Thermo Electron Cahn C-34 User manual

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Analyze •Detect •Measure •Control™
Cahn C-34 Microbalance,
Cahn C-35 Ultra-Microbalance
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
Ready
Range Calibrate Tare
milligrams
microbalance Cahn C-35
A0.1µg 25mg
B
10µg 1250mg
A1.0µg 250mg
Cahn C-34,
C-35
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AQUAfast, Cahn, EZ Flash, Ionalyzer, ionplus, KNIpHE, No Cal, ORION, perpHect, PerpHecT, PerpHecTion, pHISA, pHix, pHuture, Pure Water, Sage, Sensing the Future,
SensorLink, ROSS Ultra, Sure-Flow, TEA Analyzer, Titrator PLUS, TURBO2 and Wine Master are registered trademarks of Thermo Electron Corporation.
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rf link, ROSS, ROSS Resolution, SAOB, Smart CheK, Stacked, Stat Face, The Enhanced Lab, ThermaSense, Triode, TRIUMpH, Unbreakable pH, Universal Access are
trademarks of Thermo.
Guaranteed Success and The Technical Edge are service marks of Thermo.
PerpHecT meters are protected by U.S. patent 6,168,707.
PerpHecT ROSS are protected by U.S. patent 6,168,707.
ORION Series A meters and 900A printer are protected by U.S. patents 5,108,578, 5,198,093, and German patents D334,208 and D346,753.
Sure-Flow electrodes are protected by European Patent 278,979 and Canadian Patent 1,286,720.
ionplus electrodes and Optimum Results solutions are protected by US Patent 5,830,338.
ROSS Ultra electrodes have patents pending.
ORION ORP Standard is protected by US Patent 6,350,367.
ORION Series A conductivity meters are protected by US Patent 5,872,454.
© Copyright 2003, Thermo Electron Corporation. All rights reserved. Question everything, and Analyze. Detect. Measure. Control are trademarks of Thermo Electron
Corporation.
The specifications, descriptions, drawings, ordering information and part numbers within this document are subject to change without notice.
This publication supersedes all previous publications on this subject.
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Table of Contents
Section 1 Principles of Operation.................................................................... 1
Section 2 Installation ........................................................................................ 2
LOCATING THE BALANCE ...............................................................................................2
SET UP .............................................................................................................................. 2
VOLTAGE SOURCE ..........................................................................................................3
FREEING HANGDOWN LOOPS ....................................................................................... 4
Section 3 Controls ............................................................................................ 5
RANGE ..............................................................................................................................5
RANGE LIGHTS ................................................................................................................ 5
TARE..................................................................................................................................5
CALIBRATE .......................................................................................................................6
WEIGHT DISPLAY ............................................................................................................. 6
READY LIGHT ................................................................................................................... 6
Section 4 Operation ......................................................................................... 7
MEASUREMENT HINTS ................................................................................................... 7
TURNING ON BALANCE...................................................................................................8
WARM UP TIME ................................................................................................................ 8
SAMPLE POSITIONS ........................................................................................................9
RANGE SELECTION ....................................................................................................... 10
PAN SELECTION ............................................................................................................ 10
ZEROING .........................................................................................................................10
CALIBRATION .................................................................................................................11
CALIBRATION SCROLLING ........................................................................................... 11
ELECTRICAL TARING .................................................................................................... 12
COUNTERBALANCING...................................................................................................12
SUBSTITUTION WEIGHING ...........................................................................................13
ELECTROSTATIC ...........................................................................................................13
RELOCATING THE BALANCE ........................................................................................13
AIR BAFFLES ..................................................................................................................13
Section 5 Maintenance and Troubleshooting.............................................. 14
DAILY CARE .................................................................................................................... 14
TROUBLESHOOTING .....................................................................................................14
FACTORY REPAIRS ....................................................................................................... 15
SERVICE AND REPAIR .................................................................................................. 16
Section 6 RS232 INTERFACE......................................................................... 17
RS232 CIRCUITS ............................................................................................................17
WORD FORMAT..............................................................................................................17
DIP SWITCH SETTINGS ................................................................................................. 18
OPERATING WITH A COMPUTER .................................................................................19
INTERCONNECTING CABLES ....................................................................................... 20
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................... 20
Section 7 Appendix ......................................................................................... 22
GLOSSARY OF TERMS ..................................................................................................22
WEIGHTS ........................................................................................................................23
MAINTAINING CALIBRATION STANDARD ....................................................................23
Section 8 Warranty.......................................................................................... 25
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Photocell
Controls
Circuits
Indicators LED
Flag
Magnet
Magnet
Sample
Balance Beam
Taut Band
Suspension
and Torque Motor
Coil Connection
Rotation at Axis
of Beam &
Coil Assembly
Tor que
Motor Coil
Tare loop
“A” loop
“B” loop
1
Section 1 Principles of Operation
The Cahn C-34/C-35 is a very sensitive weight and force measurement instrument. It is designed
for weights and forces up to 3.5 grams and is sensitive to changes as small as 0.1 micrograms.
