Radio Shack 16B User guide

TRS-80*
Model 16B Built-in Hard Disk
SYSTEM MANUAL
CUSTOM MANUFACTURED IN U.S.A. BY RADIO SHACK, ADIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION

•

£3
IK|
C«3i
CUSTOMER OBLIGATIONS
TEH MS AND GC-NDITlOry OF SALE ANG LICENSE OF RADIO SHACK COMPUTER EOJIPMENT AND
SOFTWARE: PURCHASED FROM ARADIO SHAC< COMPANY-OWNED LJOMPLJTFR CENTER. RETAIL STORE
OR FROM ARADIO SHACK FHANGHSEE OR DEALER AT FS AUTHORIZED LQCAIDN
LIMITED WARRANTY
CUSTOM EH assume fi.ll respmsibili1*that mis Radio Siask compuia- ha vl ware aunchased fthe EquiomAnn, Hnd anv copies ol Radio
Shaok eotwane mcludec rtith the EquipmHn: nr licensed separately |tie Saltouc": neeta ihe specif cations, canity, capabiliii
versatility, and otner rea.u:rumflnfc of CJSTOMER.
CUSTOMER a&Rumgs fu. resaonsioi rty lor thi tuiiLiL-ji a-id HfFan^e.ieRR of :he &pera:lnc; enfolronmenl in whin Fhg Equipment and Sonwa-e
are tn lunctior, and lor ts lns;alldt;;i.
II. FtADID SHACK LIMITED WAflflANTIES AND GDNCITIDNS OF SALE
For apared oF i-irflhy (90) calendar days frc-m the uato u-l iw Radio Shao< sales cmmen: received uppi purciase of :he EaLipmen:. RADO
SHACK warrants to the anginal CUSTOMER ihn: the Fquipneni anc the mec=urn Lpon which tip Sottware ssto>-ec is Jree iron-: rnariuFdno.rinn
defects THIS WARRANT* IS DNIY APPLICABLE TO pURChlASES DF RADID SHACK FQlflPMENT BY 1HE ORIGIN*.-. CUSTOMER FROM
RADIO SHACK COMPANY-OWNED COMPUTER CENrEHS RETAL STORES AND FROM PADlC SKACK FRANCHISEES AND D-ALERS Af IIS
AUTHOR" ZED lOCAMON. ne wa-ranry is vg a" il the Equipment's case or cab-iel has ne*n opened, or if the EciL-pmcnt cm Software has Seen
suaiected :o impmpur i:r ?.higrmal tse. If arnaiurac:uilng delect \a :l Kno^erad during :he statcc uairanty ^erinn. ihH defest-ve Equipment
rTiLyt \x\ returned to aRadio Snask Oonput-ar CHnhr, aRndin S^ch retail slore, paitieipa:ing Rariin ShacK franchises orRadio ShdCkd&alh-
Hor repair, acng with acopy uF the sales cpcuneil or lease agreement. Tho nriginal CUSTOMER'S sole and cvclusi™ re-nedy in the event of
adelect it -iriiiRd rp the correction of me ccrctl by rnpn r. renkcement, or refund of :hc pusha*e price at RADIO SHACKS cectlor a=id salt
Rwpflnse. RADIO SHACK has 10 oblivion In replace or repair expendable itcnt.
RADIO SH^K urate* nu wa-ranty as 1o tie design. capaoi r^-. sap^ih^. nr stability to^ use oHthe S^t™-*. Hxcept as prcvided ip thi&
paGfiraph S\±vt?.w :s inensea on an "AS IS" tiHsi*. wkhc-m wan-^rtv. Th-e oiigina custom frs exclusive remedy, In the cveriai h
Soltv^rs -nanufacluriig Jclcn. yrts impair or replacement wkhm Ihlry f3D; calHndar days of tne date 01 Ihc Htdit- Shack sato dnriiment
neceiveo uaon Hucisc d\ thu SnltA-Rne Tie detect ve So^a-e sr^ll be rHtLrnHri to rHacio Shack Campjic- Canter, rHacip Shack ret il stDre
pariicipatn] Hacip Sn&:k tr&n:hisee or Had l- Shack deaRr alpr-a whh the saes document.
Fxcept ajs prcvided herein n^ crnpluyaH. roam, 're.nch see, cealer &r ztticr p&rsun *duhorized tc- aire anv wariantifi£ nF inv rahr^ nihEiaf
Of RADID SHACK.
EXCEFT AS PROVIDED HEREIN. ^AUlO SHACK MAKES NO FXPHrSS WARRANIIES. AND AN* IMP. FD WARRANTY DF WEFCHAMTASILT*
OR FITNESS FOR A PAH1 It J_AH eUHPOSE IS LIMITED IN ITS DURA IION TO THE DURATION OF THE WHIlTEh IMITEO WARRANTIES SET
FORTH HEREIN.
Son-fl sia.les do nrt allow InitatiDiia on how gig &n inul-ec rtarran^ -asts, hd tie abnve !inrlation(sj may iidL jppy tu C1JSTDV1FH
III. LFMITATION OF UWILIIY
A. EXCEPT AS PROVIDED HEREIN, RAUO SHACK SHALL HAVF NO LIABILITY OR RESPONSIBILITY TQ CUSTOMER OR ANy 0"HEP PERSON
OR ENTITY W-TH RESFEC TC ANY tIAHIUTY. LOSS OR DAMAGE CAUSED DR Al IES-O TO BE CAUSED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY 3Y
