IBM 5100 User manual

--- -
----
-- ---
- ---
-----
--- ---
-----
--_ .-
IBM 5100
BASIC Reference Manual
o
o
,...
It)

Preface
This manual contains specific information about the IBM
5100 Portable Computer
and the BASIC language.
Prerequisite Publication
IBM 5100 BASIC Introduction, SA21-9216
Related Publications
IBM 5100 BASIC Reference Card, GX21-9218
Fourth Edition (July 1977)
This is a major revision of, and obsoletes, the previous edition SA21-9217·2 and
Technical Newsletters SN21-0268 and SN21-0273. Changes
to text and illustrations are
indicated by a vertical line at the
left of the change. Changes are continually made to
the specifications herein; any such changes will be reported in subsequent revisions or
technical newsletters.
Request
for copies of IBM publications should be made to your IBM representative or
the IBM branch office serving your locality.
A form for readers' comments is at the back of this publication. If the form is gone,
address
your comments to IBM Corporation, Publications, Department 245, Rochester,
Minnesota 55901.
©Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 1975, 1976, 1977
o
o
o
o

Contents
(
CHAPTER 1. OPERATION CHAPTER 4. BASIC STATEMENTS 57
IBM 5100 Overview. Statement Li
nes . 57
f Display Screen 2 BASIC Statements 58
Keyboard 3
CHAIN
60
5100 Special Keys 4 CLOSE
61
5100 Switches 5
DATA 62
5100 Indicators . 6 DEF,FNEND,ReTURN 64
Editing
Input Lines.
6 Single Line Function
64
5100 Storage Capacity 7 Multiline Function
64
•
DIM
67
:f
CHAPTER 2. SYSTEM COMMANDS
8 END 69
"
AUTO Command
10
FNEND 70
GO Command
11
FOR and NEXT. 71
LIST Command . 13
GET 73
LOAD Command 15 GOSUB and
RETURN 75
Keyboard Generated Data Files 18 GOTO
77
Function Keys 18
IF . 78
MAR K Command
21
Image.
80
MERGE Command 23
INPUT 81
PATCH Command 25
LET 83
RD= Command . 29
NEXT
85
RENUM Command.
30
OPEN.
86
REWIND Command 32 Negative File Numbers 87
RUN Command . 33 PAUSE
88
SAVE Command 35
PRINT
89
UTI L Command.
37 Print Zones
90
,'j
File Types 38 Spacing of Printed or Displayed Values
90
" Standard
Output Formats for Printing or Displaying 91
CHAPTER 3. DATA CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES
40 Display Line
Operation.
92
BASIC Character
Set
40
Print Line Buffer Operation
96
Alphabetic Characters
40
PRINT USING and Image.
98
Numeric Characters.
40 Conversion of Data Reference Values 99
Special Characters
41 Format Specifications 100
Use of Blanks 41
PUT 103
Arithmetic Data .
41 READ 105
Arithmetic Data Formats
42 REM 107
Arithmetic Constants 44 RESET
108
Internal Constants
44 RESTORE
109
Arithmetic Variables
44
RETURN
110
Character Data 45 STOP.
111
Character Constants
45 USE 112
Character Variables . 45
Matrix Operations 113
if
Arrays
45
MA T Assignment Statements 113
Declaring Arrays 47
MAT Assignment (Scalar Value) 114
Redimensioning Arrays.
48
MAT Assignment (Simple) . 116
Arithmetic Arrays
48
MAT Assignment (Addition and Subtraction) 118
Character Arrays 49
MAT Assignment (Matrix Multiplication) 120
Summary of Naming Conventions 49
MAT Assignment (Scalar Multiplication) . 122
-,
System Functions 49
MAT Assignment (Identity Function) 124
( Expressions
51
MAT Assignment (Inverse Function) . 126
Arithmetic Expressions and Operators 51
MAT Assignment (Transpose Function) 128
Character Expressions 54
MAT GET 130
Relational Expressions 55
MAT INPUT.
i132
Array Expressions 56
MAT PRINT.
134
Substring Function •
56
Spacing of Displayed Values
134
Display/Print Line Operation 135
(-
iii

