KSB Ama-Drainer N 301 Installation instructions

Submersible Motor Pump
Ama-Drainer N 301/302/303
60 Hz
Installation/Operating
Manual

Legal information/Copyright
Installation/Operating Manual Ama-Drainer N 301/302/303
Original operating manual
KSB Aktiengesellschaft
All rights reserved. Contents provided herein must neither be distributed, copied, reproduced, edited
or processed for any other purpose, nor otherwise transmitted, published or made available to a third
party without KSB´s express written consent.
Subject to technical modification without prior notice.
© KSB Aktiengesellschaft Frankenthal 22.03.2012

Contents
Glossary ................................................................................................ 5
1 General ................................................................................................ 6
1.1 Principles .......................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Symbols ............................................................................................................ 6
2 Safety ................................................................................................... 7
2.1 Key to safety symbols/markings ..................................................................... 7
2.2 General ............................................................................................................ 7
2.3 Intended use .................................................................................................... 7
2.4 Personnel qualification and training ............................................................. 8
2.5 Consequences and risks caused by non-compliance with these operating
instructions ...................................................................................................... 8
2.6 Safety awareness ............................................................................................. 8
2.7 Safety information for the operator/user ...................................................... 9
2.8 Safety information for maintenance, inspection and installation work ..... 9
2.9 Unauthorised modes of operation ................................................................. 9
3 Transport/Temporary Storage/Disposal ........................................... 10
3.1 Checking the condition upon delivery ......................................................... 10
3.2 Transport ....................................................................................................... 10
3.3 Storage/Preservation ..................................................................................... 10
3.4 Disposal .......................................................................................................... 10
4 Description of the Pump (Set) .......................................................... 11
4.1 General description ....................................................................................... 11
4.2 Designation ................................................................................................... 11
4.3 Name plate .................................................................................................... 11
4.4 Design details ................................................................................................ 12
4.5 Configuration and function ......................................................................... 12
4.6 Scope of supply ............................................................................................. 13
5 Installation at Site ............................................................................. 14
5.1 Safety regulations ......................................................................................... 14
5.2 Checks to be carried out prior to installation ............................................. 14
5.3 Fitting the swing check valve and socket (if supplied unfitted) ................ 14
5.4 Adjusting the cut-in level control ................................................................ 15
5.5 Piping ............................................................................................................. 16
5.6 Installing the pump set ................................................................................. 16
5.7 Connection to power supply ........................................................................ 16
6 Commissioning/Start-up/Shutdown ................................................. 17
6.1 Start-up/shutdown ........................................................................................ 17
Contents
Ama-Drainer N 301/302/303 3 of 24

6.2 Operating limits ............................................................................................ 17
6.3 Shutdown/storage/preservation ................................................................... 17
6.4 Returning to service ...................................................................................... 17
7 Servicing/Maintenance ...................................................................... 18
7.1 Safety regulations ......................................................................................... 18
7.2 Servicing/inspection ...................................................................................... 18
7.3 Drainage/disposal .......................................................................................... 18
7.4 Dismantling/reassembling the pump set ..................................................... 18
7.5 Recommended spare parts stock .................................................................. 19
8 Trouble-shooting ............................................................................... 20
9 Related Documents ........................................................................... 21
9.1 Exploded view and list of components ........................................................ 21
10 EC Declaration of Conformity .......................................................... 22
Index .................................................................................................. 23
Contents
4 of 24 Ama-Drainer N 301/302/303

Glossary
Backflow
Waste water flowing back from the sewer into
the connected drainage piping
Cavitation damage
Material of the pump internals is destroyed by
imploding vapour bubbles.
Flood level
Maximum backflow level of waste water in a
drainage system
Hydraulic system
The part of the pump in which the kinetic
energy is converted into pressure energy
Pump
Machine without drive, additional components
or accessories
Pump set
Complete pump set consisting of pump, drive,
additional components and accessories
Submersible motor pump
Submersible motor pumps are floodable, close-
coupled units which are not self-priming. The
pumps are usually operated completely
submerged. They may be operated outside the
fluid for short periods of time, until the
minimum fluid level has been reached.
Waste water
Water consisting of a combination of water
discharged from households, industrial and
other businesses as well as surface water.
Glossary
Ama-Drainer N 301/302/303 5 of 24

