LaMotte smart spectro 2 User manual

OPERATOR’S
MANUAL
2
2000-02-MN
05.02.16
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CONTENTS
GENERAL INFORMATION
Packaging & Delivery ............................................................................................................... 4
General Precautions ................................................................................................................ 4
Safety Precautions .................................................................................................................. 4
Limits of Liability ...................................................................................................................... 5
Warranty...................................................................................................................................... 5
Specifications ........................................................................................................................... 6
Statistical and Technical Definitions
Related to Product Specifications ........................................................................................ 6
Contents and Accessories...................................................................................................... 8
EPA Compliance ........................................................................................................................ 8
CHEMICAL TESTING
Water Sampling for Chemical Analysis ............................................................................... 9
Filtration ................................................................................................................................... 10
An Introduction to Colorimetric Analysis & Spectroscopy ........................................... 11
Reagent Blank ......................................................................................................................... 12
Spectrophotometer Tubes ................................................................................................... 12
Selecting an Appropriate Wavelength .............................................................................. 12
Calibration Curves .................................................................................................................. 13
Preparing Dilute Standard Solutions................................................................................. 15
Standard Additions ................................................................................................................ 15
Sample Dilution Techniques & Volumetric Measurements ......................................... 16
Interferences ........................................................................................................................... 17
Stray Light Interference ....................................................................................................... 17
OPERATION OF THE SMART Spectro 2 SPECTROPHOTOMETER
Overview .................................................................................................................................... 18
Power Source ........................................................................................................................... 18
Components ............................................................................................................................ 19
Quick Start ............................................................................................................................... 20
GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURES
The Keypad ............................................................................................................................... 23
Sample Holders ....................................................................................................................... 23
The Display & the Menus ...................................................................................................... 24
SYSTEM SETUP
Dark Current ..............................................................................................................................25
Calibrate WL ..............................................................................................................................26
BT Printer....................................................................................................................................28
Edit Clock....................................................................................................................................33
Store Method.............................................................................................................................35
Beeper ON/OFF.........................................................................................................................38
Correction WL ...........................................................................................................................40
Language ...................................................................................................................................41
Reset to Default Settings.......................................................................................................43
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INITIALIZATION 45
PROGRAMMED TESTS
Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 46
Sequences of Tests ................................................................................................................ 47
General Testing Procedures ................................................................................................ 48
SETUP & EDIT SEQUENCES & USER TESTS
Edit a Sequence ...................................................................................................................... 51
Adding or Deleting Tests ....................................................................................................... 52
Edit User Tests ......................................................................................................................... 58
Naming the Test ..................................................................................................... 60
Selecting the Wavelength .................................................................................... 62
Entering a New Calibration .................................................................................. 64
Selecting the Numerical Format of the Result ............................................... 68
MEASURING IN THE %T/ABS MODE 70
STORE, DELETE AND PRINT DATA
Store Data..................................................................................................................................73
Delete Data ................................................................................................................................74
Print Data ...................................................................................................................................76
PC LINK
Output ....................................................................................................................................... 76
Send 25Group Data .................................................................................................................76
Send All Data .............................................................................................................................76
Updata Programmed Tests ...................................................................................................76
BATTERY OPERATION
Charging the Battery Pack.................................................................................................... 76
Running the SMART Spectro 2 Using the Battery .......................................................... 77
MAINTENANCE
Cleaning .................................................................................................................................... 77
Lamp Replacement and Realignment .............................................................................. 77
Halogen Lamp Replacement.................................................................................................78
Clock Battery ........................................................................................................................... 52
Replacing the RAM Battery.................................................................................... 81
Assembling the Housing Top and Bottom..........................................................81
Meter Disposal......................................................................................................................... 82
TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE
Error Messages ....................................................................................................................... 82
Helpful Hints ............................................................................................................................ 83
SMART Spectro 2 TEST PROCEDURES
APPENDIX
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4 SMART Spectro 2 Operator’s Manual 04.16
GENERAL INFORMATION
PACKAGING & DELIVERY
Experienced packaging personnel at LaMotte Company assure adequate protection
against normal hazards encountered in transportation of shipments. After the
product leaves the manufacturer, all responsibility for its safe delivery is assured
by the transportation company. Damage claims must be filed immediately with the
transportation company to receive compensation for damaged goods.