MAT PRINT USING 137
MAT PUT 140
MAT READ .
141
I
CHAPTER 5. MORE INFORMATION ABOUT
"'-/
YOUR 5100
143
5100 BASIC Compatibility With IBM 370/VS BASIC 143
Tape Cartridge Handling and Care. 144
Data Security 144
Storage Considerations . 145 /
APPENDIX A. BASIC CHARACTERS 147
"--
APPENDIX B. BASIC ERROR MESSAGES AND
OPERATOR RECOVERY 149
APPENDIX
C. SETUP PROCEDURES 157 /
Environment. 157
5100 Setup Procedure . 157
"- /'
IBM 5106 Auxiliary Tape Unit Setup Procedure 163
Cleaning the Tape Head 164
IBM 5103 Printer Setup Procedures 165
Installing the 5103 Printer Stacker 167
APPENDIX D. 5103 PRINTER
169
How to Insert Forms 170
How to Adjust the Copy Control Dial For Forms
Thickness 173
How to Replace a Ribbon . 173
APPENDIX E.
HEXADECIMAL REPRESENTATIONS 176
INDEX
177
iv

Chapter 1. Operation
IBM 5100 OVERVIEW
The IBM 5100 (Figure 1) is a portable computer designed for direct use by the user
for solving problems. The 5100
has a display screen, a combined alphameric and
numeric keyboard, a tape unit, switches,
and indicator lights. The dis'play screen and
indicator lights communicate information
to the user, and the keyboard and switches
allow the user
to control the operations the system will perform. Figure 1 shows a
combined BASIC/APL 5100.
IN
PROCESS
Indicator RESTART
Switch
PROCESS
CHECK Indicator REVERSE
DISPLAY
BASIC/APL
Switch
DISPLAY
REGISTERS/NORMAL
Switch
POWER ON/OFF
Display
Shift Keys
Figure 1. The IBM 5100 Portable Computer
Tape
Cartridge
Special Operator Keys

2
DISPLAY SCREEN
Line
The display
screen (Figure 2) can display 16 lines of data at a time, with up to 64
characters in
each line. Input data (information supplied by the user) as well as out-
put data (processed information) is displayed. The bottom line contains status
information. The number in the lower right corner (NNNNN) indicates the number
of
character positions (bytes) in storage available to the user. Line 1 (input line) contains
information entered
from the keyboard; The cursor (flashing horizontal line) indicates
where the next input from the keyboara
will be displayed. If the cursor is moved
to a position that already contains acharacter, that character flashes. As BASIC
processes the input, all lines of the display (except the bottom line) are moved up so
information can be entered on line 1 again.
I· 64 Character Positions .I
Numbers
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5 Cursor (flashing)
4
3 Status Line
2
1
0
I~EAIW
Figure 2. The 5100 Display Screen
,
, /
/

'f
(
BASIC
APL
KEYBOARD
The 5100 console (Figure 3) has a combined alphameric and numeric keyboard.
Numeric data can be entered conveniently by using
the calculator arrangement of
numeric keys to the right of the alphameric keys. This data can also be entered by
using
the numeric keys above the alphameric keys. The arithmetic operator keys,
located on
the right of the keyboard, are also on the alphameric keys.
Note
that on a BASIC-only keyboard (Figure 4), upper shift APL symbols above
the alphameric characters can be entered as data, even though they do not appear
on
the BASIC keyboard.
When any of
the keys are pressed, the characters entered appear in the input line
on the display screen.
BASIC
statement keywords are printed on the front of the alphameric keys. These
words are entered starting
at the current cursor position when the CMD key is held
down and
the corresponding key is pressed.
GJ CD CD CD CD CD CD [I) CD CD CJ CD ill II
CDCDCDCDCDCDwOJCDQQO
111111 II
088 CJ
CDCO[D[J[DCDCJCJCOOJOJCD' 888 G
COCDCDwCDCDCDeJOCIJOJ • 000 0
________ ----J] () 0 []
Figure 3. Combined BASIC/APL Keyboard
BASIC BBBGBBBBBBe'''A'''' BB
,
GJ GJ CD CD CD CD CD [I) GJ GJ CJ 0 II :1111 '1111 II
CDGJGJGJGJCDGJOG]QOO 088 0
CJGJCJCJGJGJCJ CJOOJ OJ CD 888 0
GJGJGJGJGJGJCDeJOOrn. 000 0
[ ] ( 0 )0 []
Figure 4. BASIC-Only Keyboard
3

