Korg MONOLOGUE User manual

E 2
Table of contents
Introduction...........................................2
monologue Key Features............................... 2
Block Diagram.................................................... 3
Controls and Connections ....................4
Front Panel Controls ........................................ 4
Rear Panel Connections.................................. 5
Turning the monologue On and O.......... 6
Playing Programs and Sequences........9
Selecting and Playing a Program ................ 9
Playing the Sequencer ..................................10
Programs............................................. 12
Program Architecture....................................12
Creating Sounds..............................................13
Saving a Program............................................14
Basic Parameter Editing................................15
Sequencer..........................................................22
Mortion Sequence ..........................................24
Edit Mode ............................................ 28
How to enter the Edit mode .......................28
Edit Mode Parameter List.............................30
PROGRAM EDIT mode...................................31
SEQ EDIT mode................................................35
GLOBAL EDIT mode........................................38
Other functions................................... 47
Tuning.................................................................47
Restoring the Factory settings ...................49
Shortcuts using the SHIFT button.............50
Understanding MIDI........................... 51
Connecting Devices via MIDI and USB....51
MIDI-Related Settings....................................53
Program List........................................ 55
Specications...................................... 56
MIDI Implementation Chart............... 58

2
Introduction
monologue Key Features
•Themonologueisamonophonicsynthesizer,whichfeaturesananalogsyn-
thesizercircuitbasedonthedesignofthepopularminilogue.
•TheVCFhasbeentunedforuseinmonosynths.Also,adrivecircuitallows
youtoproducemoreaggressivesounds.
•Themonologueiscompactandlightweight,andcanbepoweredbybaeries,
leingyouenjoymakingsoundwhereveryougo.
•Instantrecallof80factorypresetsplus20additionaluserprograms.
•Real-timeoscilloscopeprovidesvisualfeedbackofparameterchanges.
•16-stepmonophonicsequencercanautomateupto4synthparameters.
•SyncInandSyncOutjacksallowyoutoexpandyoursessionsetup.

3
Block Diagram
VCO 1 SAW
AUDIO IN
SQR
PITCH
PITCH
LFO
EG
LFO
VCO 2 WAVE SHAPE
OSC
SYNC
SAW
keytrack
TRI
TRI
LFO
WAVE SHAPE
RING
MOD
NOISE
GEN
VCA
VCF
EG
int
velocity
VCO 1 level
VCO 2 level
gate
0% 100%
wave shape amount
OUTPUT
NOISE
EG
int
DRIVE

4
Controls and Connections
Front Panel Controls
Thisdiagramshowsthelayoutofthefrontpanelknobs,switches,andbuons.
1
2
3
4
56 891011
12
13
7
1.
MASTER knob
2.
DRIVE knob
3.
OCTAVE switch
4.
Slider
5.
VCO 1
WAVEswitch
SHAPEknob
6.
VCO 2
OCTAVEswitch
PITCHknob
WAVEswitch
SYNC/RINGswitch
SHAPEknob
7.
MIXER
VCO1knob
VCO2knob
8.
FILTER
CUTOFFknob
RESONANCEknob
9.
EG
TYPEswitch
ATTACKknob
DECAYknob
INTknob
TARGETknob
10.
LFO
WAVEswitch
MODEswitch
RATEknob
INTknob
TARGETswitch
11.
SEQUENCER
TEMPOknob
KEYTRG/HOLDbuon
MOTION/SLIDE/
NOTEswitch
EDIT
 EDITMODEbuon
 WRITEbuon
 EXITbuon
SEQUENCER
 PLAYbuon
 RECbuon
 RESTbuon
 SHIFTbuon
Buons1–8
12.
PROGRAM/VALUE knob
13.
Display

