Sekonic L-398 User manual

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JAPAN
86035000s
PRINTEDIN sEKOtrttc
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CONTENTS FEATURES
Nearly all photographic subjectscombine complex variationsof
strongly reflecting
surfaces
(high reflectivity)and weakly reflecting
surfaces
(low reflectivity).
These
variations
delicately
influenceex-
posure determination and to which portion the exposure is set
becomes
a vital factor that considerably
affects
the appearance
of
the finishedphotograph.
Although riskof failurecanbe minimizedby taking
maximumand
minimum readings
of all portions
of the subject,
thenaveraging
the
values,
suchan approach
is
both time consuming
and
tedious.
The
Studio Deluxe
is
the answer
to this problem.
lt is
designed
around
a standard reflectivity of 'lB%, which has been derived through
measurements
of various subjectsthroughout the seasons
of the
yea
r.
Consequently,
high effectiveness
is displayed
with subjects
possess'
ing
ref
lectivities
in the neighborhood
of 'l8o/o
(people,
buildings,
etc.)
and when this canbe considered
the average
value
(street
snapshots,
trees,
forest scenes,
etc.).
1. Optimum exposuremeter for incident light measuring
method
(also
applicable
for reflected
light method)'
2, Freely rotatable light sensorsectionfor very easi
ly performed
measurements.
3. Meterstopper
mechanism
allows
operation
while hand isreleased
from meter.
Meter
release
mechanism
is
also
includedwhich allows
the needle
to def
lect freely. This provides greater conven
ience when
determining
light balance.
Lumisphere
detects
the same light as strikes
the subject.
Since
subjects
are normally 3-dimensional,
according
to the lighting
conditions,
brighter surfaces (highlights)
and darker surfaces
(shadows)
are produced (illumination
contrast). The Studio
Deluxe mechanism
automatically
takes
into account
the strength
of light
from alldirections,
causing
themeterto indicatea
value
applicable to photography. lt is thus most convenient for
determining
typical exposures. 2
Specif
ications
Part
Designations
Accessories
Basic
Operationof Meter Unit 7
1. StopperButtonOperation 7
. 2. ZeroPosition
Check
and
Adjustm€rt .......,.
7
StandardAccessoryOperation I
IncidentLightMeasurement 8
1. Lumisphere B
2. Lumidisc 11
ReflectedLightMeasurement """"'12
1. Lumigrid 12
OtherOperations ........"13
1. ExposureValue
(EV number)
Readout
"""'13
2. Employing CineScale """"""""'14
3. UsingExposureMultipliers
(x1
12,
x2,x4)..' 15
Employing
Special
Accessories """"""' 15
1. DirectReading
Slides """""""" 15
2. Direct
Reading
Slide
Application
""""""""'16
MeasurementExamples
with Various
Subjects
.......
17
1. PortraitPhotography""""""""""""""""""' 17
2. TypicalScenery """'18
3. ObservatorialScenes
"""""""""""""""""" 18
4. SnowScenes """""'2O
5. Scenes
with Side or Back Lighting
""..".......
21
6. Silhouette
Photography
"""..."'........'........'.
22
ApplicationsSummary .....
23
1. SpecialFeaturesof theStudio Deluxe
'........23
2. flfumination
Contrast "..'.'......'.24
3. Reflected Light
Measurement
...-....-............
26
4. fllumination
Adjustment
........'.'..................
29
5. Closeups """""""" 31
Handling
Cautions ."."...'..34
4
5
6
I
4.
5.
l*,. ,s -1.."*.;
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6.
7.
8.
After combining ASA sensitivity and shutter speed, direct
readingslides (optional) can be usedfor directly determining
the aperturevalue.
Selenium photocell is employed as light sensing
element,
eliminating need for battery.
Wide selectionof available
accessoriesallows numerous
photo-
graphictechniques
to be enjoyed.
SPECIFICATIONS
MeasuringSystem
Measuring
Range
Measuring
Accuracy
ASA Scale
DIN Scale
Shutter Scale
Aperture Scale
CineScale
EV Scale
Calibration Constant
Dimensions
Weight
Incident
light
(reflected
lightsystem
also
capable)
At ASA 100,
EV4 - 17
Within
t 0.3
EV
(1/3f
stop)
6- 12000
9-42
60- 1|2OOOsecond
1-90
8fps
- 128
fps
1- 20
(exposure
value)
C=340 K=12.5
107x58x30mm
Approx.