4
5100 Special Keys
The following keys have special functions relating to 5100 operations:
•
o
(Attention') -You can press the ATTN key to stop system operations.
While
you are entering data at the keyboard, you can press ATTN to
blank everything from, and including, the cursor position to the right
on the input line
of the display screen. You can then continue
entering information.
In addition, ATTN and HOLD are the only
keys
that are active when the display screen flashes to indicate detec-
tion
of an error. After you press ATTN to stop the flashing display
screen,
all keys are active and you can proceed.
(Command) -When you hold down the
CMD key, you activate the
top row of alphameric keys, which cause the command keyword to be
inserted on the input line when the number below the word is also
pressed. The command operation
is executed when you press
EXECUTE. The
CMD key is also used with the numeric keys (on the
right side
of the keyboard) to initiate keys functions. Avoid holding
down the
CMD key and pressing HOLD; this activates a function
restricted
to use by service personnel. Holding down the CMD key
and pressing a key with a BASIC statement keyword
on the front will
enter
the keyword beginning at the current position of the cursor.
When you press EXECUTE, the system processes
the line of data that
you just entered on the input line. In addition, you can press
EXECUTE
to resume interrupted processing. Pressing EXECUTE
when the input line
is blank causes the same action as a GO command
(see Go Command, Chapter 2).
When you press HOLD, all processing stops unless
the display screen
is blank. Processing resumes when you press HOLD a second time.
Thus,
the HOLD key allows you to read displayed data during an
output operation. While processing is stopped, the CMD key and the
arithmetic operator keys
on the right of the keyboard are restricted
to use by service personnel.
(Shift) -While you hold down a shift key,
you can select an upper-
case symbol for input.
(Copy Display-when
CMD is held down) -When you hold down CMD
and press the key below Copy Display, all data displayed on the screen
is printed by the attached printer. You can use the copy display func-
tion when
the 5100 is in a hold state, or anytime the 5100 is waiting
for input from
the keyboard. On a combined BASIC/APL machine,
the
CO key is used to activate the copy display function. The
L32
64 R32 switch has no affect on printed data.
/ .
000"'-.

I(
f
\
it
\\
The following keys have a repeat capability, which means that they will continue to
function for as long as they are pressed:
•
•
•
•
5100 SWITCHES
(Backspace) -When you press this key, the cursor moves one posi-
tion
to the left. When backspaced from position 1 of the input line,
the cursor moves
to the rightmost position of the line. When you hold
down
the CMD key and press this key, you immediately delete the
character at the current cursor position. All characters to the right of the
cursor are shifted one position to the left each time you press this key.
The cursor does
not move.
(Forward Space) -When
you press this key, the cursor moves one
position
to the right. When spaced beyond the end of the line, the cursor
returns
to the first position of the line. When you hold down the CMD
key and press this key, you immediately insert a blank character at the
current cursor position and all data from the cursor position is shifted
one position
to the right. The cursor does not move, thus you can enter
another character into this position. If the line contains a character
in the last (64th) position, the insert function is ignored.
(Scroll
Up) -When you press this key, each displayed line moves up
one line position (except the status line).
(Scroll Down) -When
you press this key, each display line moves down
one line position (except
the status line).
The following switches are located above
the 5100 keyboard on the console:
POWER
ON/OFF -The power switch turns the 5100 on and off. When power
is turned on, the 5100 becomes operable in approximately 10-15 seconds.
RESTART -This
is a spring-returned switch that reinitializes the 5100 to its
power
on state. In the dual language 5100, the setting of the BASIC/APL switch
determines which language
is initialized.
BASIC/APL -This switch appears only on
the dual language 5100, and deter-
mines which language
is initialized at power on and restart.
REVERSE DISPLAY -This two-position switch sets
the display screen to white
characters on a black background or to black characters on a white background.
You may
want to adjust the BRIGHTNESS switch after pressing REVERSE
DISPLAY.
BRIGHTNESS -This control varies
the intensity of the characters or the screen
background.
5