1 General
1.1 Principles
This manual is supplied as an integral part of the type series and variants indicated
on the front cover. It describes the proper and safe use of this equipment in all
phases of operation.
The name plate indicates the type series and size, the main operating data, the order
number and the order item number. The order number and order item number
uniquely identify the pump (set) and serve as identification for all further business
processes.
In the event of damage, contact your nearest KSB service centre immediately to
maintain the right to claim under warranty.
1.2 Symbols
Table 1: Symbols used in this manual
Symbol Description
✓Conditions which need to be fulfilled before proceeding with the
step-by-step instructions
⊳Safety instructions
⇨Result of an action
⇨Cross-references
1.
2.
Step-by-step instructions
Note
Recommendations and important information on how to handle
the product
1 General
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2 Safety
All the information contained in this section refers to hazardous situations.
2.1 Key to safety symbols/markings
Table 2: Definition of safety symbols/markings
Symbol Description
!DANGER
DANGER
This signal word indicates a high-risk hazard which, if not avoided,
will result in death or serious injury.
!WARNING
WARNING
This signal word indicates a medium-risk hazard which, if not
avoided, could result in death or serious injury.
CAUTION
CAUTION
This signal word indicates a hazard which, if not avoided, could
result in damage to the machine and its functions.
General hazard
In conjunction with one of the signal words this symbol indicates a
hazard which will or could result in death or serious injury.
Electrical hazard
In conjunction with one of the signal words this symbol indicates a
hazard involving electrical voltage and identifies information
about protection against electrical voltage.
Machine damage
In conjunction with the signal word CAUTION this symbol indicates
a hazard for the machine and its functions.
2.2 General
This manual contains general installation, operating and maintenance instructions
that must be observed to ensure safe pump operation and prevent personal injury
and damage to property.
The safety information in all sections of this manual must be complied with.
This manual must be read and completely understood by the specialist personnel/
operators responsible prior to installation and commissioning.
The contents of this manual must be available to the specialist personnel at the site
at all times.
Information attached directly to the pump must always be complied with and be
kept in a perfectly legible condition at all times. This applies to, for example:
▪Arrow indicating the direction of rotation
▪Markings for connections
▪Name plate
The operator is responsible for ensuring compliance with all local regulations not
taken into account in this manual.
2.3 Intended use
The pump (set) must only be operated within the operating limits described in the
other applicable documents.
▪Only operate pumps/pump sets which are in perfect technical condition.
▪Do not operate the pump (set) in partially assembled condition.
▪Only use the pump to handle the fluids described in the data sheet or product
literature of the pump model.
▪Never operate the pump without the fluid handled.
!DANGER
2 Safety
Ama-Drainer N 301/302/303 7 of 24

