service type, start
time, and traffic. The accounting function not only provides the information required for charging,
but also allows for network security surveillance.
AAA usually uses a client/server model. The client runs on the network access server (NAS), which is
also referred to as the access device. The server maintains user information centrally. In an AAA network,
a NAS is a server for users but a client for the AAA servers. See Figure 1.
Figure 1 Network diagram
When a user tries to log in to the NAS, use network resources, or access other networks, the NAS
authenticates the user. The NAS can transparently pass the user’s authentication, authorization, and
accounting information to the servers. The RADIUS and HWTACACS protocols define how a NAS and
a remote server exchange user information between them.
In the network shown in Figure 1, there is a RADIUS server and an HWTACACS server. You can choose
different servers for different security functions. For example, you can use the HWTACACS server for
authentication and authorization, and the RADIUS server for accounting.
You can choose the three security functions provided by AAA as required. For example, if your company
only wants employees to be authenticated before they access specific resources, you only need to
configure an authentication server. If network usage information is needed, you must also configure an
accounting server.
AAA can be implemented through multiple protocols. The switch supports using RADIUS and
HWTACACS. RADIUS is often used in practice.
2
RADIUS
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is a distributed information interaction protocol that
uses a client/server model. It can protect networks against unauthorized access and is often used in
network environments where both high security and remote user access are required.
RADIUS uses UDP as the transport protocol. It uses UDP port 1812 for authentication and UDP port 1813
for accounting.
RADIUS was originally designed for dial-in user access. With the addition of new access methods,
RADIUS has been extended to support additional access methods, such as Ethernet and ADSL. RADIUS
provides access authentication and authorization services, and its accounting function collects and
records network resource usage information.
Client/server model
The RADIUS client runs on the NASs located throughout the network. It passes user information to
designated RADIUS servers and acts on the responses (for example, rejects or accepts user access
requests).
The RADIUS server runs on the computer or workstation at the network center and maintains information
related to user authentication and network service access. It listens to connection requests, authenticates
users, and returns user access control information (for example, rejecting or accepting the user access
request) to the clients.
In general, the RADIUS server maintains the following databases: Users, Clients, and Dictionary.
Figure 2 RADIUS server components
•Users: Stores user information, such as usernames, passwords, applied protocols, and IP addresses.
•Clients: Stores information about RADIUS clients, such as shared keys and IP addresses.
•Dictionary: Stores RADIUS protocol attributes and their values.
Security and authentication mechanisms
A RADIUS client and the RADIUS server use the same keys, which are therefore also called the shared
keys, to authenticate RADIUS packets and encrypt user passwords that are exchanged between them.
The keys are never transmitted over the network. This security mechanism improves the security of
RADIUS communication and prevents user passwords from being intercepted on insecure networks.
A RADIUS server supports multiple user authentication methods. A RADIUS server can also act as the
client of another AAA server to provide authentication proxy services.
Basic RADIUS message exchange process
Figure 3 illustrates the interactions between the host, the RADIUS client, and the RADIUS server.
3
Figure 3 Basic RADIUS message exchange process
RADIUS client RADIUS server
1) Username and password
3) Access-Accept/Reject
2) Access-Request
4) Accounting-Request (start)
5) Accounting-Response
7) Accounting-Request (stop)
8) Accounting-Response
9) Notification of access termination
Host
6) The host accesses the resources
RADIUS operates in the following manner:
1. The host initiates a connection request that carries the user’s username and password to the
RADIUS client.
2. Having received the username and password, the RADIUS client sends an authentication request
(Access-Request) to the RADIUS server, with the user password encrypted by using the
Message-Digest 5 (MD5) algorithm and the shared key.
3. The RADIUS server authenticates the username and password. If the authentication succeeds, the
server sends back an Access-Accept message containing the user’s authorization information. If
the authentication fails, the server returns an Access-Reject message.