Should it be necessary to return the instrument for repair or servicing, pack instrument
carefully in suitable container with adequate packing material. A return authorization
number must be obtained from LaMotte Company by calling 1-800-344-3100. Attach a
letter with the authorization number to the shipping carton which describes the kind of
trouble experienced. This valuable information will enable the service department to make
the required repairs more efficiently.
GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
Before attempting to set up or operate this instrument it is important to read the
instruction manual. Failure to do so could result in personal injury or damage to the
equipment.
The SMART Spectro 2 should not be stored or used in a wet or corrosive environment.
Care should be taken to prevent water or reagent chemicals from wet spectrophotometer
tubes from entering the SMART Spectro 2 chamber.
NEVER PUT WET TUBES IN SPECTROPHOTOMETER.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
Read the labels on all LaMotte reagent containers prior to use. Some containers include
precautionary notices and first aid information. Certain reagents are considered
hazardous substances and are designated with a * in the instruction manual. Safety Data
Sheets (SDS) available at www.lamotte.com. Read the accompanying SDS before using
these reagents. Additional emergency information for all LaMotte reagents is available 24
hours a day from the National Poison Control Center, 1-800-222-1222 or by contacting
the 24 hour emergency line for ChemTel 1-800-255-3924 (USA, Canada, Puerto Rico);
locations outside the North American continent 813-248-0585. Be prepared to supply
the name and four-digit LaMotte code number found on the container label or at the top of
the SDS or in the contents list for the test procedure. LaMotte reagents are registered with
a computerized poison control information system available to all local poison control
centers.
Keep equipment and reagent chemicals out of the reach of young children.
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SMART Spectro 2 Operator’s Manual 04.16 5
LIMITS OF LIABILITY
Under no circumstances shall LaMotte Company be liable for loss of life, property, profits,
or other damages incurred through the use or misuse of their products.
WARRANTY
LaMotte Company warrants this instrument to be free of defects in parts and
workmanship for 2 years from the date of shipment. If it should become necessary to
return the instrument for service during or beyond the warranty period, contact our
Technical Service Department at 1-800-344-3100 for a return authorization number or
visit www.lamotte.com for troubleshooting help. The sender is responsible for shipping
charges, freight, insurance and proper packaging to prevent damage in transit. This
warranty does not apply to defects resulting from action of the user such as misuse,
improper wiring, operation outside of specification, improper maintenance or repair,
or unauthorized modification. LaMotte Company specifically disclaims any implied
warranties or merchantability or fitness for a specific purpose and will not be liable for any
direct, indirect, incidental or consequential damages. LaMotte Company’s total liability is
limited to repair or replacement of the product. The warranty set forth above is inclusive
and no other warranty, whether written or oral, is expressed or implied.
To register your meter with the LaMotte Service Department go to www.lamotte.com and
choose SUPPORT on the top navigation bar.
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6 SMART Spectro 2 Operator’s Manual 04.16
SPECIFICATIONS
INSTRUMENT TYPE: Single beam spectrophotometer
Wavelength Range 350-1000 nm
Optical System Single Beam, Grating 1200 lines/mm
Wavelength Accuracy and
Repeatability
± 2 nm
Photometric Accuracy ± 0.5%T
Bandwidth 4 nm
Transmittance Range 0-125%T
Absorbance Range -0.3-2.500A
Stray Light 0.4%T@360 nm
Display LCD
Light Source Halogen 12V / 10W
Power Supply Power Adapter 12 VDC
Power Consumption 50W
Dimension (L x W x H) 360 x 280 x 180 mm
Net Weight 13.2 lbs, 6 kg
Communication Port USB
STATISTICAL AND TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS RELATED TO PRODUCT
SPECIFICATIONS
Method Detection Limit (MDL): “The method detection limit (MDL) is defined as the
minimum concentration of a substance that can be measured and reported with 99%
confidence that the analyte concentration is greater than zero and is determined from
analysis of a sample in a given matrix containing the analyte.”1 Note that, “As Dr. William
Horwitz once stated, ‘In almost all cases when dealing with a limit of detection or limit of
determination, the primary purpose of determining that limit is to stay away from it.’”2
1.CFR 40, part 136, appendix B
2.Statistics in Analytical Chemistry: Part 7 – A Review, D. Coleman and
L Vanatta, American Laboratory, Sept 2003, P. 31.