250
grams
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PART DESIGNATIONS ACCESSORIES
Lumisphere
@Hish
(H)
slide
@
Optional Accessories
(sold separately).
Direct readingslides.
Front
EVmark
O
DIN
mark@
topper
ASAmark
@
Lumisphere
@
Light sensor@
Footcandle
scale
(incident
light) O
Aperture
value
(for direct readingl
@
Needle
@
EV scale
Dial
ring
@
Dial
scale@
H"mark
"L"mark
O
DIN
scale@
Stopper
button @
ASAscale
@
Film sensitivity
selectorknob @
Cinescale
@
Shutter speed
scale
@
Aperturescale
@
Lumidisc
@
Dial
scale
Total
of lldirect
(set
of 11 slides
reading
slides
in case).
Lumigrid
@
Zero adjust
Rear
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BASIC
OPERATION
OF METER UNIT
1. Stopper Button Operation
lf the stopper button @ is press-
ed when the stopper button mark
@ issetto Q , the meter needle
@ deflects according to bright-
ness. Then when the button is
released,
the needleremains
fixed
at the indicated position.
By holding the stopper button
depressedand turning it clockwise
sothat the mark position becomes
Q , the needleis released.
At this time, the meter will de-
flect freely even if the stopper
button is released. To fix the
needle, turn the stopper button
counter-clockwise to where the
mark is positioned e
2. Zero PositionCheckand
Adjustment
With stopper
button
in released
O position, cover light sensor
with hand or black cloth to com-
pletely block light. Check that
meter needle @ correctly indi-
cates zero position. lf the indi-
cation deviates from zero, while
observingmeter indication, use
a
coin or similar tool to turn the
rear zero adjust screw @ and
adjust for zero indication.
b.
STANDARDACCESSORY
OPERATION
IncidentLightMeasurement
1. Lumisphere
a. MountLumisphere
@ to light
sensor
@ . To mount, align
white dots of Lumisphere
frame and light sensor, then
turn Lumisphere carefully
clockwise to secure.
Set film sensitivityknob @
to sensitivityvalue of employ-
ed film. SetASA value
to right
side ASA mark @ and DIN
value to left side DIN mark
@ . Photo shows setting for
ASA 100 (DrN 21).
From position where subjectis
to be measured, point Lumi-
sphere O in direction of
camera. (Light sensor @ can
be turned freely.)
Hold meter erect and press
stopper. button @ Meter
needle @ deflects according
to brightness.When the stop-
per button is released, the
meter needle becomesf
ixed at
the deflected position. lf the
location is excessively
bright
and the meter needle deflects
beyond scale,insert the High
slide @ .
d.
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e.
f.
Readthe footcandle indication
@ of the meter needle.
Transfer footcandle value to
the dial scale
@ Rotate the
dial ring @ and set the a
symbol L mark. lf the High
slide @ has been inserted, set
thersymbol Hmark.
g. At thistirne,theshutterspeed
scale @ and aperturescale
combination becomes the
correctexposure.
Example:With High slide in-
serted,
meter indicates
80 f
ootcandles. At
ASA 100, the proper
exposure becomes
'll25O sec at f 15.6,
1
/30 sec at f/1
6 and
1 secat f/90.
--s\
Footcandles
* Meterscale
intermediate
val
I
ntermediate
values
for
Shutter
speedand
aperture
scale
.21
,.s'io
* Film sensitivityintermediate
values
Note: When no slide
is inserted,
strong
lightdirectlystrikingthe
slideslotmayenterthroughthe slot.Althoughthis does
not
seriously aff
ect exposure, if more accurate exposure is
required,
coverslot with hand.