-EOUIPMENT- DH "SOFTWARE :SOLD. LEASED. LICENSED OR FUHN'SHED BY RAOiO SHACK, INC. -JOINS BUT NOT LIUll^D 10 AN7
INTFRRUPTION OF SERVICE, LOSS OF SL5INFSS OR ANTdPATORY PHOFTS DP :DNRFOUENT|AL 0AMA&E5 RESULTING FROM THF
USE OR OPERA 11UN OF TH€ 'EaUIPMFNT' OR :SOFTVVARL' IN NO EVENT SHAt IRADIO SHACK HE LIABLE FOR LOSR OF PROFTS OR
ANY INDIRECT, SPFCIAI :OR CONSEQUENHAL DAMAGES ARISlNO OUl OF ANY tiHEACH OF THIS WARRANT OR IN ^NvMANNER
ARISING OUT OF OR CONNEClED VYPH THE SAL F, IFASF. LICENSE, USE U RANTICIPATED USE OF THE EQUIPMENT" OR SOFTWARF"
NUTV/rHSTANRINC THE ABOVE UMITAIIONS AN-D WARRAN'IFS RADIO SHAOK"S LIABILITY HFPF UNDER FOR D-AMA&ES INCL-PHED BY
CUSTOMER OR O'HfcKS SHALL NCTE^FFR THE AMOUNT PAID DY CUSTOMER KIR THE PARTIOUUR EUUIPMENT" OF 'SOFTWARE"
INVOLVED.
H. HADIO SHACK shall not be iable lor any da.mageK raised by delay in c slivering or lumping Eqi-pment and-'oc Softy-ary.
CNo action arlsng plI pr any rl^imec bn:&ch cl this WaTant\' or tiansadnns i.nder :his Warmly may ba li^njght more :han :wo \2) yea's
altfii lha r?.ii^a c-f actcn has accrued or mora man F-jjr t
tAj years ^ter the date or ihc Radin Shack s&=es cccLmei-lortio EPLiprie-M cr
Sph^'ane, rthicheve^ tirsl occlts.
D. Some states te- nul allow the li-ni:a-ion or elusion or lntlden:al ui ujns&queniia. canapes so the auu^e limrtat m-'s"' orencusion's'i mav
k\k apply to CUSTOMER. ' ' '
'
IV. RADIO SHACK SOFTWARE LICENSE
RADIO SHACl giants to CUSTOMER anon-exclusive, pad up heensu :u lhh Fha HADIO SHACK Solatia dm tins cpnputer. subjeSlo tie lollawinu
p1JviLiianid
AFxoept as nthe^ise prov ded in this Snfwire Iioense, aoplicable c:pyrlt.ht ^vts Hhall app^ :o the Softvjarc.
B1hie tc- Hie nee jl in un whii:h tie Sc-f:^re is reconded (cassctc and-:i rdi?.ke^e) crstored ;^!OM \i^ :ra islprred to CUSTOM EH,but not :itla ki
:hH Spf^re.
-CUSTOMER may use &altwara jm nna hosi cpmputsraPD access that Safhware rhmn^n one or iirs:-e ie-:ninala r:he Sot'.^re psmlts mis
^nct-c-n.
D. CUSTOMER shall no: j&e. mak^ maiuladun?:or reproduce copies dSoMmrH sxrepl lor use on onfl cpmpubar ^nd as sspecilicalk
provided in th sSoltwara bcanse. Customer sexpressly arohlbi:ad irom nsassemb mg the SDtwara.
t. custdmer is permitted to make acd tflia eppias. nf tie 5c^ware silt tor bacup or a^c:h^Rl pumoses or i Jadd-tcna c:?:ngH a-g required in
the operation o( ane computer wlh ^ha Spfw&re, but only to ihe extent tie Software allocs aoackup rnpy tp be made Hawcrer lor
RSDOS Sonware, CUSTOMER is permitted to ma=« alliint&d numbflro^ additional copies Fnr CUSTOMER'S cwn use
F. CUSTOMER may resell pr distrlbLte unmadili&J cnpi&s oJtie Sottvme prcvided CUSTOMER has purchased ope sopy <ii fie Square tor each
ooe sold or dlslrlau:ed. The prav RinnR nf nis Software Lcense shall ayu La appiicaue to third parties reviving crjaies of me SoTv^a.-e Tiem
u JST"C MER.
G. Al copyright not-ces shal be retained on a«copies nF tip Software.
V. APPLICAAlUrr DF WARRANTY
A. The terms and eoncitipriE tf ^hiR Warranty are applicable as benv/eei RADIO SHACK ^d CUSTDMEH Id ahhar ^sale of the Equlpracnl aid.-er
SoFtware LkiunRB mCUSTOMER or tp a:nnsac:lon -whereuy RADIO SHACK sels ar coneys Rurh F^uipment tp amird party tor Iwse :o
CUSTOMER,
B. The llmtations of lianil-fy anc Warranty provsions herein shall Inure- :& Ihe beietil of RADIO SHACK thg ariion owner and-"o- TriKgr oJtne
SnFtwene and any manulajcturer of the EqLipm&r sold hy RADIC SHACK.
VI. &TATI LAW RIGHT*
tiw Y/arrantsBs granted heren give ihe Drtrjlnil CUSTOMER spucflc: *c.al rights, anc :he wi^iiBl CUSTOMER may have- uthsr rights wh ch vary
frpn state to state
II
3DnWE W:J ^M&^k