The balance may be described as a force-to-current converter. It consists of (1) a balance
beam mounted to, supported by, and pivoting about the center of taut ribbon; (2) a torque
motor coil located in a permanent magnetic field and also mounted to the taut ribbon;
(3) sample suspension fixtures; (4) a beam position sensor system; and (5) controls, circuitry
and indicators (See Figure 1).
Weights or forces to be measured are applied to the sample (left) side of the beam which
produce a force about the axis of rotation. An electric current flowing in the torque motor also
produces a force about the same axis which is equal and opposite to the force from the beam,
if the beam is at the beam reference position. This reference position is detected by the beam
position sensing system. A greater force on the beam will require a greater opposite force from
the torque motor in order to keep the beam at its reference position. Therefore, the current
necessary to produce the required torque motor force is a direct measure of the force on the
beam. The process of calibration allows this current to be measured in units of weight (grams).
Figure 1: Principles of Operation
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2
Section 2 Installation
LOCATING THE BALANCE
The Cahn C-34 or C-35 may be used in almost any location. It does not require leveling. How-
ever, the level should not change after zeroing. Try to avoid exceptionally shaky tables, direct
sunlight or drafty locations (such as near air conditioners). For ultimate microweighing, avoid
locations near equipment which generate vibrations such as vacuum pumps, air conditioners or
heavy machinery. The Cahn C-34/C-35 is designed for operation between 15 and 30 degrees C
and a relative humidity between 5% and 95% (non-condensing).
SET UP
Carefully unpack the Cahn C-34/C-35 from its box.
Prepare the weighing chamber by placing the spill plates in the chamber so they conform to
the balance.
Attach the interface cable, Cahn 12634-01, between the weighing chamber and the
electronics unit. First connect the cable to the Remote Port of the weighing chamber then the
other end to the Remote Port on the electronics unit.
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Power Line
Cord
Fuse RS232
Remote
!
0
I
3
VOLTAGE SOURCE
The Power Cord is fitted with an U.S.-type plug. If the plug does not fit your electrical outlet,
the plug may be cut off and your own plug installed. The color code for the Power Cord is:
Black = line or hot
White = return or neutral
Green = ground or earth
Figure 2: Voltage Source
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4
FREEING HANGDOWN LOOPS
Free the Hangdown Loops inside the weighing chamber by cutting the strings first with sharp
scissors and then removing the strings. Do not attempt to remove the tape without first
cutting the strings (See Figure 3).
Figure 3: Freeing the Hangdowns
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5
Section 3 Controls
The following brief description of the Cahn C-34 and C-35 controls will help you to understand the
operation of the balance and will make weighing easier and faster. Figure 5 illustrates the
front panel of the control unit.
Figure 4: Front Panel
RANGE
This key allows you to select one of the weighing ranges of the balance. Each press of the key
will advance the selection to the next range.
RANGE LIGHTS
Located on the upper left corner of the front panel, these red lights indicate which weighing
range has been selected and the sensitivity of that range.