4. The RADIUS client permits or denies the user according to the returned authentication result. If it
permits the user, it sends a start-accounting request (Accounting-Request) to the RADIUS server.
5. The RADIUS server returns a start-accounting response (Accounting-Response) and starts
accounting.
6. The user accesses the network resources.
7. The host requests the RADIUS client to tear down the connection and the RADIUS client sends a
stop-accounting request (Accounting-Request) to the RADIUS server.
8. The RADIUS server returns a stop-accounting response (Accounting-Response) and stops
accounting for the user.
9. The user stops access to network resources.
RADIUS packet format
RADIUS uses UDP to transmit messages. To ensure smooth message exchange between the RADIUS
server and the client, RADIUS uses a series of mechanisms, including the timer management mechanism,
the retransmission mechanism, and the backup server mechanism. Figure 4 shows the RADIUS packet
format.
4
Figure 4 RADIUS packet format
Descriptions of the fields are as follows:
1. The Code field (1 byte long) indicates the type of the RADIUS packet. Table 1 gives the possible
values and their meanings.
Table 1 Main values of the Code field
Code Packet type Description
1 Access-Request
From the client to the server. A packet of this type carries user
information for the server to authenticate the user. It must contain
the User-Name attribute and can optionally contain the attributes
of NAS-IP-Address, User-Password, and NAS-Port.
2 Access-Accept
From the server to the client. If all the attribute values carried in
the Access-Request are acceptable, the authentication succeeds,
and the server sends an Access-Accept response.
3 Access-Reject
From the server to the client. If any attribute value carried in the
Access-Request is unacceptable, the authentication fails and the
server sends an Access-Reject response.
4 Accounting-Request
From the client to the server. A packet of this type carries user
information for the server to start or stop accounting for the user.
The Acct-Status-Type attribute in the packet indicates whether to
start or stop accounting.
5 Accounting-Response
From the server to the client. The server sends a packet of this
type to notify the client that it has received the
Accounting-Request and has successfully recorded the
accounting information.
2. The Identifier field (1 byte long) is used to match request and response packets and to detect
duplicate request packets. Request and response packets of the same type have the same
identifier.
3. The Length field (2 byte long) indicates the length of the entire packet, including the Code,
Identifier, Length, Authenticator, and Attribute fields. Bytes beyond this length are considered
padding and are ignored at the receiver. If the length of a received packet is less than this length,
the packet is dropped. The value of this field is in the range of 20 to 4096.
4. The Authenticator field (16 byte long) is used to authenticate replies from the RADIUS server and
to encrypt user passwords. There are two types of authenticators: request authenticator and
response authenticator.
5
5. The Attributes field, variable in length, carries the specific authentication, authorization, and
accounting information that defines the configuration details of the request or response. This field
may contain multiple attributes, each with three sub-fields: Type, Length, and Value.
•Type (1 byte long)—Indicates the type of the attribute. It is in the range of 1 to 255. Commonly used
RADIUS attributes are defined in RFC 2865, RFC 2866, RFC 2867, and RFC 2868. Table 2 shows
a list of the attributes. For more information about commonly used standard RADIUS attributes, see
“Commonly used standard RADIUS attributes.“
•Length (1 byte long)—Indicates the length of the attribute in bytes, including the Type, Length, and
Value fields.
•Value (up to 253 bytes)—Value of the attribute. Its format and content depend on the Type and
Length fields.