6
DISPLAY REGISTERS/NORMAL -This switch is for use by service
personnel. This switch must remain
in the NORMAL position during 5100
operation.
L3264 R32 -The three positions of this switch are:
L32 The leftmost
32 characters on the display screen are displayed with a
blank between each character.
64 Up to 64 characters per line are displayed in adjacent positions.
R32 The rightmost
32 characters on the display screen are displayed with a
blank between each character.
5100 INDICATORS
The 5100 console has two indicators:
PROCESS CHECK -When this indicator lights, a system malfunction has been
detected, and further operations are
not normally possible. Press RESTART. If
the condition recurs, call for service.
IN PROCESS -This indicator lights only to inform you that the system is
operating even though the display screen is turned off. Because some programs
requ[re several minutes
of processing that turns off the display, the IN PROCESS
indicator
is your assurance that the system is operating. When this indicator light
is on, the HOLD key does not stop processing.
EDITING INPUT LINES
If you detect an error in a line before you press EXECUTE to enter the line into the
5100, you can use the forward space or backspace key to position the cursor at the
error, then:
• You can use the insert
or delete functions to correct the error.
• You can press the ATTN key
to blank all data to the right of the cursor.
• You can enter
the correct character. Note that the APL symbols (upper shift on
several keys)
in Figure 3 can be entered into an input line. On a BASIC-only
keyboard (Figure 4), however, these symbols
do not appear even though they
can be entered into an input line. Because many of these symbols can be overstruck
by other characters, you can take
the following steps to replace an APL symbol:
1. Position the cursor at the symbol.
2. Press the spacebar
to erase the symbol.
3. Backspace the cursor
to the blank position.
4. Enter the correct character.

(
(
If you detect an error in a line after you press EXECUTE to enter the line, you can
use
the scroll up or scroll down key to position the line to be corrected, then use the
procedures above to correct the error.
If you want to change an entire line, you can simply enter the statement number
of the line, then reenter the line and press EXECUTE. The new line will replace
the old line.
If you want to delete one or more program lines, enter the statement number of
the line you want to delete, then enter DEL and press EXECUTE. To delete several
successive lines,
enter the number of the first line, enter DEL, enter the number of
the last line, then press EXECUTE. For example, to delete lines 20 through 90 in
a program, enter:
20 DEL 90
then press EXECUTE. Note that DEL is invalid while entering a key group (see
Function Keys in Chapter 2).
5100 STORAGE CAPACITY
The base 5100 (Model B1) has a storage capacity of 16K (K=1,024 bytes).
Figure 5 shows how this storage
is allocated to various requirements. Note that
the work area available to the user is approximately 12,000 bytes, while 4,000
bytes are required for internal purposes. The storage capacity is increased in the
following models of the 5100:
Model B2 -
32K
Model B3 - 48K
Model B4 -64K
In these models, all additional storage is allocated to the user work area. For
example, on the Model B4, the user work area is approximately 60,000 bytes.
11,000 Bytes
User Work Area
(data and programs)
~-----------------
1,000 Bytes
Suggested
1M F Area
(see Patch Command, Chapter
2)
4,300 Bytes
(5100 internal requirements)
Figure 5. Storage Allocation for a 16K 5100
7

Chapter 2. System Commands
8
Some of the 5100 system commands are listed above the top row of numeric keys
on the typewriter·like alphameric keyboard (Figure 4). These commands allow you
to control tape and printer operations, such as storing a program on tape, loading a
program into the
5100 from tape, and executing a loaded program. System commands
can either
be entered character-by-character from the keyboard, or the entire key-
word can
be entered by holding down the CMD key and pressing the appropriate
number key below
the command (except for MARK, MERGE, and PATCH, which
are
not listed). The latter operation inserts the keyword with a single keystroke,
thus preventing possible keying errors and providing faster operation. The system
commands are used
to direct the 5100 to perform the following types of system
operations:
• Program Execution -
Start or resume execution of a BASIC program or command.
• File Operation -Load
or save programs or data on tape, or mark tapes.
• Program Operation -List ano number program statements
or merge several
programs into one program.
Parameters required for a command can be entered after the command keyword
is
entered. The command operation then starts after you press the EXECUTE key. The
keywords and major functions
of the BASIC system commands are:
LOAD
RUN
GO
SAVE
MERGE
RENUM
AUTO
LIST
UTIL
MARK
PATCH
REWIND
RD=
Load work area
Run BASIC program
Resume interrupted processing
Save work area
Merge work area
Renumber statements
Automatic line numbering
Display
or print work area contents
Perform utility functions (print/display a tape directory or invoke
communications operations)
Mark tape file
Apply internal machine fix (IMF), tape recovery, or tape copy
Rewind
tape
Specify rounding position of printed numeric values