Precision: Precision is the numerical agreement between two or more measurements.3
The precision can be reported as a range for a measurement (difference between the
min and max). It can also be reported as the standard deviation or the relative standard
deviation. It is a measure of how close together the measurements are, not how close they
are to the correct or true value. The precision can be very good and the accuracy very bad.
This is a useful measure of the performance of a test method.
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SMART Spectro 2 Operator’s Manual 04.16 7
3.Skoog, D.A., West, D. M., Fundamental of Analytical Chemistry, 2nd ed., Holt Rinehart and
Winston, Inc, 1969, p. 26.
Accuracy: Accuracy is the nearness of a measurement to the accepted or true value.4
The accuracy can be expressed as a range, about the true value, in which a measurement
occurs (i.e. ±0.5 ppm). It can also be expressed as the % recovery of a know amount of
analyte in a determination of the analyte (i.e. 103.5 %). This is a useful measure and what
most customers are interested in when they want to know about the performance of a test
method.
4.Skoog D.A., West D. M., Fundamental of Analytical Chemistry, 2nd ed., Holt Rinehart and
Winston, Inc, 1969, p. 26.
Resolution: Resolution is the smallest discernible difference between any two
measurements that can be made.5 For meters this is usually how many decimal places
are displayed. (i.e. 0.01). For titrations and various comparators it is the smallest interval
the device is calibrated or marked to (i.e. 1 drop = 10 ppm, 0.2 ppm for a DRT, or ±half
a unit difference for an octaslide or color chart). Note that the resolution many change
with concentration or range. In some cases the resolution may be less than the smallest
interval, if it is possible to make a reading that falls between calibration marks. This
is often done with various comparators. One caveat is, that resolution has very little
relationship to accuracy or precision. The resolution will always be less than the accuracy
or precision but it is not a statistical measure of how well a method of analysis works. The
resolution can be very very good and the accuracy and precision can be very, very bad! This
is not a useful measure of the performance of a test method.
5.Statistics in Analytical Chemistry: Part 7 – A Review, D. Coleman and
L Vanatta, American Laboratory, Sept 2003, P. 34.
Sensitivity: Sensitivity is the resolution based on how this term is used in LaMotte
catalogs. This term is not listed in any of the references. Sometimes it is used for
detection limit. It is a confusing term and should be avoided.
Repeatability: Repeatability is the within-run precision.6 A run is a single data set, from
set up to clean up. Generally, one run occurs on one day. However, for meter calibrations,
a single calibration is considered a single run or data set, even though it may take 2 or 3
days.
6.Jeffery G. H., Basset J., Mendham J., Denney R. C., Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative
Chemical Analysis, 5th ed., Longman Scientific & Technical, 1989, p. 130.
Reproducibility: Reproducibility is the between-run precision.7
7.Jeffery G. H., Basset J., Mendham J., Denney R. C., Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative
Chemical Analysis, 5th ed., Longman Scientific & Technical, 1989, p. 130.
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8 SMART Spectro 2 Operator’s Manual 04.16
CONTENTS AND ACCESSORIES
Contents
SMART Spectro 2 Spectrophotometer Power Cable
Test Tubes, with Caps AC Adapter
Sample Cell Holder, Universal SMART Spectro 2 Quick Start Guide
Sample Cell Holder, 10 mm Square SMART Spectro 2 Manual
NOTE: The Battery Pack and Battery Charger are not included and must be purchased
separately.
Accessories
Battery Pack (rechargeable) Code 2000-BP
Battery Charger Code 2000-BC
Carrying Case Code 2000-CS
Replacement Test Tubes with caps (6) Code 0290-6
Cuvettes Code 29653-10
Bluetooth Mobile Printer Code 5-0066
SMARTLink Software with Cable (compact disk) For more information
contact LaMotte
EPA COMPLIANCE
The SMART Spectro 2 is an EPA-Accepted instrument. EPA-Accepted means that the
instrument meets the requirements for instrumentation as found in test procedures that
are approved for the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) or National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) compliance monitoring programs.
EPA-Accepted instruments may be used with approved test procedures without additional
approval.
