HP 6125XLG User manual

HP 6125XLG Blade Switch
IP Multicast
Configuration Guide
Part number: 5998-5364a
Software version: Release 240x
Document version: 6W101-20150515

Legal and notice information
© Copyright 2015 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
No part of this documentation may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without
prior written consent of Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY MAKES NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND WITH REGARD TO THIS
MATERIAL, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Hewlett-Packard shall not be liable for errors contained
herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or
use of this material.
The only warranties for HP products and services are set forth in the express warranty statements
accompanying such products and services. Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an
additional warranty. HP shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained
herein.

i
Contents
Multicast overview ······················································································································································· 1
Introduction to multicast····················································································································································1
Information transmission techniques·······················································································································1
Multicast features······················································································································································3
Common notations in multicast ·······························································································································4
Multicast benefits and applications ························································································································4
Multicast models································································································································································5
Multicast architecture························································································································································5
Multicast addresses ··················································································································································6
Multicast protocols ···················································································································································9
Multicast packet forwarding mechanism····················································································································· 11
Multicast support for VPNs············································································································································ 12
Introduction to VPN instances ······························································································································ 12
Multicast application in VPNs······························································································································ 12
Configuring IGMP snooping ·····································································································································14
Overview········································································································································································· 14
Basic IGMP snooping concepts ··························································································································· 14
How IGMP snooping works ································································································································· 16
Protocols and standards ······································································································································· 17
IGMP snooping configuration task list························································································································· 17
Configuring basic IGMP snooping functions ·············································································································· 18
Enabling IGMP snooping ····································································································································· 18
Specifying the IGMP snooping version··············································································································· 19
Setting the maximum number of IGMP snooping forwarding entries······························································ 20
Configuring parameters for IGMP queries and responses ··············································································· 20
Configuring IGMP snooping port functions················································································································· 21
Setting aging timers for dynamic ports ··············································································································· 21
Configuring static ports········································································································································· 22
Enabling IGMP snooping fast-leave processing································································································· 22
Configuring IGMP snooping policies··························································································································· 23
Configuring a multicast group filter····················································································································· 23
Configuring multicast source port filtering·········································································································· 24
Enabling dropping unknown multicast data······································································································· 25
Enabling IGMP report suppression······················································································································ 25
Setting the maximum number of multicast groups on a port ············································································ 26
Enabling the multicast group replacement function ··························································································· 26
Displaying and maintaining IGMP snooping·············································································································· 27
IGMP snooping configuration examples ····················································································································· 28
Group policy configuration example ·················································································································· 28
Static port configuration example ······················································································································· 30
Troubleshooting IGMP snooping ·································································································································· 32
Layer 2 multicast forwarding cannot function ···································································································· 32
Multicast group filter does not work···················································································································· 33
Configuring PIM snooping ········································································································································34
Overview········································································································································································· 34
Configuring PIM snooping ············································································································································ 35
Displaying and maintaining PIM snooping················································································································· 36
PIM snooping configuration example ·························································································································· 36