DIN
/8-
9
/9
20
?2-'
21
24'
t3
26-
10
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2. Lumidisc
Employ for illumination contrast
adjustment and luminance
measurement.
o contrast measurement
a. Mount Lumidisc @ to light
sensor @ . lnstall in the same
manner as Lumisphere.
b. Hold meter at subjectPosition
and point Lumidisc @ di-
rectly toward center of main
light.
c. Pressstopper button @ and
read meter scale f
ootcandle
indication @ .
d. In the same manner, readthe
fill in light footcandle indi-
cation @ In this case, use
care that light from main
source does not enter sensor.
e. Ratio between main and fill
in light footcandles becomes
the contrast ratio.
Example: With main light at 640
footcandles,
fill in light
reads 320 footcandles.
I
llumination contrast
ratio becomes:
#=i or2:1
Luminance
(lux)measurement
Mount Lumidisc @ to light
sensor
@ inthe
same
manner
as Lumisphere.
b.
c. Place
Lumidisc @ parallel
with the measuredsurface.
Press stopper button @ and read meter scale footcandle
indication @
d. Multiply this value by 10.76 to obtain
Example: 80 x 10.76
= 860.8 lux
lf meter def
lectsbeyond scale,
insert High
footcandle indication by 32.
Example: 80 x 32 = 2560 footcandles
2560 x 10.76 = 27545.6 lux
Reflected
LightMeasurement
1. Lumigrid
a. Mount
Lumigrid
@ to light
sensor
@ in the same
manner
as Lumisphere.
Set sensitivity value of em-
ployed film. Setting is per-
formed in the same manner
as
for incident lightmeasurement.
Point Lumigrid @ directly
toward part of subject to be
measured.
As close as possible to the
subject,measure
ref
lected light
from main point of subject.
Use adequate care at this time
that meter shadow etc. does
not interfere.
lux.
slide
6,thenmultiply
b.
o
a.
11
light
d.
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e. Press
stopper button @ and
read meter scale footcandle
indication @ . However,
since
footcandles are units of inci-
dent light only, this value
becomes simply a reference.
f. Transfer indicated
valueto dial
scale @ . Rotate the dial ring
@ and set ^ symbol H mark
@.
g. At this time, shutter speed
scale @ and aperture scale
@ combination becomes
the
correct exposure.
Note: Do not employ slides for
reflected light measure-
ment.
* More accurate results can be
obtained for reflected light
measurement by using a
standard reflectan ce slide
(optional accessory).
Other
Operations
1. Exposure
Value
(EV
number)Readout
Reading this exposure value to
perform setting becomes con-
venientfor cameraswhich employ
a light value system shutter and
aperture combination.
b.
Read meter needle @ foot-
candleindication
@
Transfer
this number to the
dial
scale
@ . Rotatedial
ring
@ and set
^ symbolL mark
@. lf the High
slide
is in-
serted, set the a symbol H
mark @ .
EV value indicated by EV
mark @ becomesthecorrect
exposure
value.
2. Employing
CineScale
lncident and ref
lected light
measurementsduring cine pho-
tography are performed in the
same manner as described
pre-
viously.
However,
since
the cine
scale
@ numerals
correspond
to
cine camera
film speed,
readthe
aperture
scale
@ indicationthat
pertainsto the employed film
speed.
Note: Some cine cameras
possess
faster exposuretimes due to
a narrowerrotating
shutterangle
(angle
of light transmitting
portion). lt is important to know the accurate film speed
versusshutter angle valuefor your camera
in order to
determineproper exposure.Refer to the camera
operating
instructions, maker's catalogue, etc. for shutter speed
inf
ormation.
Shutter
angle
and
exposurecalculation:
T= 0 R = Framesexposed
in 1 second
360xR T=Exposuretime
0 = Shutterangle
Note: Standard theatrical cine film speed ts 24 fps at 1/50 sec.
This position is indicated by a red line on the scale.
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3. UsingExposureMultipliers
(xl
12,
x2,
x4l
Exposuremultiplier
indications
are provided at both sidesof the
H and L marksof the dial scale. Use
the x1l2 when desiringto
cut the exposure to 112
U
esser)
and the x2 and x4 positions
to
muftiplythe exposure by 2 and
4 (greater). Insteadof the H and
L marks,setthe x112,x2 or x4 markto the footcandlevalue.