(
(
(
The syntax and description of each command is detailed in this section. Note that
the syntax used in BASIC commands is also used for the BASIC statements (Chapter
4).
In this syntax, parameters that must be specified as shown are in uppercase
letters. Parameters you must supply are
in lowercase letters. Optional parameters
are enclosed in brackets ([
1). Parameters enclosed in braces ( { } ) indicate that you
must enter only one
of the enclosed parameters. Ellipses (...) indicate that the
preceding parameters can
be repeated. Single quotation marks and parentheses
must be entered where shown. Commas mustbe entered
to separate parameters,
except between the keyword and the first parameter.
Each command
or statement entered from the keyboard is checked for syntax errors.
If a syntax error is detected, an up arrow (t) is displayed below the position in the
line where the error was detected, the display screen flashes, and the keyboard
is
locked. The ATTN key and HOLD key are the only active keys when the display
screen flashes. Press ATTN
to stop the flashing screen, then cortect the indicated
error.
Some general rules
that apply to system commands are:
•
No preceding statement number is needed.
• Each command must begin a new line.
• Maximum command length
is 64 characters.
• Blanks are ignored except
in character strings enclosed in single quotation marks.
• Parameters must be separated by a comma.
9

AUTO [Iine-num [,incrementl]
10
AUTO COMMAND
The AUTO command allows you to initiate automatic line numbering for BASIC
statements. Automatic numbering simplifies the task
of entering statements in a
BASIC program. You can specify both
the beginning statement number and the
increment between numbers. After you enter a statement and press,EXECUTE, the
next statement number is generated and displayed. The syntax of the AUTO com-
mand
is as shown:
AUTO
[line-num [,incrementl]
where:
line-num is a positive integer specifying the first statement number to be
generated. The range of this number is 1 to 9999. If a beginning number is not
specified, a beginning number of 0010 and an increment of 10 are generated.
increment is a positive integer used to increment succeeding statement numbers.
If a beginning line number
is not specified, the increment cannot be specified. The
default
is 10 for this optional entry.
Each statement number generated by the AUTO command
is followed by a blank,
then the cursor,
as shown:
0010
Note About AUTO
Automatic numbering continues until any other valid data, a command word, for
example,
or a statement number other than the displayed number is entered in the
input line.
In this case, another AUTO command must be entered in order to con-
tinue automatic numbering. Another way
to terminate AUTO numbering is to press
the scroll
up key, which will display a new unnumbered line.
Example
The following examples show AUTO commands:
AUTO (then press EXECUTE)
In this example, the display screen will show statement number 0010. After you
press EXECUTE
at the end of an entered statement, the statement number automat-
ically increases by 10, producing statement numbers 0020, 0030, 0040, and so on.
In the following example, the beginning statement is 0320. After each succeeding
statement
is entered, the statement number is automatically increased by 20, pro-
ducing statement numbers 0340, 0360, 0380, and so on.
AUTO 320,20 (then press EXECUTE)
\