ii
Troubleshooting PIM snooping ····································································································································· 39
PIM snooping does not work on a Layer 2 device···························································································· 39
Configuring multicast VLANs·····································································································································41
Overview········································································································································································· 41
Multicast VLAN configuration task list ························································································································· 43
Configuring a sub-VLAN-based multicast VLAN········································································································· 43
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 43
Configuration guidelines ······································································································································ 43
Configuration procedure ······································································································································ 43
Configuring a port-based multicast VLAN··················································································································· 44
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 44
Configuring user port attributes ··························································································································· 44
Assigning user ports to a multicast VLAN··········································································································· 45
Setting the maximum number of multicast VLAN forwarding entries ······································································· 45
Displaying and maintaining multicast VLANs············································································································· 46
Multicast VLAN configuration examples······················································································································ 46
Sub-VLAN-based multicast VLAN configuration example ················································································· 46
Port-based multicast VLAN configuration example···························································································· 49
Configuring multicast routing and forwarding·········································································································53
Overview········································································································································································· 53
RPF check mechanism ··········································································································································· 53
Static multicast routes············································································································································ 55
Multicast forwarding across unicast subnets ······································································································ 57
Configuration task list ···················································································································································· 57
Enabling IP multicast routing········································································································································· 58
Configuring multicast routing and forwarding············································································································ 58
Configuring static multicast routes······················································································································· 58
Configuring the RPF route selection rule ············································································································· 59
Configuring multicast load splitting····················································································································· 59
Configuring a multicast forwarding boundary··································································································· 59
Configuring static multicast MAC address entries····························································································· 60
Configuring multicast forwarding between sub-VLANs of a super VLAN································································ 60
Displaying and maintaining multicast routing and forwarding················································································· 61
Configuration examples ················································································································································ 62
Changing an RPF route········································································································································· 62
Creating an RPF route··········································································································································· 64
Multicast forwarding over a GRE tunnel············································································································· 66
Troubleshooting multicast routing and forwarding····································································································· 69
Static multicast route failure ································································································································· 69
Configuring IGMP······················································································································································70
Overview········································································································································································· 70
IGMPv1 overview·················································································································································· 70
IGMPv2 enhancements········································································································································· 72
IGMPv3 enhancements········································································································································· 72
IGMP support for VPNs ········································································································································ 74
Protocols and standards ······································································································································· 74
IGMP configuration task list ·········································································································································· 74
Configuring basic IGMP functions ······························································································································· 74
Enabling IGMP ······················································································································································ 75
Specifying the IGMP version································································································································ 75
Configuring an interface as a static member interface ····················································································· 75
Configuring a multicast group filter····················································································································· 76
Adjusting IGMP performance ······································································································································· 76

iii
Enabling IGMP fast-leave processing·················································································································· 76
Displaying and maintaining IGMP······························································································································· 77
IGMP configuration examples ······································································································································ 77
Network requirements··········································································································································· 77
Configuration procedure ······································································································································ 78
Verifying the configuration··································································································································· 79
Troubleshooting IGMP··················································································································································· 80
No membership information on the receiver-side router··················································································· 80
Inconsistent membership information on the routers on the same subnet························································ 80
Configuring PIM·························································································································································82
Overview········································································································································································· 82
PIM-DM overview ·················································································································································· 82
PIM-SM overview··················································································································································· 85
BIDIR-PIM overview················································································································································ 89
Administrative scoping overview························································································································· 92
PIM-SSM overview················································································································································· 94
Relationship among PIM protocols ······················································································································ 95
PIM support for VPNs············································································································································ 96
Protocols and standards ······································································································································· 96
Configuring PIM-DM ······················································································································································ 96
PIM-DM configuration task list······························································································································ 97
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 97
Enabling PIM-DM··················································································································································· 97
Enabling the state refresh feature ························································································································ 97
Configuring state refresh parameters·················································································································· 98
Configuring PIM-DM graft retry timer·················································································································· 98
Configuring PIM-SM······················································································································································· 99
PIM-SM configuration task list······························································································································ 99
Configuration prerequisites ·································································································································· 99
Enabling PIM-SM ··················································································································································· 99
Configuring an RP ···············································································································································100
Configuring a BSR···············································································································································101
Configuring multicast source registration··········································································································103
Configuring switchover to SPT ···························································································································104
Configuring BIDIR-PIM ·················································································································································104
BIDIR-PIM configuration task list·························································································································104
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································105
Enabling BIDIR-PIM··············································································································································105
Configuring an RP ···············································································································································106
Configuring a BSR···············································································································································107
Configuring PIM-SSM ··················································································································································110
PIM-SSM configuration task list··························································································································110
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································110
Enabling PIM-SM ·················································································································································110
Configuring the SSM group range····················································································································110
Configuring common PIM features·····························································································································111
Configuration task list ·········································································································································111
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································111
Configuring a multicast data filter ·····················································································································111
Configuring a hello message filter ····················································································································112
Configuring PIM hello message options ···········································································································112
Configuring common PIM timers ·······················································································································114
Setting the maximum size of each join or prune message ·············································································115
Enabling BFD for PIM··········································································································································116

