Laird Sentrius RS191 User manual

A
™
Version 1.12

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Version
Date
Notes
Contributor
Approver
1.0
05 Dec 2017
Initial version
Christopher Hofmeister
Jonathan Kaye
1.1
09 Apr 2018
Indicated that the Sentrius™ Sensor with an external
sensor port (RJ45) will be available rather than is
available.
Mark Cai
Jonathan Kaye
1.2
17 Oct 2018
Updated for firmware version 4.4. Added in Packet
Format and Packet Type sections.
Colin Anderson
Jonathan Kaye
1.3
19 Dec 2018
Updated logos and URLs
Sue White
Jonathan Kaye
1.4
May 2019
Reset button, LIFO, and FIFO backlog retrieval. Updated
rest of doc for clarity.
Colin Anderson
Jonathan Kaye
1.5
July 2019
Introduction of AS923 and AU915 regions.
Colin Anderson, Mark
Monson, Daniel Cesarz
Jonathan Kaye
1.6
15 Aug 2019
Added AS923 Region Label Support within various
sections and created Section 16
Robert Gosewehr
Jonathan Kaye
1.7
28 Aug 2019
Reflect new part numbers and modified ext.
probe specification
Chris Boorman
Jonathan Kaye
1.8
04 Nov 2019
Added details of Laird 2 packet format
Greg Leach
Chris Boorman
1.9
02 Dec 2019
Added AS923 Region Supported Label Section
Changed Guide and Manual references to Configuration.
Robert Gosewehr
Chris Boorman
1.10
29 Jan 2020
Added the following;
▪Details of Open/Closed sensor packet format
▪Details of Open/Closed sensor configuration
▪Details of Open/Closed sensor state machine
Greg Leach, Robert
Gosewehr, Chris
Hofmeister
Chris Boorman
1.11
21 April 2020
▪Updated for firmware version 6.0 release
▪Updated region labels reflect addition of Singapore
▪Added the following:
–Details of backlog configuration and behavior
–Details of battery life calculation algorithms
Greg Leach, Robert
Gosewehr, Chris
Hofmeister
Chris Boorman
1.12
22 June 2020
▪Updated Cayenne packet format tables
▪Updated region part numbers table
Greg Leach
Chris Boorman

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1About this Guide..................................................................................................................................................................6
2Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Product Overview.......................................................................................................................................................6
2.2 Specifications.............................................................................................................................................................6
2.3 Architecture Overview................................................................................................................................................7
3Powering Up the Sensor......................................................................................................................................................7
3.1 Battery Types.............................................................................................................................................................7
3.1.1 Changing Battery Type.........................................................................................................................................8
3.2 Inserting Batteries ......................................................................................................................................................8
3.3 Battery Level Measurement .......................................................................................................................................9
3.3.1 Alkaline Battery Level Measurement....................................................................................................................9
3.3.2 Lithium Battery Level Measurement...................................................................................................................10
4Connecting to a LoRa Network Server ..............................................................................................................................11
4.1 AppEUI.....................................................................................................................................................................11
4.1.1 Default AppEUI...................................................................................................................................................11
4.1.2 Reading or Changing the AppEUI......................................................................................................................11
4.2 DevEUI.....................................................................................................................................................................11
4.2.1 Reading the DevEUI Back Label........................................................................................................................11
4.3 AppKey.....................................................................................................................................................................12
4.3.1 Reading the AppKey...........................................................................................................................................12
5Configuring the Packet Format..........................................................................................................................................13
6Configuring the Packet Type .............................................................................................................................................15
7Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) ................................................................................................................................................16
7.1 Definitions ................................................................................................................................................................16
7.2 Data Rate, Sensor Performance, and Tradeoffs......................................................................................................16
7.2.1 Range.................................................................................................................................................................16
7.2.2 Battery Life.........................................................................................................................................................16
7.2.3 Bandwidth...........................................................................................................................................................16
7.2.4 EU Considerations..............................................................................................................................................16
7.3 MAC Commands and the LoRa Standard................................................................................................................16
7.3.1 902-928 MHz US and Canada ...........................................................................................................................16
7.3.2 863-870 MHz EU................................................................................................................................................16
7.3.3 915-928 MHz AS................................................................................................................................................17
7.3.4 915-928 MHz AU................................................................................................................................................17
7.3.5 Data rate control.................................................................................................................................................17
8Device Operation...............................................................................................................................................................18
8.1 Care and Maintenance.............................................................................................................................................18