The FCC want* you 1o know ..
Warnng: This onuiixnert generates usod ertf <:an radale
radio ireq^ency erergy and if not nsta led and usee n
S^icl accordance w=rPi Ihe rsyuc: ens rranuai, ray uause
interference to ranio communications. It has beer 'es'.ed
and has jjeen tounc to comply with 1r, elimits m- aClasft A
sornpL.tirto device p^rsuanl to Subpart j yt part15 of l~CC
Rules, whi^h are resigned to prnvae easuiatie p'o
lec-'ion against such nte'terercc -A-r-en cr/i£!Htec ir ^
commerda: envronnont. OperaUc-r ot this oqJpnenl ra
rcsioential area s likely To cause =r-=terterence in wh oh ease
the user at hsown expense w«l toe requ red to take what-
ever nnoasLj-es ff'ay be required to cryreol the interference.
TRS-XENIX Operating System:
Copyright 19B2 Microsoft.
All flights Heservftd. Licensed to Tandy Corporation
THSDOS 2.0b Operating System:
Copyright 19B0 Tandy Corporation.
AjI IRights Hessrvad-
TRSDOS-H Operating System
:
Copyright 1962 Tandy Corporation-
All Right* Heserved.
BAStC Software:
Copyright 1BB0 Microsoft.
All Rights Ragorved-
Licensed to Tandy Corporation.
TRS-&D 15-Meg Built-in Hard Disk System —Raad Ma
First Manual:
Copyright 19B3 Tandy Corporation
AH Rights Resarvad.
Reproduction or use, wiviou' express writer rjeiTisy.ori
'mm Tandy Corporation of any portion of this m^nua 5
pron-bitec. Whi ereasonable effods have been :a^on nthe
praoaratio-i t>1 -h s manual :o assure its accu racy. Tandy
Corpo-atior a&sjmes no l-ability 'e&ul'-ng l
rum any errors
or omissions :ntb 9manual, or from the use 0^ ihe informa-
tion obtained he'air,