EMPLOYING SPECIAL ACCESSORIES
1. Direct Reading
Slides
A totalof 11 slidesareavailable,all
of whichmay
be
usedtogether
with the Lumisphereand Lumidisc.
(Note
thattheycannotbe
used
with Lumigrid.) The High slide, as mentioned previously,
is
employed
for varyingthe measuiing
rangein 2 steps
(high and
low illumination),however,it canalsobeused
for direct
reading.
The other slidesare specialized
for directreading
and cannot be
used
for mode selection.
I3
Note: One
set
of slides
consists
of slide
numbers1 - 11 in a case.
The High
slide
can
also
be usedasa direct readingslide.
2. Direct ReadingSlide
Application
When photographing,
selectslide
from the above tableaccording
to
film sensitivityandshutter
speed.
Insert
slide
and perform measure-
ment in the same
manner
as
for
incidentlight. Readdirectlythe
aperture value @ indicatedby
the meter
needle@
* Since it is not necessary
to rotate the dial when employing direct
readingslides,
setting becomesextremely fast and convenient.
Ib
x3
^p
Shutter
-peed
Slide No. ----- /tu /to t/oo t/uotIo t/rutlruotluro
IASA
64 ASA
r25 ASA
r60 ASA
200 ASA
250
250 100 t25 160 200 400
340 80 100 L25 r60 320
432 64 80 100 r25 250
525 50 64 80 100 200 400
620 40 50 64 80 160 320
716 32 40 50 64 L25 250
I25 32 40 50 100 200 400
I20 25 32 40 80 160 320
r0 16 20 25 32 64 L25 250
ll t2 l6 20 40 80 160
High 12 25 50 100
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MEASUREMENT
EXAMPLES
WITHVARIOUS
SUBJECTS
1. Portrait Photography
There are various kindsof human subject
photography. ln a case,
for example, of a skier againsta snowy mountain background,
the human subject simply becomesa picture detail and for the
purpose of determining the exposure,this cannot be considered
portrait photography.In the final analysis, portrait photography is
when the human subject is in the center of the picture and the
exposure
adiusted
to him. In addition, camerato subjectdistance
mrlst be considered,
whether the picture is to be one person
or
a group.
Measurement
by incidentlight (Lumisphere
installed)
displays
high
effectiveness
in portrait photography. Perform measurement
as
described in the section on Incident Light Measurement.
After
setting the proper exposure for the human subject, lighting con-
ditions do not present a problem and subiectdetail is preserved
even under back lighting.
2. Typical Scenery
In the caseof scenery,measureby usingthe Lumisphere
at the
camera
position (refer to section
on Incident Light Measurement).
Although the previously described standard holding method is
adequate,
if lighting
conditionsof subjectand camera
positions
are
dissimilar,move the meter to a position where conditionsarethe
sametype as
thoseof the subiectand point in a direction parallel
to
the cameraoptical axis. lf the subject
is
shadowed,eithermovethe
measuring
position to the sametype of locationor reproduce the
same conditions with the hand or other means. Portrayals of
buildings
etc. can be considered
as
general
middle
distancescenery,
while main subjectscan be treated in the samemanner
asdescribed
in the section on Portrait Photography.
3. Observatorial Scenes
This refers to the situation where a distant
field forms an important part of the pictured
Examples: Observatories, distant views,etc.
object in the
scene. subject
1B
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Distant scenes
are subject to haze due to atmospheric effects on
light and can be easilyoverexposed.
For this reason,
first usethe
Lumisphere and measureby standard method from the camera
position.Then point the Lumisphere toward the sun and measure.
Determine
exposure
f
rom the meanof the two obtained
values.
Note: To obtain the meanof the two values,
perform as
follows.
. Transfer
mean
valueof the two footcandle
indications
(aperture
scale)
to the dial.
Example: lf 320(8) footcandles
and 80(4) footcandles
are
obtained,
the meanvaluebecomes
160(5.6).In the case
of 80(4)
and 40(2.8) footcandles,
the intermediate
becomes
the
desired
value. Consequently,
transfer
that valueto the
dia
l.
o Transfereach footcandle value to the dial to obtain exposure.