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SMART Spectro 2 Operator’s Manual 04.16 9
CHEMICAL TESTING
WATER SAMPLING FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
Taking Representative Samples
The underlying factor to be considered for any type of water sampling is whether or not the
sample is truly representative of the source. To properly collect a representative sample:
• Sample as frequently as possible.
• Collect a large sample or at least enough to conduct whatever tests are necessary.
• Make a composite sample for the same sampling area.
• Handle the sample in such a way as to prevent deterioration or contamination
before the analysis is performed.
• Perform analysis for dissolved gases such as dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
hydrogen sulfide immediately at the site of sampling. These factors, as well as
samples for pH testing, cannot be stored for later examination.
• Make a list of conditions or observations which may affect the sample. Other
considerations for taking representative samples are dependent upon the
source of the sample. Taking samples from surface waters involves different
considerations than taking samples from impounded and sub-surface waters.
Sampling of Open Water Systems
Surface waters, such as those found in streams and rivers, are usually well mixed. The
sample should be taken downstream from any tributary, industrial or sewage pollution
source. For comparison purposes samples may be taken upstream and at the source of
the pollution.
In ponds, lakes, and reservoirs with restricted flow, it is necessary to collect a number of
samples in a cross section of the body of water, and where possible composite samples
should be made to ensure representative samples.
To collect samples from surface waters, select a suitable plastic container with a tight
fitting screw cap. Rinse the container several times with the sample to be tested, then
immerse the container below the surface until it is filled to overflowing and replace the
cap. If the sample is not to be tested immediately, pour a small part of the sample out
and reseal. This will allow for any expansion. Any condition which might affect the sample
should be listed.
Sub-surface sampling is required to obtain a vertical profile of streams, lakes, ponds, and
reservoirs at specific depths. This type of sampling requires more sophisticated sampling
equipment.
For dissolved oxygen studies, or for tests requiring small sample sizes, a Water Sampler
(LaMotte Code 1060) will serve as a sub-surface or in-depth sampler. This weighted
device is lowered to the sampling depth and allowed to rest at this depth for a few minutes.
The water percolates into the sample chamber displacing the air which bubbles to the
surface. When the bubbles cease to rise, the device has flushed itself approximately
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10 SMART Spectro 2 Operator’s Manual 04.16
five times and it may be raised to the surface for examination. The inner chamber of the
sampling device is lifted out and portions of the water sample are carefully dispensed for
subsequent chemical analysis.
A Snap-Plunger Water Sampler (LaMotte Code 1077) is another “in-depth” sampling
device which is designed to collect large samples which can be used for a multitude of
tests. Basically, this collection apparatus is a hollow cylinder with a spring loaded plunger
attached to each end. The device is cocked above the surface of the water and lowered
to the desired depth. A weighted messenger is sent down the calibrated line to trip the
closing mechanism and the plungers seal the sample from mixing with intermediate
layers as it is brought to the surface. A special drain outlet is provided to draw off samples
for chemical analysis.
Sampling of Closed System
To obtain representative samples from confined water systems, such as pipe lines, tanks,
vats, filters, water softeners, evaporators and condensers, different considerations are
required because of chemical changes which occur between the inlet and outlet water.
One must have a basic understanding of the type of chemical changes which occur for the
type of equipment used. Also, consideration should be given to the rate of passage and
retaining time for the process water.
Temperature changes play an important part in deciding exactly what test should be
performed. Process water should be allowed to come to room temperature, 20–25°C,
before conducting any tests.
When drawing off samples from an outlet pipe such as a tap, allow sample to run for
several minutes, rinsing the container several times before taking the final sample. Avoid
splashing and introduction of any contaminating material.
FILTRATION
When testing natural waters that contain significant turbidity due to suspended solids
and algae, filtration is an option. Reagent systems, whether EPA, Standard Methods,
LaMotte or any others, will generally only determine dissolved constituents. Both EPA and
Standard Methods suggest filtration through a 0.45 micron filter membrane, to remove
turbidity, for the determination of dissolved constituents.** To test for total constituents,
organically bound and suspended or colloidal materials, a rigorous high temperature acid
digestion is necessary.
**LaMotte offers a filtering apparatus: syringe assembly (Code 1050) and membrane
filters, 0.45 micron, (Code 1103).
