Sub-Zero UW-24FS User manual

WINE STORAGE
INSTALLATION GUIDE
SPECIFICATIONS, INSTALLATION, AND MORE

WINE STORAGE
Contents
3Wine Storage
4Model UW-24 | UW-24FS Site Preparation
6Model UW-24 | UW-24FS Installation
10 Model BW-30 Site Preparation
16 Model BW-30 Installation
Features and specications are subject to change at any
time without notice. Visit subzero.com/specs for the most
up-to-date information.
Important Note
To ensure this product is installed and operated as safely
and efciently as possible, take note of the following types
of highlighted information throughout this guide:
IMPORTANT NOTE highlights information that is especially
important.
CAUTION indicates a situation where minor injury or product
damage may occur if instructions are not followed.
WARNING states a hazard that may cause serious injury or
death if precautions are not followed.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Throughout this guide, dimensions in
parentheses are millimeters unless otherwise specied.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Save these instructions for the local
electrical inspector.
2 | Sub-Zero Customer Care 800.222.7820

subzero.com | 3
Product Information
Important product information, including the model and
serial number, are listed on the product rating plate. The
rating plate is located on the underside of the control panel,
on the left. Refer to the illustrations below.
If service is necessary, contact Sub-Zero Factory Certied
Service with the model and serial number. For the name
of the nearest Sub-Zero Factory Certied Service or for
questions regarding the installation, visit the contact
and support section of our website, subzero.com, or call
Sub-Zero Customer Care at 800-222-7820.
WINE STORAGE
Tools and Materials
•Screwdrivers—standard, Phillips, and Torx.
•Power drill.
•Drill bits (masonry bits required for concrete installation).
•Standard socket and wrench set.
•2' and 4' levels.
•Material to protect home, ooring, and cabinetry during
installation.
Model UW-24 and UW-24FS Model BW-30
RATING PLATE
RATING PLATE

4 | Sub-Zero Customer Care 800.222.7820
W
OPENING WIDTH
341/2"
(876)
OPENING
HEIGHT
TOP VIEW
SIDE
VIEW FRONT VIEW
NOTE:
31/2"(89) finished returns will be visible and should be finished to match cabinetry.
3/4"(19)
TYPICAL
FRAMED
CABINETRY
W
FILLER
31/2"(89)
FINISHED
RETURN
FRAMELESS
CABINETRY
W
3/4"(19)
TYPICAL
31/2"(89)
FINISHED
RETURN
24" (610)
OPENING
DEPTH
Opening Dimensions
MODEL UW-24
MODEL UW-24 | UW-24FS SITE PREPARATION
OPENING WIDTH W
UW-24 24" (610)
DUAL OPENING WIDTH W
Two 24" (610) Models 481/8"(1222)
Dual installation kit required.
DUAL INSTALLATION
If two units are installed side by side, a dual installation kit
may be required. Installations without a custom ller strip
require a dual installation kit. If a dual installation kit is not
specied, a 2" (51) ller strip is recommended between the
units. Dual installations without a ller strip can only be
accomplished using two units with opposite hinges. Refer to
the illustrations below.
Dual installation kits are available through an authorized
Sub-Zero dealer. For local dealer information, visit the nd
a showroom section of our website, subzero.com. For
questions regarding the installation, call Sub-Zero Customer
Care at 800-222-7820.
WITHOUT FILLER STRIP FILLER STRIP
Opposite hinges Same side hinges

