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Radio Shack TRS-80 III User manual

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CAT. NO. 26-2112 $5.95
®
Model m
Operation and
BASIC Language
Reference Manual
Radio /haek
The biggest name in little computersTV
CUSTOM MANUFACTURED IN THE USA BY RADIO SHACK 53 ADIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION
The FCC Wants You to Know . .
.
This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy. It not installed and used prop-
erly, that is, in strict accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, it may cause interfer-
ence to radio and television reception.
It has been type tested and found to comply with the limits for aClass Bcomputing
device in accordance with the specifications in Subpart Jof Part 15 of FCC Rules, which are
designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference in aresidential instal-
lation. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in aparticular
installation.
If this equipment does cause interference to radio or television reception, which can be
determined by turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the
interference by one or more of the following measures:
•Reorient the receiving antenna
•Relocate the computer with respect to the receiver
•Move the computer away from the receiver
•Plug the computer into adifferent outlet so that computer and receiver are on different
branch circuits.
If necessary, you should consult the dealer or an experienced radio/television technician for
additional suggestions. You may find the following booklet prepared by the Federal Com-
munications Commission helpful: How to Identify and Resolve Radio-TV Interference
Problems.
This booklet is available from the US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
20402, Stock No. 004-000-00345-4.
Warning
This equipment has been certified to comply with the limits for aClass Bcomputing device,
pursuant to Subpart Jof Part 15 of FCC Rules. Only peripherals (computer input/output
devices, terminals, printers, etc.) certified to comply with the Class Blimits may be attached
to this computer. Operation with non-certified peripherals is likely to result in interference to
radio and TV reception.
®
Model III
Operation
and BASIC
Manual
Radio /hack®
MADIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION
FORT WORTH, TEXAS 76102
TRS-80® Model III Operation and BASIC
Language Reference Manual: ©1980 Tandy
Corporation, Fort Worth, Texas 76102
U.S.A. All Rights Reserved.
Reproduction or use, without express written
permission from Tandy Corporation, of any
portion of this manual is prohibited. While
reasonable efforts have been taken in the
preparation of this manual to assure its accuracy,
Tandy Corporation assumes no liability resulting
from any errors or omissions in this manual, or
from the use of the information obtained herein.
Model III System Software: ©1980 Tandy
Corporation and Microsoft. All Rights
Reserved.
The system software in the Model 111
microcomputer is retained in aread-only memory
(ROM) format. All portions of this system
software, whether in the ROM format or other
source code form format, and the ROM circuitry,
are copyrighted and are the proprietary and trade
secret information of Tandy Corporation and
Microsoft. Use, reproduction or publication of any
portion of this material without the prior written
authorization by Tandy Corporation is strictly
prohibited.
Second Edition: 10 98765432
To Our Customers. ..
The TRS-80® Model III Computer is avery powerful tool for business ,home and
recreation. Twenty years ago, this capability would have cost hundreds of times as
much as your Model III cost, and would have taken up an entire room.
In spite of its power and internal complexity ,the Model III can be quite simple to
operate. In fact, you can determine just how "technical" amachine you want it to
be.
At the simplest level of operation, you can use Radio Shack prepared cassette
programs .All you will need to know is how to load and run acassette program, and
how to operate the cassette recorder. If this is where you want to start, read
Chapters 1through 6in the Operation Section. You may also want to read about
CLOAD and SYSTEM in Chapter 16 in the Language Section.
If you want to write your own programs and you are abeginner, read Chapters 1
through 6in the Operation Section, then start reading the book, Getting Started
with TRS-80 BASIC. That, plus several other Radio Shack books, can guide you to
becoming aprogrammer in BASIC and Z-80 language ('
'machine code")
.
If you already know BASIC ,and especially if you have experience on aTRS-80
Model I, read the entire Operation Section of this manual, as well as the Appendix
which compares the Model Iand Model III. The Model III has many unique
features and some very important differences .Afew minutes spent before you
press (ENTER) could save you hours later.
About This Manual
This manual contains operating instructions and adescription of Model III BASIC. It
is arranged for easy reference, whether you are seeking simple or technical
information. Pages are numbered sequentially, and there is acomprehensive Index
at the end of the book.
If you are a beginner, don't worry about the technical parts in the Operation
Section. The beginning of each chapter is for you .(When you get to the POKE
statements ,you can skip ahead to the next chapter. ..)You don'tneed to read past
Chapter 6. Then, when you learn simple BASIC programming, you can return and
try out all the "goodies" packed into your Model III.
Very Important Note
Before you even plug in your Model III. read Chapters 2and 3—no
matter how much you think you know. This applies whether you
have acassette- or disk-based system
.
Remember, when all else fails, read the instructions!
TRS-80 MODEL III
Contents
Operation Section
1/ ABrief Description of the Computer 1
2/ Installation 5
3/ Operation 9
Power-On RESET Switch Power-Off DStart-Up Dialog
Modes of Operation Sample Session
4/ Using the Keyboard 19
Capitals and Lowercase Special Keys Control Codes
5/ Using the Video Display 23
Character Size Cursor Scroll Protection Text
Graphics Space Compression Special Characters
6/ Using the Cassette Interface 29
Cassette Transfer Speed Loading Errors Saving aBASIC
Program on Tape Loading aBASIC Program from Tape D
How to Search for aProgram Loading aSYSTEM Tape
Searching for aProgram
7/ Using aLine Printer 35
Line Printer vs Video Display Output Printer Control
Features Print Screen Function
8/ Using the RS-232-C Interface 41
What is an Interface? Using the Model III as aTerminal
Programming the RS-232-C
9/ Routing Input/Output 49
To Route from One Device to Another Routing Multiple
Devices
10/ Real-Time Clock 53
To Set the Clock To Read the Clock To Display the Clock
11/ Input/Output Initialization 57
12/ Technical Information 59
To Protect High RAM ROM Subroutines DMemory Map
Summary of Important ROM Addresses Summary of
Important RAM Addresses
13/ Troubleshooting and Maintenance 85
Symptom/Cure Table AC Power Sources DMaintenance
14/ Specifications 89
Power Supply Microprocessor \J RS-232-C Interface
DParallel (Printer) Interface DCassette Interface
BASIC Language Section
15/ BASIC Concepts 95
16/ Commands 125
17/ Input-Output Statements 133
18/ Program Statements 147
19/ Strings 163
20/ Arrays 173
21/ Arithmetic Functions 179
22/ Special Features 185
23/ Editing 195
Appendices
A/ Model III Summary 205
Special Characters and Abbreviations Commands
Statements Functions Reserved Words Program
Limits Memory Use Accuracy
B/ Error Codes 223
C/ TRS-80 Model III Character Codes 227
Keyboard/Display Characters Graphics Special
Characters Video Display Worksheet
D/ Internal Codes for BASIC Keywords 237
E/ Derived Functions 239
F/ Base Conversions 241
GModel Ito Model III Program Conversion Hints 245
H/ Glossary 247
I/ RS-232-C Technical Information 251
Index 255
For Warranty and Customer Information, see the back cover and
inside back cover.
in