▪Observe the minimum flow rates indicated in the data sheet or product literature
(to prevent overheating, bearing damage, etc).
▪Observe the maximum flow rates indicated in the data sheet or product
literature (to prevent overheating, mechanical seal damage, cavitation damage,
bearing damage, etc).
▪Do not throttle the flow rate on the suction side of the pump (to prevent
cavitation damage).
▪Consult the manufacturer about any use or mode of operation not described in
the data sheet or product literature.
Prevention of foreseeable misuse
▪Never open discharge-side shut-off elements further than permitted.
– The maximum flow rate specified in the data sheet or product literature
would be exceeded.
–Risk of cavitation damage
▪Never exceed the permissible operating limits specified in the data sheet or
product literature regarding pressure, temperature, etc.
▪Observe all safety information and instructions in this manual.
2.4 Personnel qualification and training
All personnel involved must be fully qualified to install, operate, maintain and
inspect the machinery this manual refers to.
The responsibilities, competence and supervision of all personnel involved in
installation, operation, maintenance and inspection must be clearly defined by the
operator.
Deficits in knowledge must be rectified by means of training and instruction
provided by sufficiently trained specialist personnel. If required, the operator can
commission the manufacturer/supplier to train the personnel.
Training on the pump (set) must always be supervised by technical specialist
personnel.
2.5 Consequences and risks caused by non-compliance with these operating
instructions
▪Non-compliance with these operating instructions will lead to forfeiture of
warranty cover and of any and all rights to claims for damages.
▪Non-compliance can, for example, have the following consequences:
–Hazards to persons due to electrical, thermal, mechanical and chemical
effects and explosions
– Failure of important product functions
– Failure of prescribed maintenance and servicing practices
– Hazard to the environment due to leakage of hazardous substances
2.6 Safety awareness
In addition to the safety information contained in this manual and the intended use,
the following safety regulations shall be complied with:
▪Accident prevention, health and safety regulations
▪Explosion protection regulations
▪Safety regulations for handling hazardous substances
▪Applicable standards and laws
2 Safety
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2.7 Safety information for the operator/user
▪Fit contact guards supplied by the operator for hot, cold or moving parts, and
check that the guards function properly.
▪Do not remove any contact guards during operation.
▪Provide the personnel with protective equipment and make sure it is used.
▪Contain leakages (e.g. at the shaft seal) of hazardous fluids handled (e.g.
explosive, toxic, hot) so as to avoid any danger to persons and the environment.
Adhere to all relevant laws.
▪Eliminate all electrical hazards. (In this respect refer to the applicable national
safety regulations and/or regulations issued by the local energy supply
companies.)
▪If shutting down the pump does not increase potential risk, fit an emergency-
stop control device in the immediate vicinity of the pump (set) during pump set
installation.
▪Make sure the system cannot be accessed by unauthorised persons (e.g. children).
2.8 Safety information for maintenance, inspection and installation work
▪Modifications or alterations of the pump are only permitted with the
manufacturer's prior consent.
▪Use only original spare parts or parts authorised by the manufacturer. The use of
other parts can invalidate any liability of the manufacturer for resulting damage.
▪The operator ensures that all maintenance, inspection and installation work is
performed by authorised, qualified specialist personnel who are thoroughly
familiar with the manual.
▪Only carry out work on the pump (set) during standstill of the pump.
▪The pump casing must have cooled down to ambient temperature.
▪Pump pressure must have been released and the pump must have been drained.
▪When taking the pump set out of service always adhere to the procedure
described in the manual. (⇨ Section 6.3 Page 17)
▪Decontaminate pumps which handle fluids posing a health hazard.
▪As soon as the work is completed, re-install and/or re-activate any safety-relevant
and protective devices. Before returning the product to service, observe all
instructions on commissioning.
2.9 Unauthorised modes of operation
Never operate the pump (set) outside the limits stated in the data sheet and in this
manual.
The warranty relating to the operating reliability and safety of the supplied pump
(set) is only valid if the equipment is used in accordance with its intended use. (⇨
Section 2.3 Page 7)
2 Safety
Ama-Drainer N 301/302/303 9 of 24

3 Transport/Temporary Storage/Disposal
3.1 Checking the condition upon delivery
1. On transfer of goods, check each packaging unit for damage.
2. In the event of in-transit damage, assess the exact damage, document it and
notify KSB or the supplying dealer (as applicable) and the insurer about the
damage in writing immediately.
3.2 Transport
CAUTION
Improper pump transport
Damage to the pump!
▷To transport the pump/pump set always use the handle provided.
▷Never suspend the pump (set) from the float switch (only type SE) or the power
supply cable for transport.
▷Prevent the pump (set) from getting knocked or dropped.
3.3 Storage/Preservation
CAUTION
Damage during storage by frost, humidity, dirt, UV radiation or vermin
Corrosion/contamination of the pump!
▷Store the pump (set) in a dry, dark, frost-proof room not exposed to sunlight
where the atmospheric humidity is as constant as possible.
Store the pump (set) vertically in a dry, dark, frost-proof room not exposed to
sunlight. Under these conditions it does not need additional preservation.
3.4 Disposal
WARNING
Fluids posing a health hazard and/or hot fluids
Hazard to persons and the environment!
▷Collect and properly dispose of flushing liquid and any residues of the fluid
handled.
▷Wear safety clothing and a protective mask, if required.
▷Observe all legal regulations on the disposal of fluids posing a health hazard.
1. Dismantle the pump (set).
Collect greases and other lubricants during dismantling.
2. Separate and sort the pump materials, e.g. by:
- Metals
- Plastics
- Electronic waste
- Greases and other lubricants
3. Dispose of materials in accordance with local regulations or in another controlled
manner.
3 Transport/Temporary Storage/Disposal
10 of 24 Ama-Drainer N 301/302/303