subzero.com | 5
Electrical Requirements
Installation must comply with all applicable electrical codes.
The electrical supply should be located within the shaded
area shown in the illustration below. A separate circuit ser-
vicing only this appliance is required. A ground fault circuit
interrupter (GFCI) is not recommended and may cause inter-
ruption of operation.
IMPORTANT NOTE: The electrical outlet must be placed so
the grounding prong is to the right of the thinner blades.
The outlet must be ush with the back wall.
ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS
Electrical Supply 115 VAC, 60 Hz
Service 15 amp dedicated circuit
Receptacle 3-prong grounding-type
WARNING
Do not use an extension cord, two-prong adapter, or
remove the power cord ground prong.
Preparation
To operate properly, the door must open a minimum of 90°.
Use a minimum 3" (76) ller in corner installations to assure
a 90° door opening.
Uncrate the unit and inspect for damage. Remove and
recycle packing materials. Do not discard the kickplate, anti-
tip bracket, hardware, and the leveling legs which hold the
wood base to the bottom of the unit.
Anti-Tip Bracket
WARNING
To prevent the unit from tipping forward, the anti-tip
bracket must be installed.
MODEL UW-24
The anti-tip bracket should be attached to the wall behind
the unit with the bracket ange located 1/4"(6) above the top
of the unit. Refer to the illustration below. Failure to properly
position the anti-tip bracket will prevent proper engagement.
For installations that cannot accommodate the anti-tip
bracket, a countertop bracket is provided to secure the unit
to the countertop. Refer to the illustration below.
MODEL UW-24 | UW-24FS SITE PREPARATION
3" (76)
151/2"
(394)
2"
(51)
LEFT SIDE
OF OPENING
FLOOR
Electrical supply location
1/4"(6)
ANTI-TIP
BRACKET
COUNTERTOP
BRACKET
Anti-tip bracket (UW-24) Countertop bracket

6 | Sub-Zero Customer Care 800.222.7820
Anti-Tip Bracket
MODEL UW-24FS
The back of the anti-tip bracket must be installed 245/8"
(625) from the front and centered behind the unit. Refer to
the illustration below. Refer to page 16 for wood and con-
crete oor applications.
MODEL UW-24 | UW-24FS INSTALLATION
ANTI-TIP BRACKET
Anti-tip bracket (UW-24FS)
Custom Panel
MODEL UW-24
For overlay applications, a custom door panel must be
installed. Panel size is critical for a proper t. To verify the
panel requirements and dimensions, refer to the Sub-Zero
Design Guide at subzero.com/specs.
Finish all sides of the custom panel. They may be visible
when the door is open or through the glass door.
The custom overlay door panel is attached using the screws
provided, through the door frame. The screw locations are
marked on the back of the custom panel using tenon cen-
ters inserted into the holes of the door frame.
With the unit secured and door closed, hold the custom
panel in the desired position on the door. Lightly tap the
front of the panel to locate the mounting positions. Remove
the tenon centers. Refer to the illustration below.
The door frame has mounting holes to accommodate
Sub-Zero accessory handles. If the handle mounting holes
are not used, the handle should be attached to the custom
panel prior to mounting. The screw heads may need to be
countersunk into the panel for proper alignment.
To mount the custom panel, open the door and use the pre-
drilled holes to position the panel. Drive the screws into the
panel through the black tape on the door frame. The screw
holes are hidden behind the door gasket. Use as many
screws as necessary to secure the custom panel. Refer to
the illustration below.
GASKET
GLASS
13/32" (11)
DIAMETER
1/4" (6)
DIAMETER
Tenon center Door frame cross section
DOOR
FRAMEPANEL
TENON CENTER

subzero.com | 7
MODEL UW-24 | UW-24FS INSTALLATION
Custom Panel
Adjustments can be made to the custom panel with a few
mounting screws in place, but not fully tightened. Once the
proper position is achieved, install and secure all screws.
Cover the holes on the inside of the door frame with the
cover patches or plugs provided.
CAUTION
A solid panel cannot be installed over the glass door. A
solid door is available through an authorized Sub-Zero
dealer. For local dealer information, visit the nd a
showroom section of our website, subzero.com.
Placement
CAUTION
Before moving the unit into position, secure the door
closed and protect any nished ooring.
Use an appliance dolly to move the unit near the opening.
If the unit has been on its back or side, it must stand upright
for a minimum of 24 hours before connecting power.
If the unit will be connected to a home security system,
run lead wires through the compressor compartment prior
to positioning the unit. Refer to page 8. Once the unit is in
position, the wiring connections can be completed from the
front.
Leveling
Level the unit before sliding it into position. Turn each of the
four leveling legs clockwise to raise the unit and counter-
clockwise to lower. Refer to the illustration below.
LEVELING LEGS
Leveling