In cases
of the same
aperture,
setting the shutter speedto the
average
isacceptable.
19
4. Snow Scenes
a. Many casesof problems occur with reflected light measuring
methodsdue to snowsurface
glare.
Usingincidentlight measure-
ment eliminatesthese
concerns.
Freshly
fallen snow possesses
a
reflectivity of approximately 73o/o,while evenafter several
days
in urban areas, this declines only to about 6o0/o.Compensation
must therefore be performed. Measurementby standardmethod
is reduced
by l ltE - 112.
Example: lf T becomes
11125
at f 16:
11125
x 11,,,8
= 11177 =.
1t2OOor 11125x 112
= 11250
take on a flour-like appearancewithout luster in
finished
photograph.
Note:2: l ltP N 112compensation
amount is basedon the re-
f
lectivity
value
of snow.
This mayvary
accordingto snow
quality
andsoiling. 20
can
the
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N
ote 3:
In situationswith direct or top
lighting (sun near zenith), the
Lumispherewill detect ref
lected
light
f
rom the snowsurface. Some
meansof blocking the light f
rom
below becomes required in this
case.
In typical casesof back and side lighting,
althoughthe surface
of
a 3-dimensional
subject
facing
the camera
becomesdark,
a portion is
usuallystrongly lighted. Even though standardmeasurement
with
the Lumisphere can bring out detail of the darker portions, on
occasion,
the brighter
portions
canbecomeoverexposed
anddifficult
to see. In some instances,
this effect can even be enhanced to
produce a special
photographic composition, but for a generally
more attractiveresult,
perform as
follows. Firstusethe Lumisphere
and measure
by standardmethod,
then determineexposurefrom the
meanvalue
(same
technique
as used
for ObservatorialScenes).
6. Silhouette Photography
In situationssuchasa silhouetteof a person,
tree or bridgein the
foreground againstthe setting sun and brilliantly shiningsky as
background,remove
slide
and point Lumisphere
toward the setting
sun to measure (as with Reflected Light Measurement).
Then
without insertingHigh slide,
set to H mark. In this manner,
the
foregroundbecomessilhouetted
by underexposing
the light
source.
Snow
surface
b. In some
cases,
good results
can be obtainedwith ref
lectedlight
measurementunder back light conditions, cloudy snow scenes
where
glare
is less
and snowscenesunderdirect lighting.Install
Lumigrid
and point light sensorslightlydownward
to block light
from the sky, then from camera
position, aim toward subject
and measure. Be sureto setthe H mark-at this time anddo not
employ
slides.
5. Scenes
with Side
or BackLighting
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As the StudioDeluxeis a high
precision
measuring
instrument,
by
f
ully utilizing
its capabilities, itsspecial
functions
canbe displayed
coveringan additionally
wide range
of applications.
Incidentlight
measurement
is an extremely practical
method in actual photo-
graphic
situationsand isoften employed by professionalphotogra-
phers and cinematographers.Since proper exposure can be
determined
even in caseswhere errors
are easilyincurred with
reflected
light measurement,it is extremelyconvenientfor both
color and monochrome.
The Lumisphere displays
its
optimum valuewhen usedfor incldent
light measurement
during color or monochrome photography
of
fleshtones
(portrait photography in which fleshtones
areconsidered
asthe mainpicture
elementfor determining exposure). Since
good
or bad quality portrayals can be discerned even by amateurs,
fleshtones
become the only true standard in color photography.
(They can also
be given a wider range
of artistic
expressionthan
visible
to the naked
eve.)
Well known basic
principles form the foundation of the Studio
Deluxe,
however,
plenty
of latitudeis
provided
for obtainingspecial
effects.
By allowing variations
in exposure
to be performed,
exactiy
the same reproductions
becomepossible
asthose
learned
only f rom
experience.Utilizingthe selectionof accessoriesalso
openstheway
to the multitude of applications
described
in the precedingpages.
Light balancemeasurementsarethe most important
applicationof
the Lumidisc.This consistsof measuringtheratio
of main
light
and
f
ill in lightin order
to perform
vital
adjustmentswhen
photograph-
ing an illuminated
subject.The photographer is advised to record
the data obtained
for his particular
equipment.This will provide
readyreference
in the f uture
andallowthesame
lighting
conditions
to be reproduced.