TARE
Pushing the key labeled TARE will bring the display to zero if the sample is within the selected
Weighing Range of the balance.
Ready
Range Calibrate Tare
milligrams
microbalance Cahn C-35
A
0.1µg 25mg
B
10µg 1250mg
A
1.0µg 250mg
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6
CALIBRATE
This key will automatically calibrate the selected range when the appropriate calibrating weight is
placed on the pan. The 200 mg weight is used to calibrate the A loop position and the 1000 mg
weight is used to calibrate the B position. The Calibration control has a special “scrolling” feature
that allows you to input the exact value of the calibration weight (see page 11).
WEIGHT DISPLAY
The value of the weight on the sample pan is shown in milligrams on the Weight Display. Since
the balance will give either positive or negative weights within the selected weight range, the
Weight Display shows a “plus” or “minus” sign. As you change ranges, the decimal point is
automatically positioned. When the weight exceeds the weighting range, and “E” will be shown.
If the calibrating weight is not in the calibration range of the balance, an “E3” will appear on
the display.
READY LIGHT
Located to the left of the keypad is a single red light labeled “READY.” This light illuminate when
a stable value is reached. The light will turn off when the balance senses an unstable value.
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7
Section 4 Operation
This section will give details of the operation of the Cahn C-34/C-35 microbalance. It is advisable
to read this section carefully at least once with the instrument, and then to make reference to it as
necessary.
Various weighing procedures will be described in detail. You should be familiar with the controls
as described in Section 3 before proceeding further with this section. It has been assumed that
you have no previous experience with the Cahn C-34/C-35. As you become more familiar with the
balance, the operating procedures will become routine.
MEASUREMENT HINTS
- Always use forceps to handle pans, stirrups and weights. To avoid contamination do not
handle them with your fingers. Dip or swab the accessories in ammonia to clean them
when necessary.
- Do not grasp the stirrups with the forceps. Lift them from below the yoke, as shown in the
Figure 5 below. It is easy to exert excessive force on the hangdowns and beams if the stirrups
are held too tightly.
Figure 5: Handling the Stirrups
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8
- Two types of weights are supplied with the Cahn C-34/C-35: calibration and tare weights. It is
important to keep the two types separated. For more information about weights and the various
classes, refer to the Weights section on page 23.
- The nonmagnetic, stainless steel forceps supplied with the balance have been found preferable
to the common plastic tipped forceps. The Cahn type of forceps are specified by the NIST for
the handling of small sheet metal weights. Plastic forceps are not recommended because they
can hold a static charge which can be transferred to the weight or sample, producing erroneous
readings. Also, do not use metal forceps with serrated tips which can scratch the weights.
- Care should be taken when working in the weighing chamber. The weighing hangdowns are
fragile and if damaged, the balance must be returned to the factory for repair.
- The weighing chamber doors must be closed when zeroing, calibrating or weighing. When the
balance is not in use, the chamber doors should be closed to reduce the possibility of
contamination or damage.
TURNING ON BALANCE
Connect the balance to line power. Turn on the balance with the switch on the rear panel of the
electronics unit. The Weight Display will show +8.8.8.8.8.8 indicating that the balance has been
initialized. In this state, all previous calibration and calibration points have been lost. Also, all
segments of the Display are lit allowing you to check that they are all functioning properly. After
5 to 10 seconds, press TARE to zero the display and set the balance into the operating mode.
WARM UP TIME
For precision weighing, adequate warm-up time is required. Normally, a minimum of one hour of
war- up time is necessary to avoid frequent rezeroing and recalibrating. A minimum of two hours
of warm-up time should be allowed to achieve ultimate precision and stability. We recommend
that the power stay on over night and weekends.
NOTE: A new unit should be allowed 24 hours of “burn in” time before any
precise measurements are attempted.