8 | Sub-Zero Customer Care 800.222.7820
MODEL UW-24 | UW-24FS INSTALLATION
Completion
Plug the power cord into the grounded outlet, then slide
the unit into position. Verify the anti-tip bracket is properly
engaged.
It may be necessary to install the unit 1/4"(6) beyond the
front surface of adjacent cabinetry to prevent interference
when the door is opened to 145°. Refer to the full-scale
template on page 9.
HOME SECURITY CONNECTION
If the unit will be connected to a home security system,
make connections to the leads shown in the illustration
below. Refer to the following color codes:
•Normally open contacts—white with red stripe wire.
•Normally closed contacts—white with blue stripe wire.
•Common—gray with white stripe wire.
Use the spade terminals or wire nuts provided to make
proper wiring connections.
CAUTION
The alarm circuit in the unit is intended as a low-
voltage, low-current device only. It should not be used
to switch line power. Any unused terminals should be
completely insulated and all wires should be secured
away from conductive or moving components.
ANCHORING
To anchor, use the countertop bracket provided to secure
the unit to the underside of the countertop. Refer to the
illustration below. If the countertop bracket cannot be
used, install shims along the top and sides of the unit.
KICKPLATE INSTALLATION
Install the kickplate using the two screws provided. Refer
to the illustration below. The kickplate must be removable
for service. The oor cannot interfere with removal. Do not
cover the louvered section of the kickplate.
COUNTERTOP
BRACKET
KICKPLATE
Anchoring Kickplate installation
HOME SECURITY
LEADS
Home security connection

subzero.com | 9
MODEL UW-24 | UW-24FS INSTALLATION
DOOR CLOSED
UNDERCOUNTER
UNIT
ADJACENT
CABINETRY
3/4"(19) DOOR PANEL
1/2"
(13)
1/8"(3)
1/4"(6)
HINGE AT 145°
OPENING
(DOOR OPENS PAST 145°)
1" (25)0"
SCALE
145° door opening (top view)
Door Clearance
FULL-SCALE TEMPLATE
To allow for a 145° door opening, the unit should extend
a minimum of 1/4"(6) beyond the front surface of adjacent
cabinetry. The unit can be installed ush, however, there
is potential for interference with the panel if the door is
opened past 90°.

10 | Sub-Zero Customer Care 800.222.7820
Opening Dimensions
STANDARD INSTALLATION
MODEL BW-30 SITE PREPARATION
If two units are installed side by side, refer to page 12.
NOTE:
31/2"(89) finished returns will be visible and should be finished to match cabinetry.
Shaded line represents profile of unit
.
833/4"
(2127)
OPENING
HEIGHT
24" (610)
OPENING
DEPTH
FRONT VIEW
SIDE
VIEW
TOP VIEW
W
OPENING WIDTH
3/4"(19)
TYPICAL
FRAMED
CABINETRY
W
FILLER
31/2"(89)
FINISHED
RETURN
FRAMELESS
CABINETRY
W
3/4"(19)
TYPICAL
31/2"(89)
FINISHED
RETURN
OPENING WIDTH W
BW-30 291/2"(749)

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Opening Dimensions
FLUSH INSET INSTALLATION
MODEL BW-30 SITE PREPARATION
Dimensions assume a 3/4" (19) panel thickness. If two units
are installed side by side, refer to page 13.
FLUSH INSET WIDTH W
BW-30 32" (813)
84"
(2134)
FLUSH
INSET
HEIGHT
1/4"
(6)
263/16"
(665)
FLUSH
INSET
DEPTH
23/16"
(56)
FRONT VIEW
SIDE
VIEW
TOP VIEW
11/4"
(32)
W
FLUSH INSET WIDTH
FINISHED
CLEATS
NOTE: 31/2"(89) finished returns and shaded areas will be visible and should be finished to match cabinetry.
Shaded line represents profile of unit with 3/4"(19) panel.
511/16"
(145)
FINISHED
RETURN
FILLER
FRAMED
CABINETRY
W
CLEAT
3/4"(19)
TYPICAL
31/2"
(89)
511/16"
(145)
FINISHED
RETURN
FRAMELESS
CABINETRY
W
31/2"
(89)
CLEAT
3/4"(19)
TYPICAL