(
If
(
(
GO [Iine-num] [, {~~ENp }] LRO=n]
TRACE LPRINT]
GO COMMAND
You can use the GO command to do the following:
1. Resume processing
of a MAR K command operation that was halted.
2.
3.
Resume processing of a BASIC program that was halted by:
a. a PAUSE statement,
b. executing statements in step mode (see RUN Command),
c. some error conditions, or
d. your pressing the ATTN key.
End a MARK command operation or BASIC program before it reaches its
normal termination point.
You can resume processing by pressing EXECUTE on a blank line. The
GO command,
however, allows you
to resume processing in any of three modes of operation (normal,
step,
or trace). Thus, you can change the operating mode with the GO command.
Program execution can be continued with
the next sequential statement or at a
statement number specified in the GO command. You can also change the decimal
position
that activates rounding (see RD= Command).
To terminate the execution of a system command or a BASIC program, the GO
command has this syntax:
GO END
END closes input and
output files, thus maintaining the integrity of the files. After
the files are closed, no program statements are executed.
To continue execution of an interrupted operation, the GO command has this syntax:
GO [line-num]
[, {~~E~ }] LRO=n]
TRACE LPRINT]
where:
line-num is the number of the statement at which processing is to be resumed.
If this number is omitted, processing begins with the next sequential statement
or where the command was interrupted.
11

12
RUN specifies that processing is to continue in normal mode.
STEP specifies that processing is to continue in step mode.
TRACE specifies that processing is to continue in trace mode.
Note: If neither RUN, STEP, or TRACE is specified, processing will continue in
the mode that was in operation when processing was interrupted.
PRINT specifies that trace messages are to be displayed and printed. If PRINT
is omitted, the messages are only displayed. This entry should only be specified
with TRACE.
RD=n indicates thE!' number of digits to the right of the decimal point that will
initiate rounding. n can be 1
to 13 and is initialized to 6. If not specified, n
retains its last value.
Notes About GO
• The statement number entry is valid only during execution of a BASIC program.
• When the input line
is blank, pressing EXECUTE causes the same operation as a
GO command, except when GO is entered in response to an error indicating an
attempt to mark a file already marked. In this case, GO must be entered only in
positions 1 and 2 of the input line.
Example
The following examples show a variety
of GO commands.
1. To change
to or resume normal operation of a BASIC program:
GO RUN (then press EXECUTE)
2. To change from step
or normal mode to trace mode:
GO TRACE (then press EXECUTE)
3. To change
to step mode and begin execution at statement number 620:
GO 620, STEP (then press EXECUTE)
\
\, ,/

(
(
LIST [PRINT 1 ~{KI. EYx }]
t IOe-num
LIST COMMAND
The LIST command allows you to display or optionally print the program or data
lines from the work area. The contents of the work area are unchanged. The contents
must be BASIC, DATA, or a KEY group (which requires a different LIST syntax).
The syntax of the LIST command is as shown:
LIST [PRINT 1 ~{~EYX }]
. t IIOe-num
where:
PRINT specifies that the list of lines in the work area is to be printed rather than
displayed. If PRINT is not specified, the list will be displayed.
KEYx specifies that the indicated key group should be displayed or printed
(x =0 to 9).
line-num specifies that a group of 14 lines, ending with the indicated line
number, is to be displayed. If PRINT is also specified, the entire work area,
starting with the indicated line number, will be printed. If no line number is
entered, the lowest line number in the work area is assumed for printing. This
entry is not valid for a KEYx group. For displaying, up to the first 14 lines are
displayed.
When
the listing is specified to the display, the line specified in the LIST command
appears on line 2 of the display screen. The preceding 13 lines (less, if less than 14
are defined) are displayed on the lines above line 2. You can use the scroll up and
scroll down keys (-I- and t) to arrive at a particular line.
When
the listing is specified to the printer, the entire work area, starting with the
specified line number in the LIST command, is printed. Printing begins at the
lowest line number if a line number is not specified in the LIST command.
13

14
Note. About LIST
• If
the line number specified in the LIST command is not in the work area, the
5100 will seek the next lower line number for the LIST operation. If a lower line
number
is not found, an error message is displayed.
• If
the line length exceeds 64 characters, the succeeding line will contain the excess
over
64 characters when the line is displayed. When printed, the full line will be
printed up
to 128 characters. The line length will not affect the execution of the
statement.
•
If listing data lines longer than 118 characters (bytes), the excess over 118 char-
acters
is not displayed.
Example
The following examples show several LIST commands:
• To display
the first group of work area lines:
LIST (then press EXECUTE)
• To display line number
250 and the preceding 13 lines:
LIST
250 (then press EXECUTE)
• To print
linenumber 250 and all lines following in the work area:
LIST PRINT,
250 (then press EXECUTE)
• To display
the first 14 lines in the group associated with function key 5:
LIST KEY5 (then press EXECUTE)
/
'~- /