5
Rear Panel Connections
Theillustrationbelowshowsatypicalexampleofconnectionsforthemono-
logue.Connectyourequipmentaccordingtotheneedsofyourownsystem.
 Besurethatthepoweronallofyourdevicesisturnedobeforeyou
makeconnections.Leavingthepoweronwhenyoumakeconnections
maycausemalfunctions,ordamageyourspeakersystemandother
components.
Connecting to audio devices
•Connectyourpoweredmonitorspeaker,mixerorothercomponentstothe
OUTPUTjack(monauraloutput)ofthemonologue.Adjustthevolumelevel
usingtheMASTERknob.
•Connectyourheadphonestotheheadphonesjack.Thisjackoutputsthesame
signalasthatoftheOUTPUTjack.
•Connectexternalsoundsources,suchasanothersynthesizer,totheAUDIO
INjack(monauralinput).
USB B connector
Power switch
MIDI IN, OUT connectors
SYNC IN
, OUT jacks AUDIO IN jack
OUTPUT jack
Headphones
jack
DC 9V jack
Computer
Mixer
Sound module, rhythm machine, etc.
MIDI keyboard, rhythm machine, etc. Groove machine
Microphone
Monitor speakers
(with internal amp)
Headphones
USB cable
MIDI OUT
MIDI IN
SYNC IN
USB port
INPUT
OUTPUT
AC adapter
(sold separately)
MIDI cable
SYNC cable

6
Connecting to a computer or MIDI devices
•ToexchangeMIDImessageswithyourcomputer,connectyourcomputerto
theUSBBconnectoronthemonologue.
•ToexchangeMIDImessageswithanexternalMIDIdevice,connectthede-
vicetotheMIDIIN/OUTconnectorsonthemonologue.
TIP Fordetails,referto“UnderstandingMIDI”(p.51)
Connecting the SYNC IN and OUT jacks
•UsetheSYNCINandOUTjacksofthemonologuewhenyouwanttosyn-
chronizetotheoutputpulsesandstepsfromtheaudiooutputjacksofsourc-
essuchastheKorgvolcaseriesoraDAW.ConnectusingaSynccable.
•TheSYNCOUTjacksendsa5Vpulseof15msatthebeginningofeachstep.
TIP Referto“Buon5(GLOBAL3)”(p.41)ofGLOBALEDITmodefor
theseingstoturnonthemonologue.
Turning the monologue On and O
Before you turn the monologue On:
Installing batteries
Makesurethatthemonologue’spoweristurnedo.
1. Open the baery cover on the monologue’s boom panel.
Whilepressingthelatch,pullupwardandremove.
2. Insert six AA baeries, taking care to observe the cor-
rect polarity (+/− orientation).
Usealkalineornickel-metalhydridebaeries.
3. Reaach the baery cover.
 Inorderfortheremainingbaeryamounttobedetectedandshown
correctly,youmustusetheparameterinGLOBALEDITmodeto
specifythetypeofbaeriesthatyou’reusing.Bydefault,thisseing
issetto“Alkaline.”Fordetails,referto“BaeryType”(p.43).
Whenthebaeriesbecomedepleted,“BaeryLow”willappearonthedis-
play.Whenthisoccurs,it’stimetoreplacethebaeries.
 Removeoldbaeriesimmediately.Otherwise,baeryleakagemayoc-
cur,resultinginamalfunction.Ifyoudon’tthinkthatyou’llbeusing
theunitforalongperiodoftime,youshouldremovethebaeries.
1

7
TIP ThemonologuecanalsobeusedwiththeseparatelysoldACadapter
connectedtotheDC9Vjack.
4. Make sure that any external output devices such as powered monitor
speakers are turned o before connecting them to the monologue.
TIP IfyouwanttoconnectaMIDIdeviceorcomputertothemonologue’s
MIDIconnectorsorUSBBconnectorinordertousethemonologue’s
keyboardandcontrollerstocontrolanexternalMIDItonegenerator,
orifyouwanttouseanotherMIDIkeyboardorasequencertoplay
themonologue’ssoundgenerator,youwillneedtoconguretheset-
tings.Fordetails,referto“UnderstandingMIDI”(p.51).
Turning the monologue On
1. Make sure that both the monologue and any external output devices such
as powered monitor speakers are turned o, and turn the volume of all
devices all the way down.
2. Hold down the Power switch on the rear panel of the monologue; once
the “monologue” logo appears in the display, take your nger o the
Power switch.
3. Turn on any external output devices such as powered monitor speakers.
4. Adjust the volume of your external output equipment, and adjust the
monologue’s volume using the MASTER knob.
Turning the monologue O
AnyProgramdatainthemonologuethathasnotbeensavedwillbelostwhen
thepoweristurnedo.BesuretosaveanyProgramandotherimportantdata
thatyouhaveedited(“SavingaProgram”,p.14).
1. Turn the MASTER knob of the monologue to the le to turn the volume
all the way down.
Also,turnthevolumeallthewaydownonanyexternaloutputdevices
thatmightbeconnected,suchaspoweredmonitorspeakers.
2. Hold down the Power switch on the rear panel of the monologue; to turn o
the power aer the display goes blank, take your nger o the power switch.
 Onceyouhaveturnedthemonologueo,waitabout10secondsbe-
foreturningthemonologueonagain.