12 | Sub-Zero Customer Care 800.222.7820
Opening Dimensions
DUAL STANDARD INSTALLATION
MODEL BW-30 SITE PREPARATION
NOTE:
31/2"(89) finished returns will be visible and should be finished to match cabinetry.
Shaded line represents profile of unit
.
833/4"
(2127)
OPENING
HEIGHT
24" (610)
OPENING
DEPTH
FRONT VIEW
SIDE
VIEW
TOP VIEW
W
OPENING WIDTH
3/4"(19)
TYPICAL
FRAMED
CABINETRY
W
FILLER
31/2"(89)
FINISHED
RETURN
FRAMELESS
CABINETRY
W
3/4"(19)
TYPICAL
31/2"(89)
FINISHED
RETURN
DUAL OPENING WIDTH W
BW-30 and 30" Built-In Model 593/4" (1518)
BW-30 and 36" Built-In Model 653/4"(1670)
A dual installation kit is required for this installation.

subzero.com | 13
Opening Dimensions
DUAL FLUSH INSET INSTALLATION
MODEL BW-30 SITE PREPARATION
84"
(2134)
FLUSH
INSET
HEIGHT
1/4"
(6)
263/16"
(665)
FLUSH
INSET
DEPTH
23/16"
(56)
FRONT VIEW
SIDE
VIEW
TOP VIEW
FINISHED
CLEATS
11/4"
(32)
W
FLUSH INSET WIDTH
NOTE:
31/2"(89) finished returns and shaded areas will be visible and should be finished to match cabinetry.
Shaded line represents profile of unit with
3/4"(19) panel.
511/16"
(145)
FINISHED
RETURN
FILLER
FRAMED
CABINETRY
W
CLEAT
3/4"(19)
TYPICAL
31/2"
(89)
511/16"
(145)
FINISHED
RETURN
FRAMELESS
CABINETRY
W
31/2"
(89)
CLEAT
3/4"(19)
TYPICAL
DUAL FLUSH INSET WIDTH W
BW-30 and 30" Built-In Model 621/4"(1581)
BW-30 and 36" Built-In Model 681/4"(1734)
Dimensions assume a 3/4"(19) panel thickness. A dual instal-
lation kit is required for this installation.

14 | Sub-Zero Customer Care 800.222.7820
Electrical
Installation must comply with all applicable electrical codes.
The electrical supply should be located within the shaded
area shown in the illustration below. A separate circuit ser-
vicing only this appliance is required. A ground fault circuit
interrupter (GFCI) is not recommended and may cause inter-
ruption of operation.
ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS
Electrical Supply 115 VAC, 60 Hz
Service 15 amp
Receptacle 3-prong grounding-type
CAUTION
The outlet must be checked by a qualied electrician
to be sure it is wired with the correct polarity. Verify the
outlet is properly grounded.
WARNING
Do not use an extension cord, two-prong adapter, or
remove the power cord ground prong.
Dual Installation
If two units are installed side by side, a dual installation kit
may be required. Installations without a custom ller strip
require a dual installation kit. If a dual installation kit is not
specied, a 2" (51) ller strip is recommended between units.
Dual installations without a ller strip can only be accom-
plished using two units with opposite hinges. Refer to the
illustrations below.
Dual installation kits are available through an authorized
Sub-Zero dealer. For local dealer information, visit the nd a
showroom section of our website, subzero.com. For ques-
tions regarding the installation, call Sub-Zero Customer
Care at 800-222-7820.
WITHOUT FILLER STRIP FILLER STRIP
Opposite hinges Same side hinges
MODEL BW-30 SITE PREPARATION
751/2" (1918)
FROM FLOOR
7"
(178) E
6"
(152)
RIGHT SIDE
OF OPENING
Electrical supply location

subzero.com | 15
Preparation
Uncrate the unit and inspect for damage. Remove the wood
base and discard the shipping bolts and brackets. Remove
and recycle packing materials. Do not discard the kickplate,
anti-tip brackets, and hardware.
Completely retract the front leveling legs to allow the unit to
be moved into position. The front and rear leveling legs can
be adjusted from the front once the unit is in position.
Remove the drain pan to avoid damage and allow for proper
appliance dolly placement.
The grille assembly should be removed prior to moving the
unit. To remove, pull out on the bottom edge of the grille and
rotate upward. Loosen the two back grille mounting screws
and remove the two front grille mounting screws. With the
grille held rmly, pull forward to remove. Refer to the illustra-
tions below.
FRONT
GRILLE SCREW
BACK GRILLE
SCREW
GRILLE
ADJUSTMENT
SCREWS
Grille removal Grille mounting screws
MODEL BW-30 SITE PREPARATION

