Ludlum Measurements 16 User manual

LUDLUM MODEL 16
ANALYZER
July 2011
Serial Number 95362 and Succeeding
Serial Numbers

LUDLUM MODEL 16
ANALYZER
July 2011
Serial Number 95362 and Succeeding
Serial Numbers

STATEMENT OF WARRANTY
Ludlum Measurements, Inc. warrants the products covered in this manual to be free of
defects due to workmanship, material, and design for a period of twelve months from the
date of delivery. The calibration of a product is warranted to be within its specified
accuracy limits at the time of shipment. In the event of instrument failure, notify Ludlum
Measurements to determine if repair, recalibration, or replacement is required.
This warranty excludes the replacement of photomultiplier tubes, G-M and proportional
tubes, and scintillation crystals which are broken due to excessive physical abuse or used
for purposes other than intended.
There are no warranties, express or implied, including without limitation any implied
warranty of merchantability or fitness, which extend beyond the description of the face
there of. If the product does not perform as warranted herein, purchaser’s sole remedy
shall be repair or replacement, at the option of Ludlum Measurements. In no event will
Ludlum Measurements be liable for damages, lost revenue, lost wages, or any other
incidental or consequential damages, arising from the purchase, use, or inability to use
product.
RETURN OF GOODS TO MANUFACTURER
If equipment needs to be returned to Ludlum Measurements, Inc. for repair or calibration, please send to
the address below. All shipments should include documentation containing return shipping address,
customer name, telephone number, description of service requested, and all other necessary information.
Your cooperation will expedite the return of your equipment.
LUDLUM MEASUREMENTS, INC.
ATTN: REPAIR DEPARTMENT
501 OAK STREET
SWEETWATER, TX 79556
800-622-0828 325-235-5494
FAX [phone]

Ludlum Measurements, Inc. July 2011
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Getting Started 2
Unpacking and Repacking 2-1
Battery Installation 2-1
Connecting a Detector to the Instrument 2-2
Battery Test 2-2
Instrument Test 2-2
Operational Check 2-3
Specifications 3
Identification of Controls and Functions 4
Safety Considerations 5
Environmental Conditions for Normal Use 5-1
Warning Markings and Symbols 5-1
Cleaning and Maintenance Precautions 5-2
Calibration and Maintenance 6
Establishing an Operating Point 6-1
Calibration 6-1
GM Detectors 6-2
Proportional Detectors 6-2
Scintillation Detectors 6-3
Window Calibration 6-3
HV Calibration 6-4
Ratemeter Calibration 6-5
Detector Overload Calibration 6-5
With Scintillation Detectors 6-5
With GM Detectors 6-5
Maintenance 6-6
Recalibration 6-7

Model 16 Analyzer Technical Manual
Ludlum Measurements, Inc. July 2011
Batteries 6-7
Troubleshooting 7
Troubleshooting Electronics which utilize a
GM, Scintillator or Proportional Detector 7-1
Troubleshooting GM Detectors 7-3
Troubleshooting Scintillators 7-4
Troubleshooting Proportional Detectors 7-4
Recycling 8
Parts List 9
Model 16 Analyzer 9-1
Main Board, Drawing 363 × 558 9-1
Calibration Board, Drawing 363 × 511 9-4
Wiring Diagram, Drawing 363 × 515 9-4
Drawings and Diagrams 10

Model 16 Analyzer Technical Manual Section1
Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 1-1 July 2011
Introduction
he Ludlum Model 16 Analyzer supplies the complete electronic
requirements for scintillation, proportional, or GM monitoring with
the added feature of a window discriminator circuit.
A two-position switch, marked WIN IN/OUT allows the instrument to
operate as a gross count ratemeter or as a single-channel analyzer. With the
WIN switch in the OUT position, the discriminator level is controlled by the
THR potentiometer, which is adjustable from 2 to 60 mV. In this mode, the
instrument performs as a gross count ratemeter. With the WIN switch in the
IN position, the WIN potentiometer controls the high discriminator level. The
high discriminator level may be adjusted between the THR level and two
times the threshold level (not to exceed 60 mV). Other features include AUD
ON/OFF and fast/slow (F/S) meter response switches, meter RESET and high
voltage (HV) test buttons.
Section
1
T