INTRODUCTION
About Your System
Congfat u-anions on your purchase of the TRS-80* 15-Meg Built-in
Hard Disk System. This is acomputer system with abuit-in mass
storage device. YouT find it to be avaluable tool which gives you
more information storage and faster data retrieval than ever before
with aTRS-30 System. And with Radio Shack's large selection of
peripherals you can expand your system to include printers :a
second hard disK graphics options, and more.
The Hard Disk System soecial features he ude:
•Maximum storage caoacity of 15 megabytes (per drive).
5- Mbits/second data transferrate which is at least 1Q times
faster man floppy diskettes.
•Environmentally sealed head and ciisk chamber for safer data
storage and longer disk life.
*An enhanced floopy diskette data storage format :hat lets you
store move information on an 8" diskette than ever before.
About This Manual
This manual contains the information you need to get started. It
explains the various oarts of your system, h
.ne different :ypes of
disks, and how to insta Iyour system. It also shows how to operate
the System, load aprogram, and use some of the more helpful
commands, in addition, it also exp:ains some terms you need to
know.
Since this is a''getting-star:ed :
"manual, it does not describe all the
optional features availaole with eacn command. For cornp'ete
information on eaoh command, refer to the programming manuals.
Notational Conventions
Tne following conventions are used to show syntax in this manual:
CAPITALS
Any words or charae'ers wnich are uopercase must be typed in
exactly as they appear.
lowercase Italics
Fields shown in ower case it aics are variable information that you
must substitute avalue for.
(Keyboard:
Any word or character contained within a box represents a
keyboard key to be pressed.
*
Ellipses indicate that afie dentry may be reoeated.
fitespec
Afield shown as a filespec indicates astandard TRSDOS file
specification of the form: fiiename/exLpas5WQrd:d(disk name) Note
that with the Built-in Hard Disk System, d(Drive) can be any
number between 0-7.
punctuation
Punctuation other than ellipses must be entered as shown.

delimiters
Commands must be separated from their operands by one or
more b'ank spaces. Multip'e operands, where allowed, may oe
separated from each a- her by acomma, acomma followed by one
or more blanks, or by one or more blanks. Blanks and commas
may not appear within an ooerand.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1/ Installation and Power Up
1,- Installing your Built-in Hard Disk System 5
Your Equipment 6
Installing Your System g
Instating Peripheral Equipment 10
2/ About Disks and Programs 13
Types of Disks -13
Disk Format and Piles -?5
oerating Systems and Application Programs 15
3/ Power-Up/Power-Down 17
Powering Up zr\& System '"' 17
Powering Down 20
E^ror Messages 20
Section 11/ Hard Disk Control
4/ Hard Disk System Preparation/TRS-XENIX 21
5/ HardDisk System Preparalion/TRSDOS-ll 23
Preparing Your Primary Hard Drsk 23
Preparing Your Secondary Hard Diyk "24
Preparing TRSDOS Aoplication Programs 26
Copying TRSDOS-II Programs onto a Hard Disk 26
Creating aBackup Liorary 25
Running TRSDOS-II Programs Under Hard Disk Control... 26
Section IN/ Floppy Diskette Preparation
6/ Backing Uo TRSDOS-II and TRSDOS ?.Cto 27
Backing Up Your TRSDOS-II Systems Diskette 27
Backing Up Your Thinline TRSDOS 2.Db Diskette 28
Tips on Safeguarding Data 30
7/ Using TRSDOS Programs 31
Preparing TRSDOS Programs 31
Removing and Swapping Diskettes 33
Formatting Diskettes 33
8/ Sample Session 35
Section FV/ Maintenance and Appendices
9/ Maintenance 37
Care of Floppy Diskettes 37
Floppy Diskette Drive Maintenance 38
Secondary Hard Disk Drive Maintenance 38
Appendices
A/Problems and Error Messages 39
B/The BACKUP and SAVE/RESTORE Utilities ""."!!!!." 47
C/'Graphics Codes 5g
D/Specifications gg
E/Quick Reference Chart 67
F/Keyboard Code Map 'qq

SECTION 1/
INSTALLATION
AND POWER-UP

CHAPTER 1: INSTALLING YOUR
BUILT-IN HARD DISK SYSTEM
This chapter shows you how to install your Built-in Hard Disk
System.
Built-in Hard Disk System Console and Keyboard.