16 | Sub-Zero Customer Care 800.222.7820
WOOD FLOOR
After properly locating the anti-tip brackets in the opening,
drill pilot holes 3/16"(5) diameter maximum in the wall studs
or wall plate. Use the #12 screws and washers to secure the
brackets. Verify the screws penetrate through the ooring
material and into the wall studs or wall plate a minimum of
3/4"(19). Refer to the illustration below.
CONCRETE FLOOR
After properly locating the anti-tip brackets in the opening,
drill pilot holes 3/16"(5) diameter maximum in the wall studs
or wall plate. Drill 3/8"(10) diameter holes into the concrete
a minimum of 11/2"(38) deep. Use the #12 screws and
washers to secure the brackets to the wall, and use the 3/8"
wedge anchors to secure the brackets to the oor. Verify the
screws penetrate the wall studs or wall plate a minimum of
3/4"(19). Refer to the illustration below.
4" (102)
MIN
24"
(610)
SUBFLOORING
WOOD FLOOR
WALL PLATE
FINISHED
FLOORING
4" (102)
MIN
24"
(610)
SUBFLOORING
CONCRETE
FLOOR
WALL PLATE
FINISHED
FLOORING
11/2"(38)
min
SUBFLOORING
CONCRETE
FLOOR
WALL PLATE
FINISHED
FLOORING
11/2"(38)
MIN
Wood oor Concrete oor
MODEL BW-30 INSTALLATION
Anti-Tip Bracket
WARNING
To prevent the unit from tipping forward, the anti-tip
brackets must be installed.
The two anti-tip brackets must be installed exactly 24"
(610) from the front of the opening to the back of the
brackets and a minimum of 4" (102) from the sides of the
opening. This depth will increase to 263/16"(665) for a ush
inset installation based on 3/4"(19) thick panels. Failure to
properly position the anti-tip brackets will prevent proper
engagement.
Use all anti-tip bracket hardware as instructed for wood or
concrete oors.
IMPORTANT NOTE: For wood or concrete oor applications,
if the #12 screws do not hit a wall stud or wall plate, use the
#8 screws and #12 washers with the wall anchors.
IMPORTANT NOTE: In some installations the subooring or
nished oor may necessitate angling the screws used to
fasten the anti-tip brackets to the back wall.
ANTI-TIP HARDWARE
2 Anti-tip brackets
12 #12 x 21/2" pan head screws
43/8"–16 x 33/4" wedge anchors
12 #12 at washers
4 #8–18 x 11/4" truss head screws
4 Nylon Zip-it®wall anchors

subzero.com | 17
MODEL BW-30 INSTALLATION
Custom Panels
For overlay and ush inset applications, custom door and
grille panels must be installed. The panel size is critical for a
proper t. To verify the panel requirements and dimensions,
refer to the Sub-Zero Design Guide at subzero.com/specs.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Flush inset applications require a
minimum 1/2"(13) reveal on all sides.
Finish all sides of the custom panel. They may be visible
when the door is open or through the glass door.
CAUTION
A solid panel cannot be installed over the glass door.
Anti-Tip Bracket
CONCRETE WEDGE ANCHOR INSTALLATION
1Drill a 3/8"(10) diameter hole any depth exceeding the
minimum embedment. Clean the hole or drill additional
depth to accommodate the drill nes.
2Assemble the washer and nut ush with the end of
anchor to protect threads. Drive the anchor through the
material to be fastened until the washer is ush with the
surface material.
3Expand the anchor by tightening the nut 3–5 turns past
hand-tight position or to 25 foot-pounds of torque.
WARNING
Verify there are no electrical wires or plumbing in the
area which the screws could penetrate.
CAUTION
Always wear safety glasses and use other necessary
protective devices or apparel when installing or working
with anchors.
Anchors are not recommended for use in lightweight
masonry material such as block or brick, or for use in
new concrete which has not had sufcient time to cure.
The use of core drills is not recommended to drill holes
for the anchors.