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SMART Spectro 2 Operator’s Manual 04.16 11
AN INTRODUCTION TO COLORIMETRIC ANALYSIS &
SPECTROSCOPY
Most test substances in water are colorless and undetectable to the human eye. To test
for their presence we must find a way to “see” them. The LaMotte SMART Spectro 2 can
be used to measure any test substance that is itself colored or can be reacted to produce
a color. In fact a simple definition of colorimetry is “the measurement of color” and a
colorimetric method is “any technique used to evaluate an unknown color in reference to
known colors”. In a colorimetric chemical test the intensity of the color from the reaction
must be proportional to the concentration of the substance being tested. Some reactions
have limitations or variances inherent to them that may give misleading results. Many
such interferences are discussed with each particular test instruction. In the most basic
colorimetric method the reacted test sample is visually compared to a known color
standard. However, accurate and reproducible results are limited by the eyesight of the
analyst, inconsistencies in the light sources, and the fading of color standards.
To avoid these sources of error, a colorimeter or spectrophotometer can be used to
photoelectrically measure the amount of colored light absorbed by a colored sample in
reference to a colorless sample (blank).
White light is made up of many different colors or wavelengths of light. A colored sample
typically absorbs only one color or one band of wavelengths from the white light. Only
a small difference would be measured between white light before it passes through a
colored sample versus after it passes through a colored sample. The reason for this is
that the one color absorbed by the sample is only a small portion of the total amount of
light passing through the sample. However, if we could select only that one color or band
of wavelengths of light to which the test sample is most sensitive, we would see a large
difference between the light before it passes through the sample and after it passes
through the sample.
The SMART Spectro 2 uses a quartz halogen lamp as the source of white light. The white
light passes through an entrance slit and is focused on a ruled grating consisting of
1200 lines/mm. The grating causes the light to be dispersed into various component
wavelengths. The monochromator design allows the user to select which specific
wavelength of interest will be passed through the exit slit and through the sample. The use
of mirrors and additional filters prevents light of undesired wavelengths (overtones, stray
light) from making it to the sample. A photodetector measures the amount of light which
passes through the sample.
The difference in the amount of monochromatic light transmitted through a colorless
sample (blank) and the amount of monochromatic light transmitted through a test
sample is a measurement of the amount of monochromatic light absorbed by the sample.
In most colorimetric tests the amount of monochromatic light absorbed is directly
proportional to the concentration of the test factor producing the color and the path
length through the sample. However, for a few tests the relationship is reversed and the
amount of monochromatic light absorbed is inversely proportional to the concentration of
the test factor.
The choice of the correct wavelength for testing is important. It is interesting to note that
the wavelength that gives the most sensitivity (lower detection limit) for a test factor
is the complementary color of the test sample. For example the Nitrate-Nitrogen test
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12 SMART Spectro 2 Operator’s Manual 04.16
produces a pink color proportional to the nitrate concentration in the sample (the greater
the nitrate concentration, the darker the pink color). A wavelength in the green region
should be selected to analyze this sample since a pinkish-red solution absorbs mostly
green light.
REAGENT BLANK
Some tests will provide greater accuracy if a reagent blank is determined to compensate
for any color or turbidity resulting from the reagents themselves. A reagent blank is
performed by running the test procedure on 10 mL of demineralized or deionized water.
Use sample water to SCAN BLANK. Insert the reacted reagent blank in the colorimeter
chamber and select SCAN SAMPLE. Note result of reagent blank. Perform the tests on the
sample water as described. Subtract results of reagent blank from all subsequent test
results.
NOTE: Some tests require a reagent blank to be used to SCAN BLANK.
SPECTROPHOTOMETER TUBES
Spectrophotometer tubes which have been scratched through excessive use should be
discarded and replaced with new ones. Dirty tubes should be cleaned on both the inside
and outside. Fingerprints on the exterior of the tubes can cause excessive light scattering
and result in errors. Handle the tubes carefully, making sure the bottom half of the tube is
not handled.
LaMotte Company makes every effort to provide high quality spectrophotometer tubes.
