JDS Uniphase IP Video Test Option HST-3000 User manual

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Resistive Fault Location (RFL) Test
Purpose
e purpose of this test is to identify and locate resistive fault conditions such as shorts, grounds and battery
crosses faults.
How RFL works
A technician places a strap or short from the faulted wire to a good wire or pair and performs RFL using a
series of precise resistance (ohmmeter) measurements to accurately determine the resistance to a fault. During
this test, the resistance to the strap (short) is determined along with the fault size. After these measurements,
both the temperature and gauge of the copper wire are taken into consideration and an ohms-to-feet conver-
sion is performed. e results provide information such as DTF (distance to fault), DTS (distance to strap),
and DSTF (distance strap to fault).
e RFL test performed with the HST-3000 (CAT 500 H/W)
When using an HST-3000 for an RFL test, the terms tip, ring, and ground are not used. Instead, the connec-
tions are as follows:
For separate pair RFL measurement, the HST-3000 blue test lead and the HST-3000 green test lead are con-
nected to a known “good” pair.
Connect to Faulted “Bad” Wire
Connect to “Reference“ Good Wire
(Typically ground or shield)
Connect to Unfaulted or “Good” Wire

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Resistive Fault Location (RFL) Test
Two Methods for Performing an RFL Test
Separate pair method (CAT 500 H/W)
e separate pair method is preferred because it is the only method that can be used for a double-sided fault
(both wires in a pair are faulted). In this case, the user locates a known good pair, or if the distance to the strap
is not too long, lays out a separate pair of wires across the ground to use as the known good pair. A strap is
placed from each lead of the known good pair to the faulted lead, or the known good pair is strapped together
and then strapped to the faulted wire. After these straps are placed, the loop is ready for RFL separate pair test-
ing.

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Resistive Fault Location (RFL) Test
Two Methods for Performing an RFL Test
RFL Test Single Pair Method (CAT 500 H/W)
Single pair testing should be used only if the separate pair method is not an option. is situation occurs when
there is no known good pair and if only one side (lead) of the pair under test is faulted. To perform single pair
RFL testing, the technician straps the good wire in the pair under test to the faulted (bad) wire. It is impor-
tant to note that RFL testing takes approximately 30 to 40 seconds. Arrows indicating the paths that are being
tested will be displayed on the HST-3000’s screen. Once the test is completed, each result will be shown in
either ohms or feet.
Temperature and Gauge: e temperature and gauge of the wires must be entered into the HST-3000 before
an accurate distance conversion can be performed.
Temperature: As the wires’ temperature changes, so does their resistance. For example, the higher the temper-
ature is, the greater the resistance. Because RFL determines the location of the fault through a series of resis-
tance measurements, the accuracy of the distance conversion is skewed in proportion to the dierence between
the temperature setting and the actual temperature.
Gauge: Gauge aects distance conversion because dierent gauge wires have dierent levels of resistance. (See
Table 5 below.) e higher the gauge is; the greater the resistance.
Measurement Pass
19 gauge/.8mm 16.09 Ohms/1000 feet (305m)
22 gauge/.6mm 32.4 Ohms/1000 feet (305m)
24 gauge/.4mm 51.32 Ohms/1000 feet (305m)
26 gauge/.4mm 82.01 Ohms/1000 feet (305m)
NOTE1: Typical ohms-per-feet/meter values
Table: 5 - Preferred and Non-Preferred Fault-Finding with a TDR

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Resistive Fault Location (RFL) Test
Two Methods for Performing an RFL Test
RFL Test Single Pair Method (CAT 500 H/W) (continued)
It is possible to have more than one gauge of wire over the length of the cable. ere are dierent methods
for adjusting the temperature and gauge when performing RFL testing on multi-gauge and single gauge cable
spans.
Single-Gauge Cable Span: It is easy to adjust the temperature and gauge displayed on the HST-3000’s RFL
testing screen. Before or after the test is complete, push the Up Arrow to raise the temperature and the Down
Arrow to lower it. Push the Left Arrow and Right Arrow keys to increase or decrease the gauge of the wire.
e HST-3000 automatically recalculates the RFL results to reect the change.