iv
Displaying and maintaining PIM································································································································116
PIM configuration examples ·······································································································································117
PIM-DM configuration example ·························································································································117
PIM-SM non-scoped zone configuration example ···························································································120
PIM-SM admin-scoped zone configuration example ·······················································································123
BIDIR-PIM configuration example·······················································································································129
PIM-SSM configuration example························································································································133
Troubleshooting PIM ····················································································································································136
A multicast distribution tree cannot be correctly built······················································································136
Multicast data is abnormally terminated on an intermediate router ······························································137
An RP cannot join an SPT in PIM-SM ················································································································138
An RPT cannot be built or multicast source registration fails in PIM-SM························································138
Configuring MSDP ·················································································································································· 140
Overview·······································································································································································140
How MSDP works ···············································································································································140
MSDP support for VPNs······································································································································144
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································144
MSDP configuration task list ·······································································································································145
Configuring basic MSDP functions·····························································································································145
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································145
Enabling MSDP····················································································································································145
Creating an MSDP peering connection ············································································································146
Configuring a static RPF peer ····························································································································146
Configuring an MSDP peering connection ···············································································································146
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································147
Configuring the description for an MSDP peer································································································147
Configuring an MSDP mesh group ···················································································································147
Controlling MSDP peering connections ············································································································148
Configuring SA message related parameters···········································································································148
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································148
Configuring SA message contents·····················································································································149
Configuring SA request messages·····················································································································149
Configuring SA message filtering rules·············································································································150
Configuring the SA message cache ··················································································································151
Displaying and maintaining MSDP ····························································································································151
MSDP configuration examples····································································································································152
PIM-SM inter-domain multicast configuration ···································································································152
Anycast RP configuration····································································································································157
SA message filtering configuration····················································································································162
Troubleshooting MSDP ················································································································································165
MSDP peers stay in disabled state ····················································································································165
No SA entries exist in the router's SA message cache ···················································································166
No exchange of locally registered (S, G) entries between RPs······································································166
Configuring multicast VPN ····································································································································· 168
Overview·······································································································································································168
MD-VPN overview···············································································································································170
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································173
How MD-VPN works····················································································································································173
Default-MDT establishment ·································································································································173
Default-MDT-based delivery································································································································175
MDT switchover ···················································································································································178
Inter-AS MD VPN·················································································································································179
Multicast VPN configuration task list··························································································································180

v
Configuring MD-VPN···················································································································································181
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································181
Enabling IP multicast routing in a VPN instance ······························································································181
Creating the MD for a VPN instance ················································································································182
Specifying the default-group address················································································································182
Specifying the MD source interface ··················································································································183
Configuring MDT switchover parameters ·········································································································183
Enabling data-group reuse logging···················································································································184
Displaying and maintaining multicast VPN···············································································································184
Multicast VPN configuration examples······················································································································185
Intra-AS MD VPN configuration example ·········································································································185
Inter-AS MD VPN configuration example ·········································································································198
Troubleshooting MD-VPN············································································································································211
A default-MDT cannot be established ···············································································································211
An MVRF cannot be created······························································································································212
Configuring MLD snooping ···································································································································· 213
Overview·······································································································································································213
Basic MLD snooping concepts ···························································································································213
How MLD snooping works ·································································································································215
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································216
MLD snooping configuration task list ·························································································································217
Configuring basic MLD snooping functions ··············································································································217
Enabling MLD snooping ·····································································································································217
Specifying the MLD snooping version···············································································································218
Setting the maximum number of MLD snooping forwarding entries······························································219
Configuring parameters for MLD queries and responses ···············································································219
Configuring MLD snooping port functions·················································································································220
Setting aging timers for dynamic ports ·············································································································220
Configuring static ports·······································································································································221
Enabling MLD snooping fast-leave processing·································································································222
Configuring MLD snooping policies···························································································································223
Configuring an IPv6 multicast group filter ········································································································223
Configuring IPv6 multicast source port filtering ·······························································································223
Enabling dropping unknown IPv6 multicast data ····························································································224
Enabling MLD report suppression······················································································································224
Setting the maximum number of IPv6 multicast groups on a port··································································225
Enabling the IPv6 multicast group replacement function·················································································225
Displaying and maintaining MLD snooping··············································································································226
MLD snooping configuration examples ·····················································································································227
IPv6 group policy configuration example·········································································································227
Static port configuration example ·····················································································································229
Troubleshooting MLD snooping ··································································································································232
Layer 2 multicast forwarding cannot function ··································································································232
IPv6 multicast group filter does not work··········································································································232
Configuring IPv6 PIM snooping ····························································································································· 234
Overview·······································································································································································234
Configuring IPv6 PIM snooping··································································································································235
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 PIM snooping ······································································································236
IPv6 PIM snooping configuration example················································································································236
Troubleshooting IPv6 PIM snooping···························································································································240
IPv6 PIM snooping does not work on a Layer 2 device··················································································240
Configuring IPv6 multicast VLANs ························································································································· 241
Overview·······································································································································································241