8
Auto Power O Feature
ThemonologuefeaturesanAutoPowerOfeaturethatcanautomaticallyturn
themonologueoaer4hourshaveelapsedwithnooperationoftheknobs,
switches,buons,orkeyboardofthemonologue.Bydefault,thefactoryseing
fortheAutoPowerOisenabled.TheAutoPowerOcanbedisabledusing
thestepsbelow.
1. Press the EDIT MODE buon.
ThemonologuewillentertheEditMode,andthedisplaywilllooklikethe
illustrationshownbelow.
2. Turn the PROGRAM/VALUE knob, and select GLOBAL EDIT.
TIP GLOBALEDITcanalsobeselectedbypressingtheEDITMODEbuon.
3. Press buon 8 twice.
“AutoPowerO”willbedisplayed.
4. Turn the PROGRAM/VALUE knob, and select “O”.
5. Press the EXIT buon.
ThemonologuewillenterthePlaymode,andthedisplaywillindicatethe
currentProgram.
TIP SeingsinGLOBALEDITaresavedautomatically.
12345678910 11 12 13 14 15 16
5
3
1
2, 4

9
Playing Programs and Sequences
Selecting and Playing a Program
Themonologuecomesequippedwith100Programs.Ofthose,80areready-to-
playpresetProgramsand20locationsareavailabletosaveyourownsounds
andcustomedits.
EachProgramincludesseingsforthesound,aswellassequencedataseings.
1. Enter the Play mode.
Whenthemonologueisturnedon,itwillautomaticallyenterthePlay
mode.
InthePlaymode,verifythattheEDITMODEbuononthefrontpanelare
unlit.
TIP IftheEDITMODEbuonislit,presstheEXITbuon.ThePLAYor
RECbuonswilllighttoindicatewhenthesequencedatasavedina
Programisbeingplayedbackorisrecording.Youcanstillselectother
Programsinthisstate,butpressthePLAYbuonifyouwishtostop
theSequencer.
2. Turn the PROGRAM/VALUE knob to select a Program.
ThedisplaywillindicatetheProgramnameandnumber.
Themonologuecomeswith80presetPrograms(001–080)aspartofthefac-
torypreloaddata.ThesepresetProgramsareinstantlyaccessibleandready
foryoutoenjoy.Fordetails,referto“ProgramList”(p.55).
TIP HolddowntheSHIFTbuonwhileturningthePROGRAM/VALUE
knobtoskipthroughtheProgramListinincrementsof10.
TIP InadditiontoshowingProgramnameandnumber,thedisplaycan
alsobeusedasanoscilloscope,toshowtheelectricalsignalscreated
bythewaveformofthesound.WhenSLIDEorNOTEisselectedus-
ingtheMOTION/SLIDE/NOTEswitch,thewaveformwillbedis-
played.
1Make sure EDIT MODE button is unlit.
2

10
3. Adjusting the OCTAVE range and the DRIVE knob, and the using the
Slider.
Asyouplay,youcanusetheve-wayOCTAVESwitchto
transposetheplayingareaofthekeyboardby±2octaves.
TurntheDRIVEknobtoadjustthedriveeect,whichadds
harmonicsanddistortiontothesound.
Inaddition,youcanmovetheSliderfromletorighttoadd
real-timeperformancecontrol.
TIP Theparameterassignedtothesliderwillvarydepending
ontheProgram.Rreferto“ProgramList”(p.55)tosee
whichparameterisassignedtothesliderineachProgram.
TIP TheSliderAssignfunctioninPROGRAMEDITmodeisusedtoas-
signparameterstotheslider(“SliderAssign”,p.31).
Playing the Sequencer
EachPrograminthemonologueincludessequencedata.Inthissection,we’ll
playthesequencedatasavedaspartofthepresetPrograms.
1. Turn the PROGRAM/VALUE knob to select a Program.
ThedisplaywillindicatetheProgramnameandnumber.
2. Press the PLAY buon in the SEQUENCER section.
ThesequencedatathatisrecordedinthecurrentProgramwillbeginplaying.
The1–16buonswilllightupinstepswhilethesequencerisplaying.
TIP IfyoupresstheKEYTRG/HOLDbuon(thebuonwillstaylit)in-
steadofthePLAYbuonandthenplaythekeyboard,thesequence
datawillplaybackwhileakeyisbeingpressed.Ifyouholddown
theKEYTRG/HOLDbuon(thebuonwillbegintoblink)andthen
playthekeyboard,thesequencedatawillkeepplayingback,evenaf-
teryoutakeyourhandothekeyboard.Pressadierentkeyonthe
keyboardwhileholdingdowntheKEYTRG/HOLDbuonasitlights
orashes,toplaybackthesequencedatatransposed.
1
2, 3
1