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Resistive Fault Location (RFL) Test
Two Methods for Performing an RFL Test
RFL Test Single Pair Method (CAT 500 H/W) (continued)
Multi-Gauge Cable Span: Technicians use the multi-gauge setup option to accurately measure a pair con-
taining sections of multiple gauges and/or cable with dierent temperatures (buried and aerial). Because these
variables aect the resistance of the pair, the accuracy of the conversion is also aected. erefore, the HST-
3000 must be congured to closely reect the true conditions of the pair. e larger the error for cable gauge
or temperature is, the greater the impact these variables will have on the accuracy of the measurements.
To prevent any discrepancies that can cause a distance conversion to be inaccurate, enter the gauge, tempera-
ture, and distance for each section of cable by following these steps:
1. Press the
Conf gure action key
2. Press the Display soft key
3. Select “Display Multi-Cable Setup”
To add new sections of cable, press the Add soft key. When prompted, enter the gauge, temperature, and
length of the cable section. If the Delete soft key is pressed, it will delete the last section listed. After entering
each section of cable is entered, press the Home or Cancel button. To enter an unknown value for tempera-
ture or distance on one section of cable, type #; the HST will calculate the value of this missing eld.
4. Press the Actions soft key and select “Use Multi Gauge Cable Span”

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Resistive Fault Location (RFL) Test
CAT 510 Hardware:
In eorts for continuous improvement, the latest hardware circuit board (CAT 510) adds new RFL functions
and features, outlined below.
Green on Ground- Instead of connecting the Green lead to the GOOD wire, Green is connect to Ground for
both single pair and separate good pair RFL.
Automatic Lead Reversal: Occasionally, a technician will incorrectly connect the Red or Faulted lead to the
Good conductor. When this occurs the RFL test will still display distance to fault results but warn the operator
of the incorrect hookup for single good pair RFL.
Connect to Faulted “Bad” Wire
Connect to Unfaulted “ Good Wire
Connect to “Reference” Wire
(Typically ground or shield)

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RFL Test
Cat 510 Hardware
K-Test
e HST-3000 equipped with the CAT 510 copper board adds an additional RFL test feature called K (Kup-
fmuller) Test. e K-Test highlights its to locate double sided cable faults when no “good pair” is available.
is scenario is common when Pulp or Paper insulated cable is damaged.
1. e K-Test requires the following criteria:
a. Will provide accurate results on loops less than 7000 Ohm
b. Will provide accurate results for common cable faults up to 20 Mega Ohm
c. e fault ratio between the two faulted conductors must be at least 2:1
d. e highest fault value must be at least 100 times greater than the loop Ohm
e. e two faults must occur at the same physical location in the cable
f. Because the K-Test is a two step process it is most eectively used in conjunction with the UFED.
UltraFED (uFED)
e ULTRA Far End Device (FED) is used as a test aid with other test equipment (such as the JDSU HST-
3000c) when performing copper tests. After a technician has connected the FED to the far end of the pair
under test and has connected other test set to the near end, the near end equipment controls the FED using
DTMF tones to allow two-ended pair testing with a single piece of test equipment.
UFED Functions
• Open All
• rough Mode
• RFL Strap Mode
• Spectral Tone
• Wideband Balance
• Trace Mode
• Tip, Ring, Ground strap
• Tip, Ring Short
• Pair one, Pair Two short
• Quiet Term
• Single Tone
• ADSL2+ Tone sweep
• VDSL2 Tone sweep

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VDSL2 TEST
RFL Test
Cat 510 Hardware
Using the K-Test
1. Using the HST-3000 Ohm meter, the technician identies two
conductors which meet the above criteria for the K-Test. It is
important to note these can be any two conductors in the cable
provided they meet the ratio requirements listed above.
2. e technician attaches the Blue test leads of the UFED to the
chosen conductors (and attaches the ground lead to Earth) and
turns on the UFED locate tone.
3. e technician goes to the far end of the test section, locates the
two conductors and performs the K-Test.
4. From the HST-3000’s RFL menu, technician selects Display soft
key, 8 - K-Test W/FED
5. Connect Tip, Ring and Ground as shown and select Start RFL
6. e HST will communicate with the UFED and perform the K-Test

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RFL Test
Cat 510 Hardware
Using the K-Test (continued)
7. e HST will determine if the ratio between conductors is correct.
If an invalid ratio is present the HST will abort the K-Test.
8. To determine CAT version, System-Tools, 4 Options/Revs/Copy-
right, Revisions HST-000-500-03 Rev 510 (g6)

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RFL Test
RFL Test Cord Compensation
Cord compensation
ere is a dierent compensation for single and separate pairs. For the most accurate results, JDSU recom-
mends compensating the RFL measurement to remove possible eects of the test leads by taking the following
steps:
1. Press the Display soft key
2. Select the appropriate mode (Single Pair Manual Strap or Separate Pair Manual Strap) and press OK.
3. Press the
Conf gure navigation key.
4. Follow the instructions on the screen and connect the HST-3000 test leads to the test cable
5. Press the
Compensate soft key
6. e compensation stops automatically when nished, and the result is displayed. e date and time are
recorded if it was successful.
7. Press the
Home navigation key to return to the RFL
8. Check Compensate by running RFL with test leads shorted. Results for DTS, DTF and STF should be 0
or 1 foot.
Single Pair
Manual Strap
SSiSingnglele PPaiairr
Manual Strap
Separate Pair
Manual Strap
SSeSepapararatete PPaiairr
Manual Strap