vi
IPv6 multicast VLAN configuration task list ···············································································································243
Configuring a sub-VLAN-based IPv6 multicast VLAN ······························································································243
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································243
Configuration guidelines ····································································································································243
Configuration procedure ····································································································································243
Configuring a port-based IPv6 multicast VLAN ········································································································244
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································244
Configuring user port attributes ·························································································································244
Assigning user ports to an IPv6 multicast VLAN ······························································································245
Setting the maximum number of IPv6 multicast VLAN forwarding entries ·····························································245
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 multicast VLANs···································································································246
IPv6 multicast VLAN configuration examples············································································································246
Sub-VLAN-based IPv6 multicast VLAN configuration example·······································································246
Port-based IPv6 multicast VLAN configuration example ·················································································249
Configuring IPv6 multicast routing and forwarding ····························································································· 253
Overview·······································································································································································253
RPF check mechanism ·········································································································································253
IPv6 multicast forwarding across IPv6 unicast subnets····················································································255
Configuration task list ··················································································································································255
Enabling IPv6 multicast routing···································································································································255
Configuring IPv6 multicast routing and forwarding ·································································································256
Configuring the RPF route selection rule ···········································································································256
Configuring IPv6 multicast load splitting···········································································································256
Configuring an IPv6 multicast forwarding boundary ······················································································257
Configuring IPv6 static multicast MAC address entries···················································································257
Configuring IPv6 multicast forwarding between sub-VLANs of a super VLAN·············································258
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 multicast routing and forwarding ······································································258
Configuration examples ··············································································································································260
IPv6 multicast forwarding over a GRE tunnel ···································································································260
Configuring MLD····················································································································································· 263
Overview·······································································································································································263
How MLDv1 works··············································································································································263
MLDv2 enhancements·········································································································································265
MLD support for VPNs ········································································································································266
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································266
MLD configuration task list ··········································································································································266
Configuring basic MLD functions ·······························································································································266
Enabling MLD ······················································································································································267
Specifying the MLD version································································································································267
Configuring an interface as a static member interface ···················································································267
Configuring an IPv6 multicast group filter ········································································································268
Adjusting MLD performance ·······································································································································268
Enabling MLD fast-leave processing··················································································································269
Displaying and maintaining MLD·······························································································································269
MLD configuration examples ······································································································································270
Network requirements·········································································································································270
Configuration procedure ····································································································································270
Verifying the configuration·································································································································272
Troubleshooting MLD ···················································································································································272
No member information exists on the receiver-side router ·············································································272
Inconsistent membership information on the routers on the same subnet······················································273
Configuring IPv6 PIM·············································································································································· 274
Overview·······································································································································································274

vii
IPv6 PIM-DM overview········································································································································274
IPv6 PIM-SM overview ········································································································································277
IPv6 BIDIR-PIM overview ·····································································································································282
IPv6 administrative scoping overview ···············································································································285
IPv6 PIM-SSM overview ······································································································································287
Relationship among IPv6 PIM protocols············································································································288
IPv6 PIM support for VPNs ·································································································································289
Protocols and standards ·····································································································································289
Configuring IPv6 PIM-DM············································································································································289
IPv6 PIM-DM configuration task list ···················································································································290
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································290
Enabling IPv6 PIM-DM ········································································································································290
Enabling the state refresh feature ······················································································································290
Configuring state refresh parameters················································································································291
Configuring IPv6 PIM-DM graft retry timer ·······································································································291
Configuring IPv6 PIM-SM ············································································································································292
IPv6 PIM-SM configuration task list····················································································································292
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································292
Enabling IPv6 PIM-SM·········································································································································292
Configuring an RP ···············································································································································293
Configuring a BSR···············································································································································294
Configuring IPv6 multicast source registration ·································································································296
Configuring switchover to SPT ···························································································································297
Configuring IPv6 BIDIR-PIM·········································································································································297
IPv6 BIDIR-PIM configuration task list ················································································································297
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································298
Enabling IPv6 BIDIR-PIM ·····································································································································298
Configuring an RP ···············································································································································299
Configuring a BSR···············································································································································300
Configuring IPv6 PIM-SSM··········································································································································303
IPv6 PIM-SSM configuration task list ·················································································································303
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································303
Enabling IPv6 PIM-SM·········································································································································303
Configuring the IPv6 SSM group range ···········································································································304
Configuring common IPv6 PIM features ····················································································································304
Configuration task list ·········································································································································304
Configuration prerequisites ································································································································304
Configuring an IPv6 multicast data filter···········································································································305
Configuring a hello message filter ····················································································································305
Configuring IPv6 PIM hello message options···································································································305
Configuring common IPv6 PIM timers ···············································································································307
Setting the maximum size of each join or prune message ·············································································309
Enabling BFD for IPv6 PIM ·································································································································309
Displaying and maintaining IPv6 PIM························································································································309
IPv6 PIM configuration examples ·······························································································································310
IPv6 PIM-DM configuration example·················································································································310
IPv6 PIM-SM non-scoped zone configuration example···················································································314
IPv6 PIM-SM admin-scoped zone configuration example···············································································317
IPv6 BIDIR-PIM configuration example ··············································································································323
IPv6 PIM-SSM configuration example ···············································································································328
Troubleshooting IPv6 PIM············································································································································331
A multicast distribution tree cannot be correctly built······················································································331
IPv6 multicast data is abnormally terminated on an intermediate router ······················································332
An RP cannot join an SPT in IPv6 PIM-SM········································································································333