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8.2 Positioning of the Sensor .........................................................................................................................................18
8.3 Important Operational Consideration........................................................................................................................18
8.4 LoRa Messages .......................................................................................................................................................18
8.5 Join Sequence .........................................................................................................................................................19
8.6 Ack/Retries...............................................................................................................................................................19
8.7 Disconnect ...............................................................................................................................................................20
8.8 Network Time...........................................................................................................................................................20
8.9 Logging Feature.......................................................................................................................................................21
8.9.1 On Fail................................................................................................................................................................21
8.9.2 Continuous.........................................................................................................................................................21
8.10 Backoff Period..........................................................................................................................................................22
8.10.1 Operation at 902-928 US with DR0....................................................................................................................22
8.11 Measuring Humidity..................................................................................................................................................22
8.12 Setting Up the Sensor..............................................................................................................................................22
8.12.1 Sensor Read Period...........................................................................................................................................22
8.12.2 Sensor Aggregate ..............................................................................................................................................22
8.12.3 Alarm Levels.......................................................................................................................................................23
8.12.4 LED Behavior .....................................................................................................................................................23
8.13 Sensor Firmware Version.........................................................................................................................................23
8.14 Resetting the Sensor................................................................................................................................................23
9Configuration.....................................................................................................................................................................24
9.1 Device Configuration................................................................................................................................................24
10 Mobile Application .............................................................................................................................................................25
10.1 Overview..................................................................................................................................................................25
10.2 Install Sentrius Sensor Mobile App on Device..........................................................................................................25
10.3 Connect to Sentrius Sensor .....................................................................................................................................25
10.3.1 Select Device .....................................................................................................................................................26
10.4 Main Screen.............................................................................................................................................................26
10.4.1 Sensor Configuration..........................................................................................................................................27
10.5 View Sensor Data.....................................................................................................................................................28
10.6 LoRa Configuration ..................................................................................................................................................28
10.7 LoRa Network ..........................................................................................................................................................29
10.8 BLE Info ...................................................................................................................................................................29
10.9 Update Firmware......................................................................................................................................................30
10.10 Alerts and Backlogs..................................................................................................................................................31
10.11 Battery Life Calculator..............................................................................................................................................31
10.12 Integrating Sentrius™ Sensor into a Third-Party Application ...................................................................................32
11 Bluetooth SIG....................................................................................................................................................................32
12 FCC and ISED Canada Regulatory Statements................................................................................................................32

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12.1 Power Exposure Information....................................................................................................................................32
12.2 OEM Responsibilities...............................................................................................................................................32
FCC Interference Statement..............................................................................................................................................33
FCC Warning.....................................................................................................................................................................33
Industry Canada (IC) Warning...........................................................................................................................................33
ISED Radiation Exposure Statement.................................................................................................................................33
13 CE Regulatory...................................................................................................................................................................34
13.1 EU Declarations of Conformity.................................................................................................................................34
14 Ordering Information..........................................................................................................................................................35
14.1 Evaluation Kit Details (applies to 455-0001, 455-0002, and other regional variants) ...............................................35
15 Other Variants ...................................................................................................................................................................36
15.1 External Temperature Sensor..................................................................................................................................36
15.2 External Open/Closed Sensor..................................................................................................................................36
15.3 External RTD Sensor ...............................................................................................................................................37
16 Label Info...........................................................................................................................................................................39
16.1 Back Label ...............................................................................................................................................................40
16.1.1 QR Code 1 Info ..................................................................................................................................................40
16.1.2 QR Code 2 Info ..................................................................................................................................................40
16.1.3 QR Code 3 Info ..................................................................................................................................................40
16.2 Label (Back Label Space)........................................................................................................................................40
16.3 AS923 Region Labels...............................................................................................................................................41
16.3.1 Singapore (SG –923 MHz)................................................................................................................................41
16.3.2 Taiwan (TW –923 MHz).....................................................................................................................................41
16.3.3 New Zealand (NZ –923 MHz)............................................................................................................................41
16.3.4 Hong Kong (HK –923 MHz)...............................................................................................................................41
16.3.5 Australia (AU –915 MHz or 923 MHz) ...............................................................................................................41
17 Additional information........................................................................................................................................................42
18 Appendix A - Cayenne packet format................................................................................................................................42

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This document provides a comprehensive guide on how to configure the Sentrius™RS186 and RS191 sensors to suit the
intended application. It covers all Sentrius™RS1xx functionality, including Bluetooth and LoRa configurations in detail, as well
as setting up the sensor on a LoRa network server.
In order to comply with the LoRaWAN spec, Laird offers several different versions of the Sentrius Sensor. Regions covered
include Europe (EU), North America (US) and Australia (AU915) and a growing number of countries in the Asia(AS) region.
In order to meet local regulatory requirements, these regions are covered by individual firmware versions for each country.
The regional setting of the Sentrius Sensor cannot be modified by customers.
Note: Step by step instructions, screen shots, and images are based on the Sentrius™RS191, but the same are
applicable for the Sentrius™RS186 or other variants. Any differences are noted.
The Sentrius™RS1xx LoRa-Enabled Sensor from Laird is the ultimate in secure, scalable, robust
LoRa solutions for end-to-end control of your private LoRaWAN network. Based on the Semtech SX1272
chipset, it offers a long range up to ten miles, perfect for highly scalable, flexible IoT networks. The Sentrius
RS1xx Sensor works with Laird’s Sentrius™RG1xx Series Gateways for simple out-of-the-box integration
and is compatible with third-party and LoRa network servers.
Figure 1: Top of the
Sentrius RS1xx sensor
1. Temperature and humidity
sensor
2. Bluetooth button
3. LEDs
4. Fixing holes
Figure 2: Back side of the Sentrius RS1xx
sensor
Note: Laird has a comprehensive staff of design services engineers available to help customize the sensor.
Please contact your local Laird sales representative for more details.
See the RS1xx product brief for detailed specifications. It’s available from the Documentation tab of the RS1xx Series product
page: https://www.lairdconnect.com/wireless-modules/lorawan-solutions/sentrius-rs1xx-lora-enabled-sensors