However, wall thicknesses and diameter of tubes may still vary slightly. This may lead to
slight variations in results (e.g. if a tube is turned while in the sample chamber, the reading
will likely change slightly). To eliminate this error put the tubes into the sample chamber
with the same orientation every time.
The tubes that are included with the spectrophotometer have an index mark to facilitate
this. If possible, use the same tube to SCAN BLANK and SCAN SAMPLE.
SELECTING AN APPROPRIATE WAVELENGTH
The most appropriate wavelength to use when creating a calibration curve is usually the
one which gives the greatest change from the lowest reacted standard concentration
to the highest reacted standard concentration. However, the absorbance of the highest
reacted standard concentration should never be greater than 2.0 absorbance units.
Scan the lowest and highest reacted standards at different wavelengths using the %T/
ABS mode to find the wavelength which gives the greatest change in absorbance without
exceeding 2.0 absorbance units. Use this wavelength to create a calibration curve.
A list of suggested wavelength ranges for the color of the reacted samples follows. Use
these as a starting point.
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SMART Spectro 2 Operator’s Manual 04.16 13
Sample Color Wavelength Range
Yellow 350-450
Yellow-Orange 450-490
Orange 490-510
Pink 510-570
Red 570-600
Green and Blue 600-750
CALIBRATION CURVES
The SMART Spectro 2 contains precalibrated tests for the LaMotte reagent systems. The
first step in using a non-LaMotte reagent system with the SMART Spectro 2 is to create a
calibration curve for the reagent system. To create a calibration curve, prepare standard
solutions of the test factor and use the reagent system to test the standard solutions with
the SMART Spectro 2.
Plot the results (in ABS or %Transmittance) versus concentration to create a calibration
curve. The calibration curve may then be used to identify the concentration of an unknown
sample by testing the unknown, reading Absorbance or %T, and finding the corresponding
concentration from the curve. The linear range of the reagent system can be determined
and this information can be used to input a User Test into the SMART Spectro 2 (see EDIT
USER TESTS, page 58).
PROCEDURE
1. Prepare 5 or 6 standard solutions of the factor being tested. The concentration of
these standards should be evenly distributed throughout the range of the reagent
system, and should include a 0 ppm standard (distilled water). For instance, the
solutions could measure 0, 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% of the system’s maximum
range.
2. Turn on the SMART Spectro 2. Select the appropriate %T/ABS wavelength from the
%T/ABS mode. Be sure to select the appropriate wavelength for the color produced by
the reagent system.
3. Use the unreacted 0 ppm standard to standardize the spectrophotometer by using it
to scan blank.
4. Following the individual reagent system instructions, react each standard solution
including 0 ppm. Record the reading and the standard solution concentration on a
chart. Readings can be recorded as percent transmittance (%T) or absorbance (A).
5. Plot results on graph paper or computer using any available plotting program. If
results are as %T versus concentration, semilog graph paper must be used. Plot
the standard solution concentrations on the horizontal, linear axis, and the %T on
the vertical, logarithmic axis. If results are as absorbance versus standard solution
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14 SMART Spectro 2 Operator’s Manual 04.16
concentration, simple linear graph paper can be used. Plot the standard solution
concentration on the horizontal axis, and the absorbance on the vertical axis.
6. After plotting the results, draw a line, or curve, of best fit through the plotted points.
The best fit may not connect the points. There should be approximately an equal
number of points above the curve as below the curve. Some reagent systems will
produce a straight line, while others produce a curve. Many computer spreadsheet
programs can produce the curve of best fit by regression analysis of the standard
solution data.
A sample of each type of graph appears below:
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SMART Spectro 2 Operator’s Manual 04.16 15
PREPARING DILUTE STANDARD SOLUTIONS
Standard solutions should be prepared to create a calibration curve. Standard solutions
can be prepared by diluting a known concentrated standard by specified amounts. A
chart or computer spreadsheet can be created to determine the proper dilutions. Use
volumetric flasks and volumetric pipets for all dilutions.
1. In Column A – Record the maximum concentration of test as determined by the range
and path length.
2. In Column B – Record the percent of the maximum concentration the standard
solution will be.
3. In Column C – Calculate the final concentration of the diluted standard solutions
by multiplying the maximum concentration (In Column A) by the % of maximum
concentration divided by 100. (C = A x ).
4. In Column D – Record the final volume of the diluted sample (i.e. volume of volumetric
flask).