11
TIP TheSequencertempoissetforeachProgramintheSEQEDITmode
andsavedaspartoftheProgram,butyoucanadjustthetempofrom
56.0to240.0BPM(BeatsPerMinute)byturningtheTEMPOknob.
3. Press the PLAY buon once more to end the Sequencer playback.

12
Programs
Program Architecture
EachmonologueProgramincludesseingsfortheOscillators,Mixer,Filter,
EGsandLFO,aswellasa16-StepSequencerplusEects.
Tryeditingeachrelatedparameter,andenjoychangingthesoundsofthe
monologue.
NOTE [STEP 1–16]
GATE TIME [STEP 1–16]
NOTE ON/OFF [STEP1-16]
SLIDE ON/OFF [STEP1-16]
MOTION ON/OFF [STEP1-16]
ACTIVE STEP ON/OFF [STEP1-16]
BPM
Step Length
Step Resolution
Swing
Default Gate Time
Motion Enable (1–4)
Motion Smooth (1–4)
MASTER
DRIVE
VCO 1
WAVE
SHAPE
VCO 2
OCTAVE
WAVE
SYNC/RING
SHAPE
MIXER
VCO1
VCO2
FILTER
CUTOFF
RESONANCE
EG
TYPE
ATTACK
DECAY
INT
TARGET
LFO
WAVE
MODE
RATE
INT
TARGET
LSEQ
TEMPO
KEY TRG/HOLD
Portamento Time
Portamento Mode
Slide Time
Slider Assign
Slider Range
Bend Range +
Bend Range −
Microtuning
Scale Key
Program Tuning
LFO BPM Sync
Cuto Key Track
Cuto Velocity
Amp Velocity
Program Level
Program Name
Basic Parametres
Sequence Data
Sequence Parameters
Detail Parametres

13
Creating Sounds
Editing a programmeanschangingtheProgram’sparameterstoalterits
sound.
Therearetwowaytocreatesoundsonthemonologue.
•SelectanexistingProgramthat’sclosetothesoundyouwant,andeditthat
Program’sparameterstoachieveyourowncustomsound.
•YoucanalsoinitializealltheProgramparametersorusethePanelLoadfunc-
tiontocreateyourownsoundfromscratch.
Editing an Existing Program
1. In Program mode, select the Program that you want to use as a starting
point.
2. Use the knobs and switches on the front panel.
TakeamomenttoconsiderthedierencesbetweenthecurrentProgram
andthesoundyouhaveinmind,andusethefrontpanelcontrolstoedit
thenecessaryparameters.
TIP F
ordetailsonhowthepitch,sound,andvolumechangewhenusing
theknobsandswitches,refer
to“BasicParameterEditing”(p.15).
 WerecommendthatyousavetheProgramonthemonologueaer
editingthesound.Anyeditsthatyoumakewillbelostifyouturno
thepowerorrecalladierentProgram.Fordetails,referto“Savinga
Program”(p.14).
Creating a Program from Scratch
Tocreateasoundfromscratch,werecommendthatyouusethePanel Load
function.Thiswillloadthecurrentseingsofeachfrontpanelcontroland
provideasimplestartingpointforyouriconiccreations.
Asyouexplorethefrontpanelcontrols,youcanseehoweachparameterwill
aectthesound,makingiteasiertounderstandhoweachsectionofthemono-
loguefunctionsandhowtheparametersinteract.
Panel Load function
WhenthePLAYbuonispressedwhileholdingdowntheSHIFTbuon,the
panelloadfunctionwillbeenabled.Thesoundwillchangetoreectthepanel
seings,and"LoadPanel"willbeindicatedonthedisplay.