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RFL Test
RFL Test Connections and Ohms
Helpful Hints and Tips
Distance to Strap (DTS): During RFL testing, it is important to keep DTS as short as possible due to dis-
tributed leakage -- small amounts of leakage that occur even over a good wire. More of this leakage is present
over longer distances. erefore, to keep DTS as short as possible, technicians can sectionalize the cable by
using the HST-3000’s Ohmmeter to locate the section of cable that contains the fault, then stop and test just
that section.
e Good Pair and Leakage: Before performing RFL, it is important to verify that the good pair or wire is
actually good by using the HST-3000’s Leakage mode Ihmmeter. If leakage is present, the leakage should be
500 times greater than the fault size on the bad wire or the results will be aected. After conrmation that the
pair has little or no leakage, the leads can be strapped to the faulted wire and RFL testing performed.
Testing from Both Ends: Performing RFL testing from both ends and comparing the results to see if they
agree can help pinpoint the location of the fault. If the results conict, this may indicate other problems and/
or an inaccurate conversion.
Connections and Ohms: It is important to take into consideration that the wires, adapter, or screws that con-
nect the HST-3000 to the pair also may introduce levels of resistance. For example, if the technician connects
the clips to corroded screws, this will add resistance and cause an inaccurate measurement.
Testing Multiple Pairs: It is important to test multiple pairs if there is more than one faulted pair in a count
or binder. Typically, the faults found using RFL are located in the same area as other faults; however, the dis-
tance to each fault may vary slightly due to the make up of the cable. Additionally, as more pairs are tested, the
severity of the faults can provide insight as to when it is time to repair the cable. Because unusual line condi-
tions can change and aect RFL, the same pairs should be tested multiple times to validate results and ensure
accuracy.
Load coils: Load coils can make the pair’s distance appear longer by a range of 91 feet to more than 480 feet.
To derive the correct distance, technicians must subtract the designated amount (See Table 6), which is based
on a 5-foot stub at 70 degrees Fahrenheit F. It is important to know the load’s location so that the correct
amount is subtracted from the correct section.
Code 19 AWG 22 AWG 24 AWG 26 AWG Ohms
632
470 235 147 91 4.14
652
484 242 150 94 4.17
662
480 240 149 96 4.25
Table: 6 - Load Coil Corrective Distance

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RFL Test
RFL Test Connections and Ohms (continued)
Helpful Hints and Tips
Ohms in Strap: It is important that the strap attached to the end of the wires under test has the least amount
of resistance as possible to maintain the accuracy of the RFL.e greater the strap’s resistance, the more inac-
curate the measurement.
Use Ground or Ring as Reference: If using ground as a reference to locate a battery cross does not give a
good result, the ring lead of a working POTS line can be used as a reference.
Error messages
Fault Size> 20 Meg Ohms: e RFL test does not detect a measureable fault.
Loop > 7000 Ohms: e far end strap is not in place or the pair is OPEN.
RFL Denitions
Battery cross: A fault that occurs when the bad wire is shorted with the ring lead of a working pair
• DTF Distance to fault (the distance from the HST to the fault)
• DTS Distance to strap (the distance from the HST to the strap)
• DSTF Distance strap to fault (the distance from the strap at the far end of the pair to the fault)
Double-Sided Fault: Test condition where both wires in the pair are faulted. When this occurs, the pair must
be tested using the separate pair method. Normally, the fault occurs on both wires at the same place; therefore,
using either wire as the “bad” wire will locate the fault.
Reference pair: e pair or conductor that the test set uses in conjunction with the faulted wire to accurately
calculate the distance to the fault.

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RFL Test
RFL Test Connections and Ohms (continued)
Warnings
Multiple faults: RFL cannot accurately determine the location of multiple faults on a pair. Because distance is
based on the assumption that resistance is caused by a single fault in one location, multiple faults cause errors
in the resistance measurement, which, in turn, cause errors when converting resistance to a distance. For ex-
ample, if a pair is 1000 feet long and there are two faults of equal resistance on the pair at 25 feet and 75 feet,
then RFL results will indicate there is a fault at 50 feet. If the faults are equal, RFL results will show one larger
fault located between the two faults.
Cross: If the pair under test is crossed with a working pair with a higher voltage than POTS (plain old tele-
phone system), such as HDSL, then the voltage on the pair could be 190 volts or more.