(
(
(
LOAD file-num[l~;~! lJ r,dev-addressl
BASIC
SOURCE
LOAD COMMAND
The LOAD command causes a previously saved file to be loaded into the work area
from
tape for modification and/or execution. LOAD can also be used to prepare
the work area for the entry from the keyboard of a new BASIC program, data, or
key group. The syntax of the LOAD command is as shown:
LOAD
file_num[l~;~! lJ r,dev-addressl
BASIC
SOURCE
where:
file-num is an integer value. An entry of aindicates that a new file will be
entered from the keyboard. An entry greater than aindicates the file number of
the file (saved on tape) to be loaded.
KEYx, KEYS, DATA, BASIC, or SOURCE specifies the type of data to be loaded
into the work area. BASIC is the default when loading from the keyboard.
BASIC
or SOURCE is the default when loading from tape.
dev-address is the address code of the device containing a saved file to be
loaded. The default
is the built-in tape unit (address E80). Auxiliary tape unit
device address is E40.
Entering a LOAD command
of LOADO clears the entire work area, including all key
groups. A LOAD command specifying BASIC
or DATA as the second parameter will
only clear
the specified program from the work area, without altering existing key
groups. If
the new file type is a KEYx file, the new key file is added to the work
area
without altering the existing work area. If the KEYx files already exist
in storage, the loaded KEYx files will replace the old ones. The work area
is assigned the file type specified in the LOAD command. Line awill display READY
when in a BASIC program file type, DATA for a data file type, and KEYx
for key
file
type. You can begin entering the specified type of lines into the work area. The
line type entered (BASIC, DATA, or KEYx) must be the same type of file definition
as
the work area or the line will not be accepted and an error message will appear
on line O. KEYS and SOURCE are not valid options when loading from the key-
board (KEYx
is valid). Note that the LOADx, DATA command uses a 324-
character buffer.
15

16
A LOAD nonzero entry specifies that a saved file is to be loaded from tape into the
work area. Any previous contents of the work area (except the keys files) are
destroyed when
the file type is specified as BASIC, Df-TA, or SOURCE. If the
new file type is a KEYx file; the new key file is added to the work area without
altering existing work area. If the KEYS/KEYx files already exist in storage, the
loaded KEYS/KEYx files will replace the old ones. A copy of the saved file is
loaded into the work area, and the following information is displayed:
• User specified file identification (if any)
• Number
of contiguous 1,024-byte areas of storage in the file
• Number
of contiguous 1,024-byte areas of unused storage in the file
• First line number (for BASIC
or SOURCE)
• Last line
number (for BASIC or SOURCE)
• KEYx numbers (for KEYx file types)
•
Amount of unassigned work area remaining (in bytes)
If the new file type is KEYx, the new key file is added to the work area. If corre-
sponding KEYx files already exist in storage,
they are replaced by the new keys.
For example, if a new KEY6 function
is loaded from tape, it will replace the existing
KEY6 function.
Notes About LOAD
• File
type KEYS (load all keys functions within the specified file) is invalid when
the file number is zero (LOADO).
• File
type SOURCE (load a program in user source format from the specified
saved file)
is invalid when loading from the keyboard (LOADO).
• When loading a general exchange (type 02) file, SOURCE
is assumed unless
DATA
is specified. This file type is used primarily for the Communications
feature. Also see Negative File Numbers
in Chapter 4.
•
If file type is omitted, BASIC is assumed .if loading from the keyboard, and
BASIC
or SOURCE is assumed if loading from a saved file (depending on the
type of file). In the latter instance, if the type of file is not BASIC or SOURCE,
an error message
is displayed.
• The format for entering
data after a LOA DO, DATA is identical to data in a
DATA
statement. LOADO, DATA also provides automatic line numbering and
the keyword DATA for each line. The display shows:
0010 DATA
./
'- /
!
i
"' .....