viii
An RPT cannot be built or IPv6 multicast source registration fails in IPv6 PIM-SM·······································333
Support and other resources ·································································································································· 335
Contacting HP ······························································································································································335
Subscription service ············································································································································335
Related information······················································································································································335
Documents····························································································································································335
Websites·······························································································································································335
Conventions ··································································································································································336
Index ········································································································································································ 338

1
Multicast overview
Introduction to multicast
As a technique that coexists with unicast and broadcast, the multicast technique effectively addresses the
issue of point-to-multipoint data transmission. By enabling high-efficiency point-to-multipoint data
transmission over a network, multicast greatly saves network bandwidth and reduces network load.
By using multicast technology, a network operator can easily provide bandwidth-critical and time-critical
information services. These services include live webcasting, Web TV, distance learning, telemedicine,
Web radio, and real-time video conferencing.
Information transmission techniques
The information transmission techniques include unicast, broadcast, and multicast.
Unicast
In unicast transmission, the information source must send a separate copy of information to each host that
needs the information.
Figure 1 Unicast transmission
In Figure 1, assume that Host B, Host D, and Host E need the information. A separate transmission
channel must be established from the information source to each of these hosts.
In unicast transmission, the traffic transmitted over the network is proportional to the number of hosts that
need the information. If a large number of hosts need the information, the information source must send
a separate copy of the same information to each of these hosts. Sending many copies can place a
tremendous pressure on the information source and the network bandwidth.
Source
Receiver
Receiver
Receiver
Host A
Host B
Host C
Host D
Host E
Packets for Host B
Packets for Host D
Packets for Host E
IP network

2
Unicast is not suitable for batch transmission of information.
Broadcast
In broadcast transmission, the information source sends information to all hosts on the subnet, even if
some hosts do not need the information.
Figure 2 Broadcast transmission
In Figure 2, assume that only Host B, Host D, and Host E need the information. If the information is
broadcast to the subnet, Host A and Host C also receive it. In addition to information security issues,
broadcasting to hosts that do not need the information also causes traffic flooding on the same subnet.
Broadcast is not as efficient as multicast for sending data to groups of hosts.
Multicast
Unicast and broadcast techniques cannot provide point-to-multipoint data transmissions with the
minimum network consumption.
Multicast transmission can solve this problem. When some hosts on the network need multicast
information, the information sender, or multicast source, sends only one copy of the information.
Multicast distribution trees are built through multicast routing protocols, and the packets are replicated
only on nodes where the trees branch.