18 | Sub-Zero Customer Care 800.222.7820
MODEL BW-30 INSTALLATION
Panel Installation
DOOR PANEL
To install the custom door panel, remove the handle side
trim molding. Insert a screwdriver tip into the top corner slot
on the handle side and pop out the trim. Remove the screws
and frame. Refer to the illustration below.
The door has a 1/4"(6) frame for the custom panel to slide
into. If the panel is thicker than 1/4"(6), rout an edge around
the panel or mount the panel on a sheet of 1/4"(6) thick
material, then insert into the frame.
A .10" (3) space is required between the backer panel and
the custom panel to allow the panel to slide into the door
frame. Refer to the illustrations below for critical dimensions.
Install the handle hardware before inserting the panel. Large
D-style handles are recommend rather than knobs. The
screw heads must be countersunk into the panel.
Slide the panel into the frame.
To reinstall the door trim molding, insert the top of the trim
into the grooves at the top of the door and work downward,
snapping the trim into the clips on the door frame.
1/8" (3) (OVERLAY)
CUSTOM PANEL
SPACER PANEL
BACKER PANEL
TRIM
5/16" (8) min
1/4" (6)
.10" (3)
CUSTOM
PANEL
SPACER
PANEL
BACKER
PANEL
3/4"
(19)
typical
Panel assembly cross section
(overlay)
Panel assembly rear view
Door side trim

subzero.com | 19
MODEL BW-30 INSTALLATION
Panel Installation
GRILLE PANEL
Remove the bottom grille frame by extracting the two lower
corner screws from each side of the grille assembly. Refer to
the illustration below.
With the bottom section removed, slide the custom grille
panel into the frame. If the panel is thinner than 1/4"(6), a
ller material will need to be installed to achieve a proper
t. Once the panel is installed, reattach the bottom grille
frame by sliding the corner brackets back into position, then
reinstall the four corner screws.
BOTTOM
GRILLE
FRAME
Grille frame assembly
SIDE PANEL
When installing a custom side panel, an accessory kit is
required and is available through an authorized Sub-Zero
dealer. For local dealer information, visit the nd a show-
room section of our website, subzero.com. Stainless steel
and white enamel side panels are also available from an
authorized Sub-Zero dealer.
IMPORTANT NOTE: The use of side panels may change the
width of the opening.
A custom side panel must be a minimum of 24" (610) deep
and 1/2"(13) thick. Routing will be necessary for the side
panel to t ush against the side of the unit. Refer to the
illustrations below.
IMPORTANT NOTE: The height of the side panel will vary
with the height of the grille. Verify the nished height before
modifying the panels.
84"
(2134)
24" (610)
OPTIONAL
TOE KICK
CUT-OUT
4" (102)
17/8"(48)
1" (25)
ROUT TO 1/8" (3)
FRONT
OF SIDE
PANEL
25/8"
(67)
MAIN
FRAME
SIDE PANEL
ROUTING
1" (25)
17/8" (48)
1/8" (3)
1/2" (13)
Side panel dimensions
Routing detail

20 | Sub-Zero Customer Care 800.222.7820
MODEL BW-30 INSTALLATION
Alignment
LEVELING
Once the unit is in position, turn the front leveling legs
clockwise to adjust the height. The rear height adjustment
can be made from the front of the roller base. Using a 3/8"
socket, turn the 3/8" hex bolt clockwise to raise the unit or
counterclockwise to lower. Use the lowest torque setting
when using a power drill. Do not turn the rear leveling legs
by hand. Refer to the illustration below.
When the unit is properly leveled, door adjustments are less
likely to be necessary.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Level the unit to the oor, not the sur-
rounding cabinetry. This could affect the operation of the
unit, such as door closing.
WARNING
To reduce the possibility of the unit tipping forward, the
front leveling legs must be in contact with the oor.
FRONT
LEVELING LEG
REAR
ADJUSTMENT
Leveling
Placement
CAUTION
Before moving the unit into position, secure the door
closed and protect any nished ooring.
Use an appliance dolly to move the unit near the opening.
If the unit has been on its back or side, it must stand upright
for a minimum of 24 hours before connecting power.
If the unit will be connected to a home security system, run
the lead wires through the compressor compartment prior
to positioning the unit. Refer to page 22. Once the unit is in
position, the wiring connections can be completed from the
front.
Plug the power cord into the grounded outlet, then roll the
unit into position. Verify the anti-tip brackets are properly
engaged.
IMPORTANT NOTE: If used, the side panels must be
installed before the unit is placed in its nal position. Refer
to page 19.