5. In Column E – Record the concentration of the original standard.
6. In Column F – Calculate the milliliters of original standard required (C x D/E = F).
A sample chart appears below:
A B C=A x B/100 D E F=C x D/E
Maximum
concentration
of test
% of Maximum
concentration
Final concentration of
Diluted Standard
Volume of
Standard
Concentration of
Original Standard
mL of
Original Standard
Required
10.0 ppm 90 9.0 ppm 100 mL 1000 ppm 0.90 mL
10.0 ppm 70 7.0 ppm 100 mL 1000 ppm 0.70 mL
10.0 ppm 50 5.0 ppm 100 mL 1000 ppm 0.50 mL
10.0 ppm 30 3.0 ppm 100 mL 1000 ppm 0.30 mL
10.0 ppm 10 1.0 ppm 100 mL 1000 ppm 0.10 mL
10.0 ppm 0 0 ppm 100 mL 1000 ppm 0 mL
STANDARD ADDITIONS
A common method to check the accuracy and precision of a test is by standard
additions. In this method a sample is tested to determine the concentration of the test
substance. A second sample is then “spiked” by the addition of a known quantity of the
test substance. The second sample is then tested. The determined concentration of the
spiked sample should equal the concentration of the first plus the amount added with the
spike. The procedure can be repeated with larger and larger “spikes.” If the determined
concentrations do not equal the concentration of the sample plus that added with the
“spike”, then an interference may exist.
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16 SMART Spectro 2 Operator’s Manual 04.16
For example, a 10.0 mL water sample was determined to contain 0.3 ppm iron. To a
second 10.0 mL sample, 0.1 mL of 50 ppm iron standard was added. The concentration of
iron due to the “spike” was (0.10 mL x 50 ppm)/10.0 mL = 0.50 ppm. The concentration of
iron determined in the spiked sample should be 0.3 + 0.5 = 0.8 ppm iron.
(Note: any error due to the increased volume from the “spike” is negligible).
LaMotte offers a line of calibration standards which can be used to generate calibration
curves and perform standard additions.
SAMPLE DILUTION TECHNIQUES & VOLUMETRIC MEASUREMENTS
If a test result using the SMART Spectro 2 gives an OUT OF RANGE message then the
sample concentration could be over range or under range. If it is over range, the sample
must be diluted. Then the test should be repeated on the diluted sample to obtain
a reading which is in the concentration range for the test. (Note: This is not true for
colorimetric determination of pH.)
Example:
Measure 5 mL of the water sample into a graduated cylinder. Add demineralized water
until the cylinder is filled to the 10 mL line. The sample has been diluted by one-half, and
the dilution factor is therefore 2. Perform the test procedure, then multiply the resulting
concentration by 2 to obtain the test result.
The following table gives quick reference guidelines on dilutions of various proportions. All
dilutions are based on a 10 mL volume, so several dilutions will require small volumes of
the water sample. Graduated pipets should be used for all dilutions.
Size of Sample Deionized Water to Bring
Volume to 10 mL
Multiplication Factor
10 mL 0 mL 1
5 mL 5 mL 2
2.5 mL 7.5 mL 4
1 mL 9 mL 10
0.5 mL 0.5 mL 20
If the above glassware is not available, dilutions can be made with the spectrophotometer
tube. Fill the tube to the 10 mL line with the sample then transfer it to another container.
Add 10 mL volumes of demineralized water to the container and mix. Transfer back 10
mL of the diluted sample to the tube and follow the test procedure. Continue diluting and
testing until a reading, which is in the concentration range for the test, is obtained. Be
sure to multiply the concentration found by the dilution factor (the number of total 10 mL
volumes used).
Example:
10 mL of sample is diluted with three 10 mL volumes of demineralized water; the dilution
factor is four.
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SMART Spectro 2 Operator’s Manual 04.16 17
INTERFERENCES
LaMotte reagent systems are designed to minimize most common interferences. Each
individual test instruction discusses interferences unique to that test. Be aware of
possible interferences in the water being tested.
The reagent systems also contain buffers to adjust the water sample to the ideal pH
for the reaction. It is possible that the buffer capacity of the water sample may exceed
the buffer capacity of the reagent system and the ideal pH will not be obtained. If this is
suspected, measure the pH of a reacted distilled water reagent blank using a pH meter.