4 Description of the Pump (Set)
4.1 General description
Standard variant
CAUTION
Unsuitable fluids
Damage to the pump!
▷Never use the pump to handle corrosive, combustible or explosive fluids.
▷Never use the pump to handle waste water.
▷Do not use the pump for foodstuff applications.
▪Submersible waste water pump (see submersible motor pump)
Pump for handling seepage water
Pump for handling chemically neutral, slightly contaminated waste water as well as
wash water.
Table 3: Particle size for slightly contaminated waste water
Type series Max. particle size
[mm]
Ama-Drainer N 301/302/303 10
Variant C
Suitable for handling the above fluids and, in addition:
▪Sea water
4.2 Designation
Example: Ama-Drainer N 302 SE / NE / C
Table 4: Key to the designation
Code Description
Ama-Drainer N 302 Type series
S With float switch
N Without float switch
E Motor version, e.g. E = single-phase a.c. motor
C Variant for aggressive water
4.3 Name plate
Ama®-Drainer N 301 SE
Hmax = 6.7 m
Classe F IP 68 T50 °C
2011
S-1151
39300117
MADE IN FRANCE
220 V~. 60 Hz 2.15 A 500 W
Qmax = 10 m3/h 2 m
KSB SAS
F-59 320 Sequedin
1
2
4
3
5
9
8
10
6
7
Fig. 1: Name plate (example)
1 Type series, size 2 Rated voltage/frequency
3 Maximum head 4 Thermal class of winding insulation
5 Enclosure 6 Maximum fluid and ambient
temperature
7 Maximum immersion depth 8 Maximum flow rate
9 Rated power 10 Series code
4 Description of the Pump (Set)
Ama-Drainer N 301/302/303 11 of 24

Key to the series code
S = series, 11 = year of construction 2011, 01 = week 1
4.4 Design details
Design
All parts which will come into contact with the fluid handled are made of rust-proof
materials.
▪Vertical installation
▪Single-stage
▪Meets all requirements laid down in EN 12050-2
Motor
▪Single-phase AC motor
▪Cooled by the fluid handled
▪Thermal motor protection with automatic reset and start-up
▪Earthed power supply cable
Pump casing
▪Annular casing
Impeller type
▪With free-flow impeller
Bearings
▪Enclosed bearings, grease-packed for life
4.5 Configuration and function
1
3
4
5
2
6
7
8
Fig. 2: Sectional drawing
1 Discharge nozzle
Optional: with hose connection
2 Bearing bracket
3 Rolling element bearing 4 Shaft
5 Rolling element bearing 6 Shaft seal
7 Impeller 8 Foot opening
The pump is designed with an axial fluid inlet and an outlet parallel to the axis,
pointing upwards. The hydraulic system runs in common bearings and is connected to
the motor by a shaft coupling.
Design
4 Description of the Pump (Set)
12 of 24 Ama-Drainer N 301/302/303

The fluid enters the pump via an opening in the foot (8) and is accelerated outward
by the rotating impeller (7). In the flow passage of the pump casing the kinetic
energy of the fluid is converted into pressure energy. The fluid is pumped to the
discharge nozzle (1), where it leaves the pump. At the rear side of the impeller, the
shaft (4) enters the casing via the casing wall. The shaft passage through the cover is
sealed towards the atmosphere with a shaft seal (6). The shaft runs in rolling element
bearings (3 and 5), which are supported by a bearing bracket (2). The bearing bracket
is linked with the pump casing and/or casing cover.
The pump is sealed by three bi-rotational shaft seals in tandem arrangement.
A lubricant reservoir between the seals ensures cooling and lubrication of the shaft
seals.
4.6 Scope of supply
Depending on the model, the following items are included in the scope of supply:
▪Pump set
▪Non-return valve
▪Connection socket with internal thread
▪Locking disc for float
▪Cable (3 metres or 10 metres)
Further (special) accessories can be ordered through your distributor.
Function
Sealing
Special accessories
4 Description of the Pump (Set)
Ama-Drainer N 301/302/303 13 of 24