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Flag
Sample
Balance Beam
Tare loop
“A” loop
“B” loop
9
SAMPLE POSITIONS
There are three fine metal loops attached to the balance beam (see Figure 6). Samples and
counterweights are suspended from these by means of stirrups and pans. The sample
suspensions are referred to as A, B and TARE loops. The A and TARE loops are equidistant from
the pivot point of the beam. The A sample loop is at the end of the forward facing beam and has a
maximum capacity of 1.5 grams. The TARE loop is at the opposite end of the beam and also has
a maximum capacity of 1.5 grams. The B loop is 1/5th the distance from the pivot point as
compared to the A loop. It is for sample loads up to 3.5 grams. This A and B loop information is
needed for selecting the proper RANGE.
Figure 6: Balance Beam
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10
RANGE SELECTION
In choosing a weighing range, you usually must consider two factors: required sensitivity and
sample weight.
Weighing Ranges
Cahn C-35 Cahn C-34
A Loop 0-250 mg 0-200 mg
0-25 mg
B Loop 0-1250 mg 0-1000 mg
There are two sensitivity ranges on the C34: .01 and .001 mg. The Cahn C-35 has and additional
.0001 mg range. Choose the least sensitivity to produce the needed accuracy. Going beyond the
required sensitivity will increase your weighing time and decrease your sample weight range.
Once the sensitivity has been chosen, a corresponding weight range is determined. The weight
range is the range of the weight values that can be read on the Weight Display. The Cahn C-34/
C-35 has a very wide weight range for each available sensitivity and is usually sufficient for
routine measurements. However, for those cases where the expected weight will exceed the
selected weight ranges, see Substitution Weighing on page 13.
PAN SELECTION
Two sizes of stirrups are included in the Accessory Kit. The stirrup Cahn 09353-01 is for general
weighing. Also included is open stirrup Cahn 02011-01 which is designed to hold the disposable
pans Cahn 01187-01. A wide variety of other stirrups and sample containers are available.
ZEROING
Before putting the stirrups on the Hangdown Loops, select the desired Weighing Range and then
press the TARE key. If using an “A” Weighing Range, place a selected stirrup on the “A” loop
and a similar stirrup on the Tare loop. If the Weight Display reads a positive value, reverse the
stirrups. You want the heavier stirrup on the Tare side. If using the “B” Weighing Range, place the
heavier stirrup on the “B” loop and the lighter stirrup on the Tare loop. Check that the Range
Indicator Lights match the selected sample stirrup position. Once the stirrups are stable, press
TARE to bring the Weight Display to zero. If the value displayed is not zero, press the TARE key
again.
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11
CALIBRATION
A 200 mg Calibration Weight is supplied for the A range and a 1000 mg Calibration Weight is
supplied for the B range.
Calibration Procedure:
1. Remove samples or containers from the stirrups. Press the TARE key to zero the balance.
2. If you are using the 25 mg range on the Cahn C-35, first zero the balance on the 25 mg
range and then move to the 250 mg range for calibration. Both ranges are calibrated from
the 250 mg position.
3. Place the Calibration Weight on the sample pan.
4. When the Weight Display has stabilized and the Ready Light illuminates, press the
CALIBRATE key once. The value of the Calibration Weight will appear on the Display. [If
“E3” appears in the Display, your Calibration Weight does not match your Weighing Range.
Use proper Calibration Weight for desired Weighing Range or select proper Range.]
5. Remove the Calibration Weight from the sample pan and return it to its container. You may
now tare and make sample weighings.
CALIBRATION SCROLLING
The calibration program has a scrolling function, with a range of 199.850 mg to 200.150 mg for
the A loop and 999.25 mg to 1000.75 mg for the B loop. This feature allows you to use a
calibration weight with an actual calibration value different from the preset value. The procedure
below describes the use of scrolling.
1. Remove samples or containers from the stirrups. Press the TARE key to zero the balance.
2. Place Calibration Weight on the sample pan. Allow to stabilize.
3. Press the CALIBRATE key. The Weight Display will display 200.000 or 1000.00 .
4. Immediately press the CALIBRATE key again and keep it depressed. The digital display will
start counting up from 200.000 or 1000.00. The longer you depress the CALIBRATE key the
faster the count will increase. To avoid overshooting the value of your exact weight, release
the key about 10 micrograms before the desired number is reached.