14
Saving a Program
WerecommendthatyousaveyourProgramonthemonologueaerediting
thesound.
 Anyeditsthatyoumaketothecurrentprogramwillbelostifyou
turnothepowerorrecalladierentprogrambeforesaving.
1. Edit the program in Play mode.
Fordetails,referto“BasicParameterEditing”(p.15).
2. Press the WRITE buon; the monologue will enter the Write standby
mode, and the WRITE buon will blink.
Themessage“Wheretowrite?”willappearinthedisplay.
3. Turn the PROGRAM/VALUE knob to select the Program number where
your new sound will be saved.
TIP PresstheEXITbuontocanceltheoperation.
4. Press the WRITE buon once more.
TheProgramwillbesavedininternalmemory,andthemessage“Com-
plete”willappearinthedisplay.
 NeverturnothepowerwhileProgramsarebeingsaved.Doingso
maydestroytheinternaldata.

15
Basic Parameter Editing
Inthissection,we’llexplainthebasicparametersthatmakeupaprogram.
Thebasicparametersareassignedtotheknobsandswitchesonthefrontpanel.
VCO 1, VCO 2
VCO:VoltageControlledOscillator
Therearetwooscillatorsinthemonologue.OscillatorParametersincludethe
seingsforthepitchofthesound(OCTAVE,PITCH)andthewaveform(WAVE,
SHAPE).
ThePITCHforVCO1islockedtothemainOCTAVEswitch.Thetuningfor
theentirekeyboardissetusing“MasterTune”inGLOBALEDITmode.For
details,referto“MasterTune”(p.38).
VCO 1
WAVE switch [ , , ]
ThissetsthewaveformsforOscillator1.
Sawtooth wave:Thiswaveformisusedtocreatesoundstypicalofana-
logsynthesizers,suchassynthbassesandbrass.
Triangle wave:Thiswaveformhasarounderfeelthanthesawtoothorsquare
wave.
Square wave:Thiswaveformisusedforelectronicandwindinstrument
sounds.

16
SHAPE knob [0...1023]
Thisknobwilldeterminethenalshape,complexity,orduty-cycle(Square)of
theselectedwaveform.
VCO 2
O C T A V E s w i t c h [ 1 6 ’, 8 ’, 4 ’, 2 ’ ]
ThepitchofOscillator2canbesetinoctavesteps.
PITCH knob [−1200...+1200]
Thepitch,ortuning,oftheOscillator2canbesetusingone-
centsteps.
TIP TurningthePITCHknobwhileholdingtheSHIFT
buonwillchangethetuningbysemitones(100cents).
WAVE switch [ , , ]
ThissetsthewaveformsforOscillator2.
Sawtooth wave:Thiswaveformisusedtocreatesoundstypicalofanalogsyn-
thesizers,suchassynthbassesandbrass.
Triangle wave:Thiswaveformhasarounderfeelthanthesawtoothorsquare
wave.
Noise wave:Thiswaveformcanbeusedonitsown,ormixedwiththeOscilla-
tortocreatepercussioninstrumentsounds,orsoundeectssuchassurf.
0 1023

17
RING/SYNC switch [OFF, ON]
ThisswitchturnstheOscillatorsyncandringmodulatoronoro.Whenthe
switchisinthecenterposition,boththeoscillatorsyncandtheringmodulator
willbeturnedo.
SYNC:Withthistypeofmodulation,thephaseofOscillator2isforciblysyn-
chronizedtothephaseofOscillator1.Thisaddsharmonicovertonestothe
frequencyofOscillator2,makingacomplexwaveform.
RING:Thisproducesaringmodulationeect.Oscillator1isusedtoring-mod-
ulateOscillator2.ByadjustingthePITCHknobofOscillator2,youcancreate
non-tonalmetallicsounds.
SHAPE knob [0...1023]
Thisknobwilldeterminethenalshape,complexity,orduty-cycle(Square)of
theselectedwaveform.
Sync
VCO 1 Wave
VCO 2 Wave (original)
VCO 2 Wave (output)
VCO 2
VCO 1
RING MOD
0 1023