When shooting in a studio or similar situation where artificial
lighting
equipment is used,more attractive results
can beproduced
by makingthemainandfill in lightratio4 :1 - 2:1. Alsowhen
usingreflectorseitherindoors
or outdoors,determinetheexposure
after measuringthe illuminationratio.
Normal sunlightbecomesthe main light sourceoutdoors, while
white or silverref
lectors
are
used
to brightenshadow
portions
of the
subject.
In this situation, install
the Lumidisc,
point it towardthe
sunand read the indicated value.Next, point the Lumidisctoward
the reflector
(shield
with handto avoidsunlight)andagain
read
the
indicatedvalue.To obtain maximum color effect,
this
fill in light
sourceshouldbe 112
- 114of the main lignt.
An additional theatrical effect can be produced
with monochrome
by using a higherillumination
ratio.lt is
suggested,
for example,
to
use
a ratio between
fill in light
and sunlightof 1116or lower.
lf the meter needle
deflectsbeyond scale,usethe H slideand as
described
earlier,
multiply the indicatedvalue by 32.Thencalculate
mainand
fill in lighting
(see
section
on *Contrast measurement).
After completing
light
balanceadjustment,replaceLumisphereand
measureexposure by normal method. At this time, hold the
Lumisphere
closeto the subjectto fully detect
sunlight
and
fill in
light.
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Main lightmeasurement Fill in light measurement
Use white or silver reflector to
brighten shadow portions of sub-
lect.
lllumination
ratio can
be varied by keeping
the main light f
ixed
and varying
the fill in
light.
3. Reflected Light Measurement
Reflected
light measurement
isemployed
for the following purposes.
a. Luminance range
adjustment.
b. Self-lighted subjects such as neon signs which can only be
measured
by reflected
light method and locations
such
asshow
windows where meter cannot be brought into proximity with
subject
to allow incident light method.
Measurement
in these
type situations
in described
below.
1. Luminance
range
center
point
Refers
to measuring
subject luminance by reflected light method.
This luminance
varies
somewhat
according
to incident
lightstrength
and surface reflectivity of the subject. lncident light becomes
measured
by taking the standard
surfacereflection as 18%, from
which the exposure
value
isdetermined.
To obtain accurate
exposures,
the Lumisphere
is used
to n.leasure
effective
footcandles
to determine
the Luminance
center point.
Exposure
measurement
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Shown
hereisan
example
of using
Lumisphere and by normal
measuringmethod without slide,
meter needle indicates 640 foot-
candles.With film sensitivityof
ASA 100, exposurebecomes f 45
and shutter speed 1 second. H
mark at thistime indicates
20.
This 20 indicates the exact center point of the luminance range.
In the same condition, install Lumigrid and when standard
reflectivity of 18% is measured,
this means that the dial scale
will
indicate20.
When determining
exposure
by usingthe Lumisphere
or Lumidisc,
the H a mark will always
indicate
the center
of luminancerange,
regardless
of whetheror not the High slide
is inserted.
lf the measured
value is set to the dial scaleL ^ mark and the
H a mark does not reach the scale,
reflected light measurement
with the Lumigrid cannot be performed
dueto insufficient
incident
light strength. In other words, af
the incident
light is less
than 160
footcandles,
reflected
light measurementcannot
be performed
with
the Lumigrid.
2. Determining
subject
luminancerange
a. InstallLumigrid
in place
of Lumisphereand
remove
any installed
slide. Since the meter needle indicates relative luminance,
employ meter
scale@ value
to compute
the luminanceratio.
27
Hold meter about 1Scm from the subject,
point Lumigrid to
each surfaceof the subjectand read the footcandle scalevalue.
To determine the luminance
range,
it is sufficient
to divide the
highest meter indication by the lowest. For example, if the
highest value is 80 and the lowest 5, the luminance range
becomes
80/5 = 1611or 16 : 1.
Lumi
nancerange
measurement
To obtain superior color photographs,determine upper and
lower limits.