Model 16 Analyzer Technical Manual Section2
Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 2-1 July 2011
Getting Started
Unpacking and Repacking
Remove the calibration certificate and place it in a secure location. Remove
the instrument and accessories (batteries, cable, etc.) and ensure that all of
the items listed on the packing list are in the carton. Check individual item
serial numbers and ensure calibration certificates match. The Model 16 serial
number is located on the front panel below the battery compartment. Most
Ludlum Measurements, Inc. detectors have a label on the base or body of
the detector for model and serial number identification.
Important!
If multiple shipments are received, ensure that the detectors
and instruments are not interchanged. Each instrument is
calibrated to specific detectors, and therefore, not
interchangeable.
To return an instrument for repair or calibration, provide sufficient packing
material to prevent damage during shipment. Also provide appropriate
warning labels to ensure careful handling. Include detector(s) and related
cable(s) for calibration. Include brief information as to the reason for return,
as well as return shipping instructions:
- Return shipping address
- Customer name or contact
- Telephone number
- Description of service requested and all other necessary
information
Battery Installation
Ensure the Model 16 range selector switch is in the OFF position. Open the
battery lid by pushing down and turning the quarter-turn thumbscrew
Section
2

Model 16 Analyzer Technical Manual Section2
Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 2-2 July 2011
counterclockwise a quarter of a turn. Install two ˝D˝size batteries in the
compartment.
Note the (+) and (-) marks inside the battery door. Match the battery
polarity to these marks. Close the battery box lid, push down, and turn the
quarter-turn thumb screw clockwise a quarter of a turn.
Note:
Center post of a flashlight battery is positive. The batteries are
placed in the battery compartment in opposite directions.
Connecting a Detector to the Instrument
Caution!
The detector operating voltage (HV) is supplied to the detector
via the detector input connector. A mild electric shock may
occur if you make contact with the center pin of the input
connector. Switch the Model 16 range selector switch to the
OFF position before connecting or disconnecting the cable or
detector.
Connect one end of a detector cable to the detector by firmly pushing the
connectors together while twisting clockwise a quarter of a turn. Repeat the
process in the same manner with the other end of the cable and the
instrument.
BatteryTest
The batteries should be checked each time the instrument is turned on.
Move the range switch to the BAT position. Ensure that the meter needle
deflects to the battery check portion on the meter scale. If the meter does
not respond, check to see if the batteries have been correctly installed.
Replace the batteries if necessary.
Instrument Test
After checking the batteries, turn the instrument range switch to the ×1000
position. Place the AUD ON-OFF switch in the ON position and the WIN
IN/OUT switch to the OUT position. Expose the detector to a check source.

Model 16 Analyzer Technical Manual Section2
Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 2-3 July 2011
The instrument speaker should emit ˝clicks˝ relative to the rate of counts
detected. The AUD ON/OFF switch will silence the audible clicks if in the OFF
position. It is recommended that the AUD ON/OFF switch be kept in the OFF
position when not needed in order to preserve battery life.
Rotate the range switch through the lower scales until a meter reading is
indicated. While observing the meter fluctuations, select between the fast
and slow response time (˝F/S˝) positions to observe variations in the display.
The ˝S˝position should respond approximately 5 times slower than the ˝F˝
position.
Note:
The slow response position is normally used when the
instrument is displaying low numbers, which require a more
stable meter movement. The fast response position is used at
high rate levels.
Check the meter reset function by depressing the RES pushbutton and
ensuring the meter needle drops to “0.” When the RES pushbutton is
released the meter needle recovers to the original reading.
Depress the HV pushbutton and note that the meter indicates the high-
voltage set point.
Note:
HV power supply has an output impedance of 5.7 megohms.
HV load should not exceed 25 µA. Calculate the scintillation
detector loading if an exact high-voltage setting is required.
See calibration procedures for details on the WIN IN/OUT operation.
Once this procedure has been completed, the instrument is ready for use.
Operational Check
To assure proper operation of the instrument between calibrations and
periods of nonuse, an instrument operational check including battery test
and instrument test (as described above) should be performed prior to use.