Table 2 Commonly used RADIUS attributes
No. Attribute No. Attribute
1 User-Name 45 Acct-Authentic
2 User-Password 46 Acct-Session-Time
3 CHAP-Password 47 Acct-Input-Packets
4 NAS-IP-Address 48 Acct-Output-Packets
5 NAS-Port 49 Acct-Terminate-Cause
6 Service-Type 50 Acct-Multi-Session-Id
7 Framed-Protocol 51 Acct-Link-Count
8 Framed-IP-Address 52 Acct-Input-Gigawords
9 Framed-IP-Netmask 53 Acct-Output-Gigawords
10 Framed-Routing 54 (unassigned)
11 Filter-ID 55 Event-Timestamp
12 Framed-MTU 56-59 (unassigned)
13 Framed-Compression 60 CHAP-Challenge
14 Login-IP-Host 61 NAS-Port-Type
15 Login-Service 62 Port-Limit
16 Login-TCP-Port 63 Login-LAT-Port
17 (unassigned) 64 Tunnel-Type
18 Reply-Message 65 Tunnel-Medium-Type
19 Callback-Number 66 Tunnel-Client-Endpoint
20 Callback-ID 67 Tunnel-Server-Endpoint
21 (unassigned) 68 Acct-Tunnel-Connection
22 Framed-Route 69 Tunnel-Password
23 Framed-IPX-Network 70 ARAP-Password
24 State 71 ARAP-Features
25 Class 72 ARAP-Zone-Access
26 Vendor-Specific 73 ARAP-Security
6
No. Attribute No. Attribute
27 Session-Timeout 74 ARAP-Security-Data
28 Idle-Timeout 75 Password-Retry
29 Termination-Action 76 Prompt
30 Called-Station-Id 77 Connect-Info
31 Calling-Station-Id 78 Configuration-Token
32 NAS-Identifier 79 EAP-Message
33 Proxy-State 80 Message-Authenticator
34 Login-LAT-Service 81 Tunnel-Private-Group-id
35 Login-LAT-Node 82 Tunnel-Assignment-id
36 Login-LAT-Group 83 Tunnel-Preference
37 Framed-AppleTalk-Link 84 ARAP-Challenge-Response
38 Framed-AppleTalk-Network 85 Acct-Interim-Interval
39 Framed-AppleTalk-Zone 86 Acct-Tunnel-Packets-Lost
40 Acct-Status-Type 87 NAS-Port-Id
41 Acct-Delay-Time 88 Framed-Pool
42 Acct-Input-Octets 89 (unassigned)
43 Acct-Output-Octets 90 Tunnel-Client-Auth-id
44 Acct-Session-Id 91 Tunnel-Server-Auth-id
Extended RADIUS attributes
The RADIUS protocol features excellent extensibility. Attribute 26 (Vender-Specific), an attribute defined
by RFC 2865, allows a vender to define extended attributes to implement functions that the standard
RADIUS protocol does not provide.
A vendor can encapsulate multiple sub-attributes in the type-length-value (TLV) format in RADIUS packets
for extension of applications. As shown in Figure 5, a sub-attribute encapsulated in Attribute 26 consists
of the following parts:
•Vendor-ID—Indicates the ID of the vendor. Its most significant byte is 0; the other three bytes
contains a code that is compliant to RFC 1700. For more information about the proprietary RADIUS
sub-attributes of HP, see “HP proprietary RADIUS sub-attributes.“
•Vendor-Type—Indicates the type of the sub-attribute.
•Vendor-Length—Indicates the length of the sub-attribute.
•Vendor-Data—Indicates the contents of the sub-attribute.
7
Figure 5 Segment of a RADIUS packet containing an extended attribute
HWTACACS
HW Terminal Access Controller Access Control System (HWTACACS) is an enhanced security protocol
based on TACACS (RFC 1492). Similar to RADIUS, it uses a client/server model for information
exchange between the NAS and the HWTACACS server.
HWTACACS typically provides AAA services for Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) users, Virtual Private Dial-up
Network (VPDN) users, and terminal users. In a typical HWTACACS scenario, some terminal users need
to log in to the NAS for operations. Working as the HWTACACS client, the NAS sends the usernames
and passwords of the users to the HWTACACS sever for authentication. After passing authentication and
being authorized, the users log in to the switch and performs operations, and the HWTACACS server
records the operations that each user performs.
Differences between HWTACACS and RADIUS
HWTACACS and RADIUS both provide authentication, authorization, and accounting services. They
have many features in common, such as using a client/server model, using shared keys for user
information security, and providing flexibility and extensibility. Table 3 lists their primary differences.