Adequate
color photographs
can be obtainedwith typical color
film if within the subject
luminance
distribution,the maximum
is fess
than4 times
the center
point
and minimum more than
114
times (
i.e.: overallluminanc€range
becomes
less
than 1
6 : 1
).
With a luminance
centerpoint of 20, if the measuredmaximum
luminance
is higher
than 80 (centerpoint 20 x 4 = 80), color of
that surface
will become fadedin the photograph.
Consequently,
a slight reduction of incident light to this portion .becomes
required.
Conversely,a portion with a measuredminimum luminanceless
than 5 (center
point 20 + 4 = 5) requiresincreasedillumination
in order to obtain an acceptable
col<ir
photograph. 28
b.
c.
3.
a.
b.
c.
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Luminance
range
center
point
The Studio Deluxe indicates
normal color photograph lumi-
nance rangelimits corresponding
to 2'f stops left and right of the
luminance
range
centerpoint.
Exposurevalue
i
ndication
Luminance
range
upperlimit
2 ! stoPs
4. lllumination Adlustment
The Studio Deluxe possesses
an array of functions for the per-
formance of illumination adjustments which were nearly unknown
in earlier instruments. lt allows the shooting site to be set up
quickly and accurately. Described
hereare set up procedure
and
29
examplesto provide full control overmovie
scenes.
lt would not be
erroneous
to alsoapply these
to still photos.
Stage1
Determineoveral Ilightingstrength.
a. Setmeterto ASA 100
(see
film
sensitivity
intermediatevalues).
b. Set 24 red line of cine speed
scaleto f/5.6.
c. At this time, L ^ mark indication on dial scalebecomesslightly
lower than 640 (footcandles).
lf this is taken asthe meterscale
position,
avalueof 500footcandles
(lower
than 640 footcandles)
becomesthe required lighting strength (see
meter intermediate
scalevalues).
Stage2
Key light setting
a. Turn on key light
(mainlight)
anddeterminedirection
required
for subject illumination.
b. Without installing slide,
holdmeter
atthesubject
position,point
Lumispheretoward cameraand set stopper button to released
C position.
c. Adjust main light intensity
or distanceuntil meterindicates
400.
The indication can then be increased
to the required 500 foot-
candles
(determined
in Stage1c) by applying fill in light.
Stage3
Adjust illumination contrast
a. Install Lumidiscin place
of Lumisphere.
b. Measurekey light (indicationshould be 400 footcandles).
c. Turn on fill in light.
d. As described in section on outdoors lllumination Contrast
Adjustment,
adjust
fill in light to obtain suitable
illumination
contrast.
(For a contrast
ratio
of 2:1,the fill in light indication
must be 200 footcandles.)Lighting from back affects
contrast
only slightly.
30
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Stage 4
Adiust luminancerange
a. InstallLumisphere.
b. Hold meterat subject
position,point Lumispheretoward camera
and read needleindication.With all lights
turned on, adjust
main light so that indication becomes
500 footcandles.
c. Set L a mark to 500 and readH r mark indicatedvalue.This
value becomes
16 to indicate luminancerange centerpoint. lf
by experiencethe requiredresultscan be obtained with a lumi-
nancerangeof 16 to 1, a maximum luminance
indication
of 64
(center point 16 x 4 = 64) becomesthe upper limit for desired
color reproduction. ln this case,the minimum limit becomes
4 (center point 16 + 4 = 4). This means
that attractive color
reproduction cannot be obtained unlessthe subiect luminance
distribution
is within 4 - 64.
d. Exchange
Lumisphere
for Lumigrid and check if there areany
locationson the subject
brighterthan 64 or dimmer than 4.
Stage5
Determine correct exposure
Although above Stage
4b includes an exposurevaluemeasurement
using the Lumisphere,perform correct exposuremeasurementas
a final check.With the illumination controlled as described, this
should accurately become t15.6 'll50 sec.This 5 stage
procedure
allows
full control of all lightingelements.
5. Closeups
It is essentialto increasethe exposure
value when the subject is
closer to the camera than 10 times the camerafocal distance.