18
MIXER
ThemixerisusedtosettherelativelevelsofOscillators1and2.
VCO 1 knob [0...1023]
VCO 2 knob [0...1023]
TheseknobscontroltheoutputlevelsofOscillators1and2.
FILTER
VCF:VoltageControlledFilter
Thelow-passltershapesthetonebyselectivelylteringcertainparts
oftheharmonicspectrumofthesoundgeneratedbytheOscillators
andtheNoisegenerator.
CUTOFF knob [0...1023]
Thisknobisusedtosetthecutofrequency.Harmoniccontentabove
thecutofrequencywillbelteredout.
Turningtheknobtothelewilllowerthecutofrequency,andturningthe
knobtotherightwillraisethecutofrequency.
 IftheCUTOFFvalueissettoolow,thevolumemaybeextremely
low.
RESONANCE knob [0...1023]
AlsoknownasPeakorQ,theRESONANCEcontroladdsadditionalemphasis
totheovertonesoccurringattheCUTOFFfrequency,givingadistinctivechar-
actertothesound.
Turningtheknobtotherightwillincreasetheresonanceeect.
TIP Theovertonesthatareemphasizedwillchangedependingonthecut-
ofrequency.Forthisreason,it’sgoodtoadjusttheCUTOFFknob
whileadjustingtheRESONANCEknob.
 Whenemphasizingtheovertonesinthisway,thesoundmaydistort
dependingonthecutofrequencyortheinputaudio.
Low resonance value
High resonance value

19
EG
EG:EnvelopeGenerator
Youcanmaketime-basedchangesto
theVCA,pitchorcutobyusingthe
EG.
TYPE switch [ , , ]
TheseingsmadeherewillchangetheVCAandTARGETparametersover
time,asshownbelow.
WhenusingGATE,time-basedchangescannotbemadetotheVCA.
ATTACK knob [0...1023]
TheATTACKspeciesthetimerequiredfortheEGtoreachitsmaximumlevel
onceanewnoteisplayed.
DECAY knob [0...1023]
WhentheTYPEswitchissetto“A/D”or“GATE”,thissetstheamountoftime
untilthelevelbecomes0aerthemaximumlevelisreached.
WhentheTYPEswitchissetto“A/G/D”,thissetsthetimefromnote-o(when
thekeyisreleased)untilthelevelreaches0.
TYPE VCA
（Amp EG）
Attack Decay
0
Attack Decay
0
0
TARGETsettings
Int
Attack Decay
0
Int
Attack Decay
0
Int
Attack Decay
0
PITCH,PITCH2(PitchEG),
CUTOFF (Filter EG)
(GATE)
(A/D: Attack/Decay)
(A/G/D: Attack/Gate/Decay)

20
INT knob [−511...0...+511]
SpeciestheintensityoftheEG.
Turningtheknobtotherightwillincreasetheintensity.
TIP WhenturningtheINTknobwhileholdingdowntheSHIFTbuon,
theeectwillmoveinanegativedirection.
TARGET switch [PITCH, PITCH 2, CUTOFF]
SelectswhichparameterwillbeaectedbytheEG.
PITCH:TheEGwillaectthePITCHofVCO1andVCO2.
PITCH 2:TheEGwillaectthePITCHofVCO2.
CUTOFF:TheEGwillaecttheCUTOFFoftheFILTER.
LFO
LFO:LowFrequencyOscillator
TheLFO(low-frequencyoscillator)is
usedtomakecyclicalchangesinthe
pitchandvolumeofthesound.
Dependingonitstarget,theLFO
canprovidevibrato(PITCH);Tonal
changestotheOscillators(SHAPE);orWah-Wah(CUTOFF)eects.
WAVE switch [ , , ]
TheLFOcanbesettoasawtoothwave( ),atrianglewave( ),orasquare
wave( ).
MODE switch [FAST, SLOW, 1-SHOT]
SpeciestherangeofchangeandactionfortheLFOfrequency.
FAST:TherangeofspeedfortheLFOfrequencywillbefrom0.5Hz–2.8kHz.
SLOW:TherangeofspeedfortheLFOfrequencywillbefrom0.05Hz–28Hz.
1-SHOT:TheLFOwillstoponehalf-cycleaerasoundismade.Therangeof
speedfortheLFOfrequencywillbefrom0.05Hz–28Hz.