3
Figure 3 Multicast transmission
The multicast source sends only one copy of the information to a multicast group. Host B, Host D, and
Host E, which are information receivers, must join the multicast group. The routers on the network
duplicate and forward the information based on the distribution of the group members. Finally, the
information is correctly delivered to Host B, Host D, and Host E.
To summarize, multicast has the following advantages:
•Advantages over unicast—Multicast traffic is replicated and distributed until it flows to the
farthest-possible node from the source. The increase of multicast receivers will not remarkably
increase the load of the source or the usage of network resources.
•Advantages over broadcast—Multicast data is sent only to the receivers that need it. This
reasonably uses network bandwidth and enhances network security. In addition, multicast data is
not confined to the same subnet.
Multicast features
•A multicast group is a multicast receiver set identified by an IP multicast address. Hosts must join a
multicast group to become members of the multicast group before they receive the multicast data
addressed to that multicast group. Typically, a multicast source does not need to join a multicast
group.
•An information sender is called a "multicast source." A multicast source can send data to multiple
multicast groups at the same time. Multiple multicast sources can send data to the same multicast
group at the same time.
•The group memberships are dynamic. Hosts can join or leave multicast groups at any time.
Multicast groups are not subject to geographic restrictions.
•Routers or Layer 3 switches that support Layer 3 multicast are called "multicast routers" or "Layer 3
multicast devices." In addition to providing the multicast routing function, a multicast router can also
manage multicast group memberships on stub subnets with attached group members. A multicast
router itself can be a multicast group member.

4
For a better understanding of the multicast concept, you can compare multicast transmission to the
transmission of TV programs.
Table 1 Comparing TV program transmission and multicast transmission
TV program transmission Multicast transmission
A TV station transmits a TV program through a
channel.
A multicast source sends multicast data to a multicast
group.
A user tunes the TV set to the channel. A receiver joins the multicast group.
The user starts to watch the TV program transmitted
by the TV station on the channel.
The receiver starts to receive the multicast data that the
source is sending to the multicast group.
The user turns off the TV set or tunes to another
channel.
The receiver leaves the multicast group or joins another
group.
Common notations in multicast
The following notations are commonly used in multicast transmission:
•(*, G)—Rendezvous point tree (RPT), or a multicast packet that any multicast source sends to
multicast group G. The asterisk (*) represents any multicast source, and "G" represents a specific
multicast group.
•(S, G)—Shortest path tree (SPT), or a multicast packet that multicast source "S" sends to multicast
group "G." "S" represents a specific multicast source, and "G" represents a specific multicast
group.
For more information about the concepts RPT and SPT, see "Configuring PIM"and "Configuring IPv6
PIM."
Multicast benefits and applications
Multicast benefits
•Enhanced efficiency—Reduces the processor load of information source servers and network
devices.
•Optimal performance—Reduces redundant traffic.
•Distributed application—Enables point-to-multipoint applications at the price of minimum network
resources.
Multicast applications
•Multimedia and streaming applications, such as Web TV, Web radio, and real-time video/audio
conferencing
•Communication for training and cooperative operations, such as distance learning and
telemedicine
•Data warehouse and financial applications (stock quotes)
•Any other point-to-multipoint application for data distribution

5
Multicast models
Based on how the receivers treat the multicast sources, the multicast models include any-source multicast
(ASM), source-filtered multicast (SFM), and source-specific multicast (SSM).
ASM model
In the ASM model, any sender can send information to a multicast group as a multicast source. Receivers
can join a multicast group identified by a group address and get multicast information addressed to that
multicast group. In this model, receivers do not know the positions of the multicast sources in advance.
However, they can join or leave the multicast group at any time.
SFM model
The SFM model is derived from the ASM model. To a sender, the two models appear to have the same
multicast membership architecture.
The SFM model functionally extends the ASM model. The upper-layer software checks the source address
of received multicast packets and permits or denies multicast traffic from specific sources. Therefore,
receivers can receive the multicast data from only part of the multicast sources. To a receiver, multicast
sources are not all valid, but are filtered.
SSM model
Users might be interested in the multicast data from only certain multicast sources. The SSM model
provides a transmission service that enables users to specify at the client side the multicast sources in
which they are interested.
In the SSM model, receivers have already determined the locations of the multicast sources. This is the
main difference between the SSM model and the ASM model. In addition, a different multicast address
range than the ASM/SFM model is used in the SSM model. Dedicated multicast forwarding paths are
established between receivers and the specified multicast sources.
Multicast architecture
IP multicast addresses the following issues:
•Where should the multicast source transmit information to? (Multicast addressing.)
•What receivers exist on the network? (Host registration.)
•Where is the multicast source that will provide data to the receivers? (Multicast source discovery.)
•How should information be transmitted to the receivers? (Multicast routing.)
IP multicast is an end-to-end service. The multicast architecture involves the following parts:
•Addressing mechanism—A multicast source sends information to a group of receivers through a
multicast address.
•Host registration—Receiver hosts can join and leave multicast groups dynamically. This mechanism
is the basis for management of group memberships.
•Multicast routing—A multicast distribution tree (a forwarding path tree for multicast data on the
network) is constructed for delivering multicast data from a multicast source to receivers.
•Multicast applications—A software system that supports multicast applications, such as video
conferencing, must be installed on multicast sources and receiver hosts. The TCP/IP stack must
support reception and transmission of multicast data.