An example of this type of case is with a camera lens focal
distance
to 50mm and a subjectdistance
of 4ocm. The reason
for
this is the increasedimagemagnificationasthe subject
approaches
the camera.When light from the subject passes
through the lens
and becomes
focussed
on the film, the following relationship
exists
among
f
ilm plane illumination, subjectbrightness
and imagemagni-
fication.
- a.rL 1
F=-
'- 4.F' (M+llt-
E: Film plane
illumination
L: Subject
luminance
M: lmage
magnification
F: F number
Tr
: circular
constant
a: constant
As can be noted from the aboveformula, if the subjectluminance
is fixed and the magnificationchanges,
the film plane brightness
(illumination)
varies
inthe inverse
proportion
(M + 1)2.Witfr
a large
subjectdistance,M issmall
and this effect becomesnearlyabsent,
but as the subject distance decreases,M becomes larger. In an
actual photographic
example,
with a magnification
M of 1, film
plane brightness
becomes
(M + 1)2 or 4. This is 1/4th that of a
subject
distance
at infinity and exposure
mustbe increased
4 times.
When the measured
exposure
value is 1/60 sec
shutterspeed,
this
must be compensated
to 1/15 sec
(1/60 x 4 = 1/15). In closeup
photography, (M + 1)2 is referredto as the compensationfactor.
Measuring
Method
Hold meterasclose
as
possible
to the subject
and point Lumisphere
toward the camera. lf light source is very close to the subject,
temporarily remove the subject and hold the Lumisphere
in the
subject position. The light then striking the Lumisphere
becomes
exactly the same as that illuminating the subject. To obtain
exposure
compensationfor closeup:
1. Determine
exposure
by normal incident light method.
2. Measure
subject
and image
sizes
(groundglass).
3. lf the image is larger than the subject, it is enlarged,
while
a smaller image is compressed.
Divide the larger
value by the
smaller
value.
4. Obtain compensationfactor from Table 1.
5. Apply compensation factor to measured exposure value to
producecompensated
exposurevalue. 32
.-,r=.r..i .,,urtir, .-.!":t:a\*,: . *,*-r, - -.,.. i;,r,-i*iki
"t r..i!.i:r
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Table
1 Closeup
Exposure
Compensation
Table
Compensation
factor = (M + 1)'?
Compression Enlargement
Subjectto
image
ratio Compensation factor Subject to
image
ratio Compensation
factor
20 :l
t9 : I
t8 : I
t7 :l
t6 : I
t5 : I
t4 :l
t3 : I
t2 :l
|| .:|
t0 : r
9 :l
8 :l
7 :l
6 :l
5 :l
4.5 : I
4 :l
3.5 : I
3 :l
2.75
: I
2.5 : I
2.25
: I
2 ; l
t.75
: I
t.5 :l
1.25: I
| :l
t0
tl
tl
t2
t3
t4
t5
r6
l7
t9
2l
24
21
3r
36
44
50
56
65
78
86
96
09
25
47
78
24
00
I
|
.25
|
.50
|
.75
2
2.25
2.5
2.75
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
6
7
8
9
t0
ll
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
r8
t9
20
4
5
6
7.5
9
r0.
5
t2
t4
t6
20
25
30
36
49
64
8l
r00
t2l
144
r69
r96
225
256
289
324
361
400
441
33
.-.:*ait-... i ..,
HANDLING
CAUTIONS
Since the Studio Deluxe is a high precision instrument,
use ample care in regard to the following points.
o Avoid dropping
or subjecting it to strong
shock.
o Do not store
in high
temperatureor highhumidity locations.
o Do not storein areassubjectto magneticfieldsor where insect
repellants
are
located
(metal
cabinets,clothing
dressers,
etc.).
o Keep
Lumisphere
and Lumidisccleanand
protect
from scratches.
lf severelysoiled,thesecan be washedin a lukewarm
solution
of mild detergent. Rinseand dry thoroughly.
In event serviceis required,
contact the nearest
authorizedservice
agency.
lf necessary to shipthe meter,be sureto surround
it with
at least
3cm (1-112"1
thick insulating materialand
pack
in asturdy,
crushresistant
package.
SEKONICCO.,LTD.
7
-24-14,
Oizumigakuen-cho,
Nerima-ku,
Tokyo,
Japan
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