Model 16 Analyzer Technical Manual Section2
Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 2-4 July 2011
A reference reading with a check source should be obtained at the time of
initial calibration or as soon as possible for use in confirming proper
instrument operation. In each case, ensure a proper reading on each scale. If
the instrument fails to read within 20% of a proper reading, it should be sent
to a calibration facility for recalibration.

Model 16 Analyzer Technical Manual Section3
Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 3-1 July 2011
Specifications
0
Compatible Detectors: GM, proportional, and scintillation
Power: two ˝D˝cell batteries housed in a sealed externally accessible
compartment
Battery Life: typically 600 hours with alkaline batteries (battery
condition may be checked on the meter)
Multipliers: ×1, ×10, ×100, and ×1000 selected by a front panel range
selector switch
High Voltage: adjustable from 400 to 2500 V; can be read on the meter
face
Threshold: adjustable from 2 to 60 mV
Window: adjustable from 0 to 60 mV above threshold (can be turned on
or off)
Overload: senses detector saturation; indicated by red lamp meter and
full-scale meter deflection (adjustable depending on the detector
selected)
Meter: 6.4 cm (2.5 in.) arc, 1 mA analog type
Meter Dial: 0-500 counts per minute (cpm), 0-2.5 kV, BAT TEST (others
available)
Range: typically 0-500,000 cpm
Linearity: reading within 10% of true value with detector connected
Battery Dependence: instrument calibration change less than 3%
within battery check limits on the meter
Calibration Controls: individual potentiometers for each range;
accessible from the front cover while in operational status
Section
3

Model 16 Analyzer Technical Manual Section3
Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 3-2 July 2011
Audio: built-in unimorph speaker with ON-OFF switch (greater than
60 dB at 0.6 m {2 ft})
Response: toggle switch for 4 seconds in the fast (F) position or 22
seconds in the slow (S)position from 10% to 90% of final reading
Connector: series ˝C˝(other available)
Reset: pushbutton to zero the meter
Operating Temperature: -20 to 50 °C (-4 to 122 °F)
Size: 16.5 x 8.9 x 21.6 cm (6.5 x 3.5 x 8.5 in.) (H x W x L)
Weight: 1.6 kg (3.5 lb), including batteries
Construction: cast and drawn aluminum with beige powder coating and
silk-screened nomenclature

Model 16 Analyzer Technical Manual Section4
Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 4-1 July 2011
Identification of Controls and
Functions
Range Selector Switch: a six-position switch marked OFF, BAT, ×1000,
×100, ×10, ×1. Turning the range selector switch from OFF to BAT
provides the operator with a battery check of the instrument. A BAT
check scale on the meter provides a visual means of checking the
battery-charge status. Moving the range selector switch to one of the
range multiplier positions (×1000, ×100, ×10, ×1) provides the operator
with an overall range of 0 to 500,000 cpm. Multiply the scale reading by
the multiplier to determine the actual scale reading.
Battery Compartment: The sealed compartment houses two ˝D˝cell
batteries.
RES Pushbutton Switch: When depressed, this switch provides a rapid
means of driving the meter needle to zero.
AUD ON/OFF Toggle Switch: in the ON position, this switch operates
the unimorph speaker, located on the left side of the instrument. The
frequency of the clicks is relative to the rate of the incoming pulses. The
higher the rate, the higher the audio frequency. The audio should be
turned OFF when not required, to reduce battery drain.
HV Pushbutton Switch: When depressed, displays the detector high
voltage on the meter.
F-S Toggle Switch: provides meter response. Selecting the fast, ˝F˝
position, of the toggle switch provides 90% of full-scale meter deflection
in four seconds. In the slow, ˝S˝position, 90% of full-scale meter
deflection takes 22 seconds. In the ˝F˝position, there is fast response
and large meter deviation. The ˝S˝position should be used for slow
response and damped meter deviation.
WIN IN/OUT: This toggle switch disables the window circuit for gross
counting.
Section
4