5. Press the CALIBRATE key repeatedly as you slowly approach the value of your exact
Calibration Weight.
6. The display will increase to the maximum calibration range value for example, 1000.75 mg
and then to the minimum calibration range value, 999.25 mg.
7. The balance will retain the new calibration value and will use the new value each time the
CALIBRATE key is pressed.
NOTE: If power is interrupted, the calibration value will revert back to 200.000 or
1000.00 when CALIBRATE is pressed.
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12
ELECTRICAL TARING
To tare the weight of a container electrically, press the TARE key which will cause the display to
read zero. All ranges on both the Cahn C-34 and C-35 have full range taring. However, taring
reduces the amount of weighting range available for sample weight. For example, if you tare a 50
mg container in the 200 mg range of the Cahn C-34, your sample must weigh less than 150 mg.
For example:
200 mg - 50 mg = 150 mg
(Full Range) - (Tare Weight) = Maximum remaining Sample Capacity
If your sample and container weigh more than the range selected, see the next section
titled Counterbalancing.
The 25 mg range of the Cahn C-35 has an electronic “no penalty” tare. You can electronically tare
up to 225 mg and still have full use of the 25 mg range. When using this range, an “E” indicating
over-range will appear on the display when you place a weight between 25 and 250 mg on the
sample pan. Just press the TARE key and the display will return to zero.
COUNTERBALANCING
Mechanical taring is used when a container weights are larger than the electronic weighing
range or when the whole weighing range is needed for the sample weight. The purpose of
counterbalancing is to achieve a mechanical state of balance of the beam before starting to weigh
the sample. The procedure for counterbalancing is as follows:
1. Select the desired range.
2. Place container on the sample pan.
3. Add tare weights to the tare pan until the loads on both pans are approximately equal (the
Weight Display is almost zero).
NOTE: The easiest way to counterbalance a container on the A loop is to place a
similar container on the tare loop.
4. Press the TARE key to zero the balance.
5. Place your sample in the sample container. The Weight Display will show only the weight of
the sample.
The position of the B loop is one-fifth the distance from the balance pivot point than the A loop.
Therefore, tare weights of one-fifth the amount of the weight being tared should be used.
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13
SUBSTITUTION WEIGHING
The balance can only lift 200 mg (250 mg for the Cahn C-35) when the sample is on the A loop
and 1000 mg (1250 mg for the Cahn C-35) when the sample is on the B loop. When you are
required to know the exact weight of a sample that is heavier than these values, substitution
weighing is used. The procedure is as follows:
1. Select the proper loop, stirrups and sample container.
2. Zero and calibrate the C-34/C-35 as described on page 10.
3. Select the substitution weights. A wide variety of Class 1.1 calibration weights suitable for
substitution weighing are available from Cahn. Choose a combination slightly less than the
expected weight of the sample and place them on the sample pan. (Note that the maximum
weight of the sample plus container should not be greater than 1.5 grams for the A loop and
3.5 grams for the B loop.)
4. Place tare weights on the tare pan until you have brought the Weight Display close to zero.
Press the TARE key to bring the Weight Display to zero.
5. Remove the substitution weight from the sample pan. Do not remove any of the tare
weights. Place the sample onto the sample pan. The weight of the sample is the sum of the
Weight Display and the substitution weights.
ELECTROSTATIC
An electrostatic charge (“static”) will prevent a microbalance from being used to its full potential.
Common symptoms of this problem include noisy readout, drift and sudden readout shifts. The
most common source of static is dry weather and the handling or touching of nonconductive
surfaces. There are steps you can take to avoid and eliminate static problems. Technical Note
“Static Control for Balances” contains more detailed information about static and how to minimize
its effects and is available upon request.
Placing a radioactive ionizing unit, Cahn 01269-01 in the weighing chamber works well to remove
static charge from the balance surfaces and samples.