5 Installation at Site
5.1 Safety regulations
DANGER
Unsuitable electrical installation
Danger to life!
▷Make sure the electrical installation meets the VDE 0100 installation rules (i.e.
sockets with earthing terminals).
▷Make sure the electric mains is equipped with a residual current device of
maximum 30 mA.
▷Always have the electrical connections installed by a trained and qualified
electrician.
▷Only use the plugs and mains cables supplied with the pump.
DANGER
Pump used outdoors
Danger of death from electric shock!
▷Do not use models with 3-metre cable length outside of buildings.
▷Any extension cords must match the quality of the supplied pump cable (10-
metre cable length).
▷Do not expose electrical connections to any moisture.
DANGER
Continuous pump operation in swimming pools, garden ponds or similar
Danger of death from electric shock!
▷Make sure that nobody is in the water while the pump is in operation.
▷Only use the pump for draining swimming pools, garden ponds, etc. (It is
impermissible to use this pump as a recirculation pump, for example.)
5.2 Checks to be carried out prior to installation
Before installing the pump make sure that the following requirements are met:
▪Check the data on the name plate of the pump to make sure it can be operated
on the available mains.
▪The fluid to be handled matches the description of suitable fluids.
▪The above safety instructions have been complied with.
5.3 Fitting the swing check valve and socket (if supplied unfitted)
1
3
2
Fig. 3: Fitting the swing check valve and socket
1 Discharge nozzle 2 Socket 1 1/4"
3 Swing check valve
5 Installation at Site
14 of 24 Ama-Drainer N 301/302/303

1. Position the swing check valve on the discharge nozzle.
Make sure the disc of the swing check valve opens upwards.
2. Screw the socket on with the long thread and tighten it.
5.4 Adjusting the cut-in level control
Fig. 4: Cut-in / cut-out levels
Table 5: Limits of the float levels
Type series b min b max
Ama-Drainer N 301 SE ~ 70 mm ~ 295 mm
Ama-Drainer N 302 SE ~ 110 mm ~ 315 mm
Ama-Drainer N 303 SE ~ 110 mm ~ 315 mm
Fig. 5: Adjusting the cut-in level control
1. Unplug the pump from the electric mains.
2. Insert a screwdriver into the screw at the float and hold it in this position.
Do not turn the screw.
3. Push the float up or down to adjust it to the required cut-in level.
4. Pull the screwdriver back out again.
5. Check the cut-in level by moving the float up and down. You should be able to
hear a "click" each time the float is lifted up to the cut-in level.
6. Plug the pump back into the mains.
5 Installation at Site
Ama-Drainer N 301/302/303 15 of 24

5.5 Piping
5.5.1 Connecting the piping (stationary installation – 3 metre cable length)
NOTE
The highest point of the discharge line must be above the flood level (usually street level)
to prevent any backflow from the sewage system.
1. Connect the pump and piping at the G 1 ¼ thread of the discharge nozzle. Use a
pipe with an inner diameter of 32 millimetres.
5.5.2 Connecting the piping (transportable installation – 10 metre cable length)
1. A hose with an inner diameter of 30 millimetres can be connected to the pump
set. To do so, screw a G 1 ¼ adaptor into the threaded socket (see accessories
"drainage hose set A 25 B").
2. Fasten the hose with a hose clip.
5.6 Installing the pump set
A
B
E
h
Fig. 6: Installation dimensions
A Cut-in level B Cut-out level
Table 6: Recommended installation dimensions
Type series E
[mm]
h
[mm]
Ama-Drainer N 301 400 x 400 400
Ama-Drainer N 302/303 400 x 400 500
1. For transporting and lifting the pump observe the following notes. (⇨ Section 3.2
Page 10)
2. If required, suspend the pump using a rope attached to the handle.
3. Place the pump on a secured surface. (Recommended installation dimensions: 400
x 400 mm).
4. Make sure that the float can move freely.
5.7 Connection to power supply
Plug the pump into the mains socket.
The pump switches on and off automatically.
5 Installation at Site
16 of 24 Ama-Drainer N 301/302/303