Table 3 Primary differences between HWTACACS and RADIUS
HWTACACS RADIUS
Uses TCP, providing more reliable network
transmission. Uses UDP, providing higher transport efficiency.
Encrypts the entire packet except for the HWTACACS
header.
Encrypts only the user password field in an
authentication packet.
Protocol packets are complicated and authorization is
independent of authentication. Authentication and
authorization can be deployed on different
HWTACACS servers.
Protocol packets are simple and the authorization
process is combined with the authentication process.
Supports authorization of configuration commands.
Which commands a user can use depends on both the
user level and the AAA authorization. A user can use
only commands that are at, or lower than, the user
level and authorized by the HWTACACS server.
Does not support authorization of configuration
commands. Which commands a user can use solely
depends on the level of the user. A user can use all the
commands at, or lower than, the user level.
Basic HWTACACS message exchange process
The following takes a Telnet user as an example to describe how HWTACACS performs user
authentication, authorization, and accounting.
8
Figure 6 Basic HWTACACS message exchange process for a Telnet user
Host HWTACACS client HWTACACS server
1) The user logs in
2) Start-authentication packet
3) Authentication response requesting the username
4) Request for username
5) The user inputs the username
6) Authentication continuance packet with the
username
7) Authentication response requesting the login
password
8) Request for password
9) The user inputs the password
11) Authentication response indicating successful
authentication
12) User authorization request packet
13) Authorization response indicating successful
authorization
14) The user logs in successfully
15) Start-accounting request
16) Accounting response indicating the start of
accounting
17) The user logs off
18) Stop-accounting request
19) Stop-accounting response
10) Authentication continuance packet with the
login password
Here is the process:
1. A Telnet user sends an access request to the HWTACACS client.
2. Upon receiving the request, the HWTACACS client sends a start-authentication packet to the
HWTACACS server.
3. The HWTACACS server sends back an authentication response to request the username.
4. Upon receiving the response, the HWTACACS client asks the user for the username.
5. The user enters the username.
6. After receiving the username from the user, the HWTACACS client sends the server a
continue-authentication packet that carries the username.
7. The HWTACACS server sends back an authentication response, requesting the login password.
8. Upon receipt of the response, the HWTACACS client asks the user for the login password.
9
9. The user enters the password.
10. After receiving the login password, the HWTACACS client sends the HWTACACS server a
continue-authentication packet that carries the login password.
11. The HWTACACS server sends back an authentication response to indicate that the user has
passed authentication.
12. The HWTACACS client sends the user authorization request packet to the HWTACACS server.
13. The HWTACACS server sends back the authorization response, indicating that the user is now
authorized.
14. Knowing that the user is now authorized, the HWTACACS client pushes its configuration interface
to the user.
15. The HWTACACS client sends a start-accounting request to the HWTACACS server.
16. The HWTACACS server sends back an accounting response, indicating that it has received the
start-accounting request.
17. The user logs off.
18. The HWTACACS client sends a stop-accounting request to the HWTACACS server.
19. The HWTACACS server sends back a stop-accounting response, indicating that the
stop-accounting request has been received.
Domain-based user management
A NAS manages users based on Internet service provider (ISP) domains. On a NAS, each user belongs
to one ISP domain. A NAS determines the ISP domain a user belongs to by the username entered by the
user at login, as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7 Determine the ISP domain of a user by the username
The authentication, authorization, and accounting of a user depends on the AAA methods configured for
the domain that the user belongs to. If no specific AAA methods are configured for the domain, the
default methods are used. By default, a domain uses local authentication, local authorization, and local
accounting.
AAA allows you to manage users based on their access types:
•LAN users—Users on a LAN who must pass 802.1X or MAC address authentication to access the
network.
•Login users—Users who want to log in to the switch, including SSH users, Telnet users, web users,
FTP users, and terminal users.
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