6
Multicast addresses
IP multicast addresses
•IPv4 multicast addresses:
IANA assigns the Class D address block (224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255) to IPv4 multicast.
Table 2 Class D IP address blocks and description
Address block Description
224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255
Reserved permanent group addresses. The IP address
224.0.0.0 is reserved. Other IP addresses can be used by
routing protocols and for topology searching, protocol
maintenance, and so on. Table 3 lists common permanent
group addresses. A packet destined for an address in this block
will not be forwarded beyond the local subnet regardless of the
TTL value in the IP header.
224.0.1.0 to 238.255.255.255
Globally scoped group addresses. This block includes the
following types of designated group addresses:
•232.0.0.0/8—SSM group addresses.
•233.0.0.0/8—Glop group addresses.
239.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
Administratively scoped multicast addresses. These addresses
are considered locally unique rather than globally unique. You
can reuse them in domains administered by different
organizations without causing conflicts. For more information,
see RFC 2365.
NOTE:
"Glop" is a mechanism for assigning multicast addresses between different ASs. By filling an AS
number into the middle two bytes of 233.0.0.0, you get 255 multicast addresses for that AS. For more
information, see RFC 2770.
Table 3 Some reserved multicast addresses
Address Description
224.0.0.1 All systems on this subnet, including hosts and routers.
224.0.0.2 All multicast routers on this subnet.
224.0.0.3 Unassigned.
224.0.0.4 DVMRP routers.
224.0.0.5 OSPF routers.
224.0.0.6 OSPF designated routers and backup designated routers.
224.0.0.7 Shared Tree (ST) routers.
224.0.0.8 ST hosts.
224.0.0.9 RIPv2 routers.
224.0.0.11 Mobile agents.
224.0.0.12 DHCP server/relay agent.

7
Address Description
224.0.0.13 All Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) routers.
224.0.0.14 RSVP encapsulation.
224.0.0.15 All Core-Based Tree (CBT) routers.
224.0.0.16 Designated SBM.
224.0.0.17 All SBMs.
224.0.0.18 VRRP.
•IPv6 multicast addresses:
Figure 4 IPv6 multicast format
The following describes the fields of an IPv6 multicast address:
{0xFF—If the most significant eight bits are 11111111, this address is an IPv6 multicast address.
{Flags—The Flags field contains four bits.
Figure 5 Flags field format
Table 4 Flags field description
Bit Descri
p
tion
0 Reserved, set to 0.
R
•When set to 0, this address is an IPv6 multicast address
without an embedded RP address.
•When set to 1, this address is an IPv6 multicast address with
an embedded RP address. (The P and T bits must also be set
to 1.)
P
•When set to 0, this address is an IPv6 multicast address not
based on a unicast prefix.
•When set to 1, this address is an IPv6 multicast address
based on a unicast prefix. (The T bit must also be set to 1.)
T
•When set to 0, this address is an IPv6 multicast address
permanently-assigned by IANA.
•When set to 1, this address is a transient, or dynamically
assigned IPv6 multicast address.
{Scope—The Scope field contains four bits, which represent the scope of the IPv6 internetwork
for which the multicast traffic is intended.