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The major pieces of a LoRa network can be seen in Figure 3. The RS1xx sensor is an End Node in the diagram below. The
RS1xx requires the other components in the diagram below to operate.
Figure 3: LoRa architecture
Note: The Sentrius Sensor has no power switch. Inserting the batteries powers up the device.
The Sentrius Sensor is designed for use with primary cell AA batteries, either lithium or alkaline 1.5V cells. Lithium batteries
have more capacity but are costlier. Lithium batteries also have a lower temperature range of -40° C, as opposed to -20° C for
alkaline.
Figure 4 displays the results of an experiment done with lithium and alkaline batteries at cold (-20° C) temperatures. A
discharge profile was set up on a power analyzer that consumed 75 mA for 200 mS and then rested 400 mS before repeating.
This resulted in an average current of 25 mA continuous.
The lithium batteries lasted around 130 hours, or (25 mA x 130 hours) 3250 mA/hours. The rated capacity is 3500 mA/hours,
so it lasted 93% of its rated value.
The alkaline battery shows signs of instability at -20° C. It descended below the 2.1V cutoff, but then recovered some time
later. In a real-world situation, the devices would have stopped operating around 28 hours, or (25 mA x 28 hours) 700
mA/hours. The rated capacity is 2500 mA/hours, so it lasted only 28% of its rated value.

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Figure 4: Lithium vs alkaline batteries
You must specify the type of battery being used because the algorithm that determines the percentage of remaining battery life
must account for the battery type.
Default Battery Type for the Sentrius Sensor: Alkaline batteries
The battery type can be changed via the Sentrius™ mobile application. Refer to the Configuration section for details.
The batteries are inserted on the rear panel of the RS1xx sensor, as shown in Figure 2.
Note: The battery door cover has a gasket inside to keep out liquids. It is important that all screws on the back of the unit
are properly inserted and tightened. Failure to do so could result in liquid ingress which would void the device
warranty.

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The battery level is measured each time a sensor data uplink is performed, with a scale of 0 through 5 being used to represent
remaining percentage of 0 through 100%, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 - Battery percentage values
Value
Percentage Range
0
< 5
1
5 –20
2
21 - 40
3
41 - 60
4
61 - 80
5
81- 100
Depending upon the battery type in use, different algorithms are used to calculate the remaining battery level. These are
described in the following sections.
The relatively linear effect of temperature upon alkaline battery discharge permits a look up table system for calculating the
remaining battery life. Temperature dependent voltages (combined series voltages of the two AA batteries inserted), as shown
in Table 2 through Table 7, are used to determine the remaining battery life, with an internal temperature sensor being used to
determine the best possible match.
Table 2 - Alkaline battery levels at -40° C
Level Remaining
Voltagebaaaa (V)
5
>2.65
4
>2.5
3
>2.35
2
>2.25
1
>2.2
Table 3 - Alkaline battery levels at -20° C
Level Remaining
Voltage (V)
5
>2.65
4
>2.55
3
>2.45
2
>2.35
1
>2.3
Table 4 - Alkaline battery levels at 0° C
Level Remaining
Voltage (V)
5
>2.7
4
>2.6
3
>2.5
2
>2.4
1
>2.3

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Table 5 - Alkaline battery levels at 20° C
Level Remaining
Voltage (V)
5
>2.78
4
>2.68
3
>2.55
2
>2.48
1
>2.3
Table 6 –Alkaline battery levels at 40° C
Level Remaining
Voltage (V)
5
>2.85
4
>2.75
3
>2.65
2
>2.5
1
>2.3
Table 7 - Alkaline battery levels at 60° C
Level Remaining
Voltage (V)
5
>2.95
4
>2.8
3
>2.7
2
>2.55
1
>2.3
To account for the temperature effects on voltage of lithium batteries, the sensor calculates a voltage offset based on the
measured temperature which is applied to the raw voltage data.
The temperature compensated battery voltage is compared against the values in Table 8 to determine the final battery
capacity value.
Table 8 –Lithium battery levels with temperature compensation applied
Level Remaining
Voltage (V)
5
>2.95
4
>2.8
3
>2.7
2
>2.55
1
>2.3