Model 16 Analyzer Technical Manual Section4
Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 4-2 July 2011
HV Adjustment: This recessed potentiometer located under the
calibration cover provides a means of varying the high voltage from 400
to 2500 V.
Range Calibration Adjustment: recessed potentiometers located under
the calibration cover. These controls allow for individual calibration of
each range multiplier.
THR: recessed potentiometer located under the calibration cover, which
allows the input sensitivity (threshold) to be adjusted from 2 to 60
millivolts. The threshold is normally set for 10 millivolts at the factory.
WIN: recessed potentiometer located under the calibration cover, which
allows the window width to be adjusted from 0 to 2.0 times the
threshold setting (input sensitivity). The window is normally set for 1.5
times the threshold.
OL: This recessed potentiometer is located under the calibration cover,
which allows for calibration of the detector overload function.

Model 16 Analyzer Technical Manual Section5
Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 5-1 July 2011
Safety Considerations
Environmental Conditions for Normal Use
Indoor or outdoor use
No maximum altitude
Temperature range of -20 to 50 °C (-4 to 122 °F); may be certified for
operation from -40 to 65 °C (-40 to 150 °F)
Maximum relative humidity of less than 95% (non-condensing)
Pollution Degree 3 (as defined by IEC 664) (Occurs when conductive
pollution or dry nonconductive pollution becomes conductive due to
condensation. This is typical of industrial or construction sites.)
Warning Markings and Symbols
Caution!
The operator or responsible body is cautioned that the
protection provided by the equipment may be impaired if the
equipment is used in a manner not specified by Ludlum
Measurements, Inc.
The Model 16 Analyzer is marked with the
following symbols:
CAUTION, RISK OF ELECTRIC SHOCK (per ISO 3864, No. B.3.6)
– designates a terminal (connector) that allows connection to a voltage
exceeding 1 kV. Contact with the subject connector while the instrument is
on or shortly after turning off may result in electric shock. This symbol
appears on the front panel.
Section
5

Model 16 Analyzer Technical Manual Section5
Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 5-2 July 2011
CAUTION (per ISO 3864, No. B.3.1) – designates hazardous live voltage
and risk of electric shock. During normal use, internal components are
hazardous live. This instrument must be isolated or disconnected from the
hazardous live voltage before accessing the internal components. This
symbol appears on the front panel. Note the following precautions:
Warning!
The operator is strongly cautioned to take the following
precautions to avoid contact with internal hazardous live parts
that are accessible using a tool:
1. Turn the instrument power OFF and remove the batteries.
2. Allow the instrument to sit for one minute before accessing
internal components.
The “crossed-out wheelie bin” symbol notifies the consumer that the
product is not to be mixed with unsorted municipal waste when discarding;
each material must be separated. The symbol is placed on the battery
compartment lid. See section 8, “Recycling,” for further information.
The “CE” mark is used to identify this instrument as being acceptable
for use within the European Union.
Cleaning and Maintenance Precautions
The Model 16 may be cleaned externally with a damp cloth, using only water
as the wetting agent. Do not immerse the instrument in any liquid. Observe
the following precautions when cleaning or performing maintenance on the
instrument:
1. Turn the instrument OFF and remove the batteries.
2. Allow the instrument to sit for one minute before cleaning the
exterior or accessing any internal components for maintenance.