8
Table 5 Values of the Scope field
Value Meanin
g
0, F Reserved.
1 Interface-local scope.
2 Link-local scope.
3 Subnet-local scope.
4 Admin-local scope.
5 Site-local scope.
6, 7, 9 through D Unassigned.
8 Organization-local scope.
E Global scope.
{Group ID—The Group ID field contains 112 bits. It uniquely identifies an IPv6 multicast group in
the scope that the Scope field defines.
Ethernet multicast MAC addresses
•IPv4 multicast MAC addresses:
As defined by IANA, the most significant 24 bits of an IPv4 multicast MAC address are 0x01005E.
Bit 25 is 0, and the other 23 bits are the least significant 23 bits of a multicast IPv4 address.
Figure 6 IPv4-to-MAC address mapping
The most significant four bits of a multicast IPv4 address are 1110. Only 23 bits of the remaining
28 bits are mapped to a MAC address, so five bits of the multicast IPv4 address are lost. As a result,
32 multicast IPv4 addresses map to the same IPv4 multicast MAC address. Therefore, a device
might receive some unwanted multicast data at Layer 2 processing, which needs to be filtered by
the upper layer.
•IPv6 multicast MAC addresses:
As defined by IANA, the most significant 16 bits of an IPv6 multicast MAC address are 0x3333
as its address prefix. The least significant 32 bits are mapped from the least significant 32 bits of
a multicast IPv6 address. The problem of duplicate IPv6-to-MAC address mapping also arises like
IPv4-to-MAC address mapping.

9
Figure 7 IPv6-to-MAC address mapping
IMPORTANT:
Because of the duplicate mapping from multicast IP address to multicast MAC address, the device mi
g
ht
inadvertently send multicast protocol packets as multicast data in Layer 2 forwardin
g
. To avoid this, do no
t
use the IP multicast addresses that are mapped to multicast MAC addresses 0100-5E00-00xx and
3333-0000-00xx (where "x" specifies any hexadecimal number from 0 to F).
Multicast protocols
Multicast protocols include the following categories:
•Layer 3 and Layer 2 multicast protocols:
{Layer 3 multicast refers to IP multicast working at the network layer.
Layer 3 multicast protocols—IGMP, MLD, PIM, IPv6 PIM, MSDP, MBGP, and IPv6 MBGP.
{Layer 2 multicast refers to IP multicast working at the data link layer.
Layer 2 multicast protocols—IGMP snooping, MLD snooping, PIM snooping, IPv6 PIM
snooping, multicast VLAN, and IPv6 multicast VLAN.
•IPv4 and IPv6 multicast protocols:
{For IPv4 networks—IGMP snooping, PIM snooping, multicast VLAN, IGMP, PIM, MSDP, and
MBGP.
{For IPv6 networks—MLD snooping, IPv6 PIM snooping, IPv6 multicast VLAN, MLD, IPv6 PIM,
and IPv6 MBGP.
This section provides only general descriptions about applications and functions of the Layer 2 and Layer
3 multicast protocols in a network. For more information about these protocols, see the related chapters.
Layer 3 multicast protocols
Layer 3 multicast protocols include multicast group management protocols and multicast routing
protocols.

10
Figure 8 Positions of Layer 3 multicast protocols
•Multicast group management protocols:
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) and Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol are
multicast group management protocols. Typically, they run between hosts and Layer 3 multicast
devices that directly connect to the hosts to establish and maintain the multicast group
memberships.
•Multicast routing protocols:
A multicast routing protocol runs on Layer 3 multicast devices to establish and maintain multicast
routes and correctly and efficiently forward multicast packets. Multicast routes constitute loop-free
data transmission paths (also known as multicast distribution trees) from a data source to multiple
receivers.
In the ASM model, multicast routes include intra-domain routes and inter-domain routes.
{An intra-domain multicast routing protocol discovers multicast sources and builds multicast
distribution trees within an AS to deliver multicast data to receivers. Among a variety of mature
intra-domain multicast routing protocols, PIM is most widely used. Based on the forwarding
mechanism, PIM has dense mode (often referred to as "PIM-DM") and sparse mode (often
referred to as "PIM-SM").
{An inter-domain multicast routing protocol is used for delivering multicast information between
two ASs. So far, mature solutions include Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP) and
MBGP. MSDP propagates multicast source information among different ASs. MBGP is an
extension of the MP-BGP for exchanging multicast routing information among different ASs.
For the SSM model, multicast routes are not divided into intra-domain routes and inter-domain
routes. Because receivers know the position of the multicast source, channels established through
PIM-SM are sufficient for the transport of multicast information.
Layer 2 multicast protocols
Layer 2 multicast protocols include IGMP snooping, MLD snooping, PIM snooping, IPv6 PIM snooping,
multicast VLAN, and IPv6 multicast VLAN.