6 Commissioning/Start-up/Shutdown
6.1 Start-up/shutdown
The pump's automatic control system will cut in when level "A" is reached and will
cut out when level "B" is reached.
6.2 Operating limits
Table 7: Operating limits
Characteristic Ama-Drainer N 301 Ama-Drainer N 302 Ama-Drainer N 303
Head 6.5 m max. 10 m max. 12.5 m max.
Flow rate 10 m3/h max. 12 m3/h max. 14 m3/h max.
Immersion depth 2 m max. 2 m max. 2 m max.
Voltage/frequency 230 V/60 Hz 230 V/60 Hz 230 V/60 Hz
Max. temperature, continuous 0 to 50 °C 0 to 50 °C 0 to 50 °C
Particle size
(maximum diameter)
10 mm 10 mm 10 mm
Residual water level
(Type NE for manual operation)
15 mm min. 15 mm min. 15 mm min.
Power input 500 W max. 750 W max. 1120 W max.
Enclosure IP 68 IP 68 IP 68
Power supply cable 10 m H07RN8-F 10 m H07RN8-F 10 m H07RN8-F
Type
SE
3 m H05RN8-F 3 m H05RN8-F 3 m H05RN8-F
Frequency of starts
[start-ups/hour]
30 max.
6.3 Shutdown/storage/preservation
6.3.1 Measures to be taken for shutdown
1. Unplug the pump from the electric mains.
2. Wait for the pump to cool down (at least 10 minutes) before removing it from
the tank.
3. Separate the pump from the discharge line.
4. Unscrew the connection socket at the discharge nozzle and remove the swing
check valve.
5. Clean the pump and its add-on parts under a water jet. Point the water jet into
the discharge nozzle.
6. Allow the parts to dry.
7. Re-install the connection socket and the swing check valve. Observe the assembly
sequence.
8. Store the pump vertically in a dry, dark and frost-proof room.
NOTE
Special preservation measures are not required.
6.4 Returning to service
(⇨ Section 5 Page 14)
6 Commissioning/Start-up/Shutdown
Ama-Drainer N 301/302/303 17 of 24

7 Servicing/Maintenance
7.1 Safety regulations
DANGER
Power supply not disconnected
Danger to life!
▷Pull the mains plug and secure the pump against unintentional start-up.
DANGER
Work on the pump set by unqualified personnel
Danger of death from electric shock!
▷Have pump components modified and dismantled by authorised personnel only.
WARNING
Insufficient stability
Risk of crushing hands and feet!
▷During assembly/dismantling, secure the pump (set)/pump parts to prevent
tipping or falling over.
WARNING
Fluids handled posing a health hazard
Hazard to persons and the environment!
▷Clean the pump prior to any maintenance/servicing and installation work.
▷Avoid contact with the fluid handled.
7.2 Servicing/inspection
The pump is practically maintenance-free.
It will suffice to clean the pump once a year and carry out visual inspections of the
condition of the pump and supply line.
7.3 Drainage/disposal
WARNING
Fluids posing a health hazard and/or hot fluids or supplies
Hazard to persons and the environment!
▷Collect and properly dispose of flushing liquid and any liquid residues.
▷Wear safety clothing and a protective mask, if required.
▷Observe all legal regulations on the disposal of fluids posing a health hazard.
The pump will be automatically drained when it is taken out of the fluid handled.
7.4 Dismantling/reassembling the pump set
7.4.1 General information/Safety regulations
Dismantling/reassembly work must be effected by authorised specialist personnel
only.
7 Servicing/Maintenance
18 of 24 Ama-Drainer N 301/302/303

NOTE
All maintenance, service and installation work can be carried out by KSB Service or
authorised workshops. Find your contact in the attached "Addresses" booklet or on the
Internet at "www.ksb.com/contact".
7.5 Recommended spare parts stock
It is not necessary to keep spare parts on stock.
7 Servicing/Maintenance
Ama-Drainer N 301/302/303 19 of 24

8 Trouble-shooting
Table 8: Trouble-shooting
Fault/malfunction Cause Remedy1)
Pump is running, but does not
or hardly deliver.
The hydraulic system is clogged by
foreign matter.
Clean the hydraulic system with a water
jet. (⇨ Section 6.3 Page 17)
The discharge line is closed. Open all accessories fitted at the
discharge line.
The non-return valve has been fitted
for the opposite direction of flow or is
clogged.
Reassemble observing the correct
sequence or clean the non-return valve.
The pump is not running or only
for a short time.
The thermal motor protection device
triggers because:
1) Pump overheating Check the fluid temperature.
2) Pump running dry Verify the minimum fluid level.
The power supply is interrupted Check the electrical installation.
1) Pump pressure must be released before attempting to remedy faults on parts which are subjected to pressure. Disconnect
the pump from the power supply and allow it to cool down.
8 Trouble-shooting
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