Model 16 Analyzer Technical Manual Section6
Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 6-1 July 2011
Calibration and Maintenance
Establishing an Operating Point
The operating point for the instrument and probes is established by
setting the probe voltage and instrument sensitivity (HV and THR). The
proper selection of this point is the key to instrument performance.
Efficiency, background sensitivity, and noise are fixed by the physical
makeup of the given detector and rarely vary from unit to unit.
However, the selection of the operating point makes a marked
difference in the apparent contribution of these three sources of count.
In setting the operating point, the final result of the adjustment is to
establish the system gain so that the desirable signal pulses (including
background) are above the discrimination level, and the unwanted pulses
from noise are below the discrimination level, and are therefore, not
counted.
Total system gain is controlled by adjusting either the instrument
threshold or high voltage. Voltage affects control in the probe; THR
(threshold) controls the amplifier gain.
The operating point for each detector is set at a compromise point of
sensitivity, stability, and background contribution. These operating
points are best for general monitoring. However, the factory set point
may be adjusted for your specific operation.
In the special case of GM detectors, a minimum voltage must be applied
to establish the Geiger-Mueller characteristic. Further changes in gain
will not affect this type of probe.
Calibration
To access the calibration controls, remove the front-panel calibration
cover. In performing the following, use a Ludlum Model 500 Pulser or
equivalent for generation of pulse height, HV testing, and count rate
generation.
Section
6

Model 16 Analyzer Technical Manual Section6
Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 6-2 July 2011
GM DETECTORS
Note:
The GM detector pulse is NOT proportional to Gamma
Energy. WINDOW operation has no function.
1. Check GM detector specifications for proper operating high
voltage. Select this voltage with the HV calibration control.
Press HV test and confirm the proper high-voltage reading.
2. Set THR control for 40 ±10 mV.
3. Set WIN IN/OUT to OUT.
4. Set F/Sand AUD ON/OFF as per local requirements.
5. Connect GM detector and confirm proper operation with a
radiation source.
PROPORTIONAL DETECTORS
1. Set THR for 2 mV.
2. Set WIN IN/OUT to OUT.
3. Expose detector to a radiation source and observe count
rate with and without the source as voltage is increased in 50
volt increments. Plot this Data vs High Voltage.
4. Select an operating High Voltage point with minimum
change in Count Rate vs High Voltage (i.e. on the plateau).
5. Record this High Voltage for future operational check.
Note:
Gas proportional detectors and some pure argon detectors
will develop a very rapid increase of background count.
This is called “voltage breakdown.” Operate at least 100 V
below this point.

Model 16 Analyzer Technical Manual Section6
Ludlum Measurements, Inc. Page 6-3 July 2011
SCINTILLATION DETECTORS
1. Set THR for 10 mV.
2. Set WIN IN/OUT to OUT.
3. Expose detector to a radiation source and observe count
rate with and without the source as voltage is increased in
50-volt increments. Plot this Data vs High Voltage.
4. Select an operating High Voltage point with minimum
change in Count Rate vs High Voltage (i.e. on the plateau).
5. Record this High Voltage for future operational check.
WINDOW CALIBRATION
1. To find the peak energy of an isotope, the operating
characteristics of the detector must be determined. A
plateau graph of 50-volt increments should be taken with
the WIN IN/OUT switch in the OUT position and plotted for
both background and a reference source, such as 137Cs for
high energy or 241Am for low energy.
Window calibration will be valid only with the specific detector to be
used with the Model 16. A check source will be required. A Model 500
Pulser will be required if the WIN calibration is shifted to another energy.
Using the pulser, set THR on at 10 mV and WIN OFF at 15
mV.
Example:
1. The peak energy of the source is located where the count
from the source "just starts" to appear above background.
Take note of the high voltage in this area. This will be the
region of the operating point for the reference source.
2. Place the WIN IN/OUT switch to IN, and set the WIN and
THR controls. Reduce the high voltage below the point
where the source count is not seen above background.