Your Equipment
Carefully unpack the Built-in Hard Disk system and make sure you
have the following items:
Display
Console
Keyboard
Power Cord
You should also have these programming manuals:
•TRS-XENIX Operations Guide
•TRSDOS-II Reference Manual (includes addendum)
•BASIC Reference Manual
On all hard disk units, flaws in the media are identified before the
disk drives are delivered to you. Attached to the inside the access
panel on the back of your display console or the bottom of your
Secondary Hard Disk Unit (if you have one) is aDISK FLAW
RECORD which specifies the errors on your particular unit. Do not
throw this map away! You may need to refer to it when formatting
the disk and Radio Shack service technicians may need to refer to
it if your drive ever needs servicing.
find these floppy diskettes:
At the front of your manuals, you'l
•TRS-XENIX
Systems Diskettes (3)
•TRSDOS-II
Systems Diskette
with BASIC Interpreter
•Thinline TRSDOS 2.0b
Diskette with BASIC
Interpreter
(Chapter 2explains how to prepare diskettes for information
storage. Diskettes must be handled carefully, so read Chapter 2
before you use your diskettes.)
Note: Your system may also include an optional secondary
stand-alone hard disk drive unit (Drive 5) and/or afloppy diskette
expansion unit with up to two drives (Drives 2and 3). These
units are optional extras.
Save the packing materials in case you need to transport your
system.

About Your Equipment
Power Light Drive 4Drive
Display
Console
Drive
Light
Drive
Latch
Reset Button Keyboard
Reset Button —Repeats the power-up sequence.
Power Light —Lighted when the system's power is on. Never
move the unit while lit.
Drive Light —Never remove adiskette when the drive light is on.
Contrast
Power
Brightness

CTRL
CAPS
Function Keys
Numeric Keypad
SHIFT ENTER
These keys are not affected by [SHIFT) .CLOCK) .
(CAPS) —When the (BBS) light is on, (CAP?) sends only capital-letter
codes for the alphabet keys. It does not affect other keys. Press
(CAPS) once to turn the caps-only mode off or on.
(SHIFT), (LOCK) —Lets you in put capital letters and shift punctuation
symbols. Hold down (SHIFT) while pressing the desired key or
press the (LOCK)once (the red light comes on). When the CLOCK)
light is on, on ly shifted characters are output. To release CLOCK)
press (SHIFT)
Numeric Keypad
or (CAPS)
(RPD —Repeats acharacter continuously when held down at the
same time as another key.
To determine the uses of other keys, see your program manual.
Optional Equipment
If you have peripheral equipment, such as an optional stand-alone
secondary hard disk or printer, follow the instructions in "Installing
Peripheral Equipment" and the manual(s) supplied with the
equipment. Visit your Radio Shack Computer Center to learn about
the other equipment you can use with your Built-in Hard Disk
System.
8

Installing Your System
Improperly Connecting or grounding the System exposes you to
the danger of electrical shock. It also endangers your System and
data. Follow these installation instructions carefully.
1. Place your Built-in Hard Disk System near agrounded, 120
VAC, 3-prong outlet that does not power heavy machinery,
copiers, or office machines with defective switches, (or use a
grounded power strip such as Radio Shack's Plug-In Power
Strip.)
2. Make sure all equipment is turned off.
3. Connect the keyboard's built-in cable to the display console.
4. Plug the power cord into the back of the display console.
5. Plug the power cord directly into the outlet or grounded power
strip specified in Step 1.