This is the ideal pH for the test. Measure the pH of a reacted water sample using the pH
meter. If the pH is significantly different from the ideal value, the pH of the sample should
be adjusted before testing.
Chlorine interferences can be removed with the use of glycine. Very high levels of
chloramines may interfere if the test result is not read immediately. Oxidized manganese
interferes but can be removed with arsenite. Bromine and iodine interferes but can be
removed with a thioacetamide blank correction.
Interferences due to high concentration of the substance being tested, can be overcome
by sample dilution (see page 16).
STRAY LIGHT INTERFERENCE
Normal indoor lighting causes no interference with the SMART Spectro 2. Always be sure
the sample chamber lid is closed when scanning blanks or samples.
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18 SMART Spectro 2 Operator’s Manual 04.16
OPERATION OF THE SMART Spectro 2
OVERVIEW
The SMART Spectro 2 is a portable, microprocessor controlled, direct reading, single beam
spectrophotometer. It has a 9 line liquid crystal display for alphabetical and numerical
messages. The operation is controlled with the keypad through menu driven software in
response to selections shown on the display.
The test library consists of over 80 LaMotte tests and 25 “User Tests”. The
spectrophotometer is also capable of running %T/Absorbance tests over the entire
wavelength range of 350 - 1000 nm. The LaMotte tests are precalibrated for LaMotte
reagent systems. The spectrophotometer displays the results of these tests directly in
units of concentration. The 25 “User Tests” may be used to enter additional calibrations.
All of these tests may be arranged in any of 3 sequences. These sequences can be
modified a limitless number of times to meet changing testing needs.
The optics feature a halogen bulb as a light source with a minimum life expectancy of
1000 hours. The incident white light is dispersed into its component wavelengths by a
1200 lines/mm ruled grating. The microprocessor controls the positioning of the grating,
automatically positioning the grating to the correct wavelength for the test that has been
selected. The monochromatic light is passed through the sample cell and is detected by a
silicon photodiode.
The SMART Spectro 2 is powered by an AC adapter that automatically recognizes the input
voltage (110/220V) and converts it to the 12V needed to run the instrument. An optional
battery pack and battery charger are available for use where portability is important.
A USB port on the back of the spectrophotometer, and optional software, allows the
spectrophotometer to be interfaced with a Winows-based personal computer for real
time data acquisition and data storage. The data storage capacity is 1000 test results for
%T/ABS tests and up to 1000 test results for each quantitatve test. Due to its portability,
alternate power sources, and rugged construction, the SMART Spectro 2 is ideal for lab
and field use.
POWER SOURCE
To use the SMART Spectro 2 with an AC power supply:
1. Plug the Power Supply into the AC Adapter socket on the back of the SMART Spectro 2.
2. Connect the Power Cable to the Power Supply and an electrical outlet.
To use the Battery Pack, see page 76.
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SMART Spectro 2 Operator’s Manual 04.16 19
COMPONENTS
Figure 1 shows a diagram of the SMART Spectro 2 and the components.
Power Input Socket:
For 12V DC Power input
USB Port
10mm
Square Cell
in Adapter
25mm
Round Cell
in Universal
Adapter
Display
Make
Selections Scroll
Between
Choices
Scroll
Between
Choices
Turn Off
Meter
Exit
Menus
Turn On
Meter
Chamber
Lamp
Replacement Access:
For lamp replacement
and realignment
Figure 1
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20 SMART Spectro 2 Operator’s Manual 04.16
QUICK START
1. Press ON. The LaMotte logo screen
will appear for about 2 seconds. After
initialization the MAIN MENU will appear.
MAIN MENU 12:00:00
PROGRAMMED TESTS
%T/ABS
PC LINK
SYSTEM SETUP
2. Press or to scroll to
PROGRAMMED TESTS.
MAIN MENU 12:00:00
PROGRAMMED TESTS
%T/ABS
PC LINK
SYSTEM SETUP
3. Press *ENTER to select PROGRAMED
TESTS.
PROGRAMMED TESTS 546 NM
SEQUENCE 1
SEQUENCE 2
SEQUENCE 3
ALL TESTS
EDIT
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