Coating the inside of the weighing chamber window with antistatic solution Cahn 02027-01 also
helps to eliminate and prevent static.
Always use the type of metal nonmagnetic forceps which are supplied with the balance.
RELOCATING THE BALANCE
The Cahn C-34/C-35 may be moved from one location to another. For short relocation (within a
building), simply turn off and unplug the balance, disconnect the Weighing Chamber from the
Electronics Unit and carry the balance to the new location. You do not have to remove the
stirrups from the hangdown loops. If you are going to transport the balance in a car, remove the
stirrups first. You do not have to secure the hangdown loops with threads unless there is a
chance that the balance will be turned upside down. If the balance is inverted, the hangdown
loops may slip into the balance motor chamber if the loops are not first secured.
AIR BAFFLES
Air Baffles Cahn 10940-01 are an optional accessory designed to reduce the time to make a
weighing by reducing the air turbulence in the Weighing Chamber). They are most useful when
using the 25 mg weighing range on the Cahn C-35, but can be used for weighing on any “A” Loop
range on either the Cahn C-34 or C-35. The Air Baffles are cylinders installed at the bottom of the
Weighing Chamber such that they protect the pans from the air currents that may be present in
the chamber.
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SYMPTOMS CAUSES REMEDY
Balance does not function after
being plugged in and turned on.
-Weighing Chamber
interface cable not
connected to Electronics
Unit
-Instrument Failure
Connect the Weighing
Chamber interface cable to the
lower RS232 port. In North
America call 800-225-1480 for
Service. Outside North America
call your local Cahn dealer.
All digits segments are lit
(+8.8.8.8.8).
-Normal instrument operation
when first
turned on.
-Power interruption or
brownout
Press the TARE key to
clear
Rezero and Recalibrate
”E” appears when weighing
-Sample weight exceeds range capacity
Reduce sample weight,
counterbalance or change range
"E3" appears when weighing
-CALIBRATE pressed
-Calibration weight does not match
range
Rezero
Use proper calibration
weight
Switch position three (3) Line
14
Section 5 Maintenance and Troubleshooting
DAILY CARE
No special daily maintenance is required for the C-34/C-35 balance. It is recommended that the
balance remain in the power ON condition unless the balance will not be used for several weeks
or longer.
Immediately clean all spilled material. Wipe it up only with lintless paper cloth.
IMPORTANT: Whenever it becomes necessary to work in the weighing
compartment to remove accidentally dropped samples, etc., you should first remove the stirrups
and sample pans from the hangdowns. This will avoid inadvertent damage to the stirrup or
hangdowns.
TROUBLESHOOTING
If the instrument apparently fails to yield reliable data, try and locate the source of the problem
using the following troubleshooting chart. The troubleshooting chart includes common problems
which may arise.
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15
FACTORY REPAIRS
Should it become necessary to return the instrument to the factory for repairs, follow the
instructions below for repacking.
Remove all items including power cord, stirrups, pans, loose weights, etc. Do not return these
items to us. We need only the balance to effect repairs.
NOTE: Please see service and repair if balance needs to be returned to the
factory for repair.
To avoid damaging the hangdowns, they should be secured before shipment. THE
HANGDOWNS ARE DELICATE, SO USE THE UTMOST CARE (see Figure 7). Thread and
small strips of masking tape are recommended. Cut approximately 7" of nylon thread per
hangdown. Loop the thread through each diamond shaped hangdown loop and loosely secure
both ends of thread to the bottom of the weighing chamber (with the chamber pans removed)
with masking tape.
Figure 7: Securing the Hangdowns
Remove the glass doors from the weighing chamber. Repack the balance in its original container
or, if it is not available, wrap the balance in several inches of bubble pack before placing it in a
packing carton filled with resilient packing material. A small amount of time spent on proper
packing can save considerable expense on repairs due to shipping damage.
For shipment by motor freight, express, etc., pack this carton inside a second one, with resilient
material between the cartons. A single carton is adequate for air freight.
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