Installing Peripheral Equipment
You can use other Radio Shack equipment (such as aprinter, a
secondary hard disk or afloppy diskette expansion unit) with your
Built-in Hard Disk System. To install such equipment, refer to the
following instructions and the manual(s) supplied with the
equipment.
Externally Connected Peripheral Equipment
Serial I/O
Connectors
External Peripheral Equipment Connections.
Parallel Printer Connector —Used to connect Radio Shack
parallel printers. Make sure the printer cable exits the bottom of
the connector.
Serial I/O Connector —Used to install serial equipment such as
serial line printers, modems, and data terminals. When connecting
aDB-25 type cable, fit the cable connector to your Built-in Hard
Disk System's connector.
Internally Connected Peripheral Equipment
The floppy diskette and hard disk expansion connectors are
behind the Input/Output Access Panel on the back of your Built-in
Hard Disk System.
Floppy Diskette Expansion Connector —Used to add floppy
diskette storage devices, such as the Thinline Disk Bay.
Instructions for connecting the cable are on the next page.
Hard Disk Expansion Connectors —Used to add an optional
secondary hard disk. Your system has these connectors only if the
system has abuilt-in hard disk. Instructions for connecting the
cables are on the next page.
The illustration on the next page shows the floppy and hard disk
expansion connectors with cables attached.
10

Lebw 3Inchej of CflWe
Strain Ftalitf
Bracket
HflixJ Disk
Expansion Connsctor
Ac«ss Panel
Notches for FJoppy Diskatta
Cablei Expansion Connector
1. Remove the access panel by loosening the thumbscrews.
2. Attach -he cables [hat are included with your expansion unit
to the appropriate connector. Connect the 34-pin Secondary
Hard Disk Expansion Cable Connector to the 34-pin snap-in
connector on the edge of the P.C. board. Also connect [he
20*pin Data Cable Connector to the 20-pin snap-in connector
on the edge of fhe P.C. board.
If you are connecting aFbopy Disk Expansion Unit attach [he
connector on one end of The cable to the 50-pin connector on
the chassis. Connect the other end ot the cable to the
Expansion Unit.
Position all the Built-in Hard Disk internal connectors so that
the cables exit from the bottom.
3. Remove the strain relief ^rackets from the access panel. Run
the cables downward through the ,: strain reliefs 11 nearest to
the cables, leaving about 8inches of cable between the strain
relief and the computer.
4. Replace the strain relief brackets and run the cab !es through
the notch in the computer base.
5. Replace the access panel and tighten the thumbscrews.
Also, the Hard Disk Drives in your System must always contain a
Line Terminator. Check with your Radio Snack Computer Center
for details.
77

CHAPTER 2: ABOUT DISKS AND
PROGRAMS
Computers can store informal en in two ways:
Temporari y, in memory (turning :ne computer off erases
mcmofy)
Permanently, in astorage device
Disks are one of the best borage devices available because of "he
way the system can organize and index informa::on on [hem.
Types of Disks
Yolt Bui t-in HaroDis-< System can i_.se two :ypes of disks:
•Fopoy diskettes —Your 3-uilt-in Hard Jsk System has one
buih-in fbopy drive (Drive 0) and other peripheral floppy
diskette d'ves can be added
•Hard disks —vour Built-in Hard Disk System has one bui t-in
hard disk dnve (Drive £) and anc:her oeripherai secondary
hard disk drive can oe added (Drive 5).
Floppy Diskettes
Fopoy dis^elley are convenient and inexpensive. The term
"floppy 1
'neans *ne diskette oencs if mishandled. Care of floppy
diske;tes is discusseo laler in this manual.
"l nere are two lyoes oi Iloopy diskettes you can use with your
Built-in Hard D2k System:
•Single sided diskettes can store around 50Q 000 bytes of
information,
•Double-sided diskettes can store twice as much in tor maLi on
because they use both sides.
13

Label
Sector Hole
Do Not Touch
14
Label —After placing alabel on adiskette, write on it with a
felt-tip pen only. (Currently, Radio Shack diskettes are labeled as
single- or double-sided. If adiskette is not labeled, it is an older,
single-sided diskette.)
Write-Protect Tab —To change information on adiskette, you
must write enable the diskette. Do this by covering the
write-protect notch with one of the gummed-foil tabs provided. You
cannot change adiskette's information if the write-protect notch is
uncovered.
Sector Hole —It is off-center on double-sided diskettes.
Keep diskettes away from dirt, pressure, magnetic fields, and
excessive heat and sunlight. Do not bend them. (See Chapter 9,
"Maintenance.")
Hard Disks
Unlike floppy diskettes, hard
disks cannot be removed from
their drives. Hard disks are
sturdier, faster, and store more
bytes of information.
External Drive"