INTRODUCTION'
!"&% OFO% bROA==-¬.¬9¬+% Z(-3% 8-+/% 71+2(66&+,% W#6&3&$$% @1(,&6% /&3#:&6$%
(+$(6)-$$&/%Z(-3%8-+/%5#6&3&$$%$)&&/;%21:&6-9&;%-+/%6&3#-.#3#,4%5#,"%()%,1%=]F%,"&%
$)&&/%-+/%©F%,"&%21:&6-9&%10%-%5#6&3&$$%9%21++&2,#1+-A%
71+2(66&+,% Z(-3% 8-+/% ,&2"+13194% 26&-,&$% ,51% $&)-6-,&% _RR\.)$% 5#6&3&$$% +%
+&,516X$%-,%,"&%$-*&%,#*&®1+&%1+%,"&%OA]PBQ%06&'(&+24%-+/%,"&%1,"&6%1+%,"&%
3&$$%21+9&$,&/%>PBQ%06&'(&+24A%
P#9-.#,%Y,"&6+&,%)16,$%100&6%&F2&),#1+-3%5#6&/%,"61(9")(,%)&6016*-+2&A%\(3,#)3&%
C+)(,%\(3,#)3&%K(,)(,%M\C\KN%-+,&++-%,&2"+13194%6&/(2&$%5#6&3&$$%/&-/%$)1,$;%
-/:-+2&/%5#6&3&$$%&+264),#1+%)61,&2,$%41(6%/#9#,-3%21+,&+,;%-+/%W\\¯%°(-3#,4%10%
V&6:#2&%M°1VN%,&2"+13194%)6#16#,#Q&$%9-*#+9;%C+,&6+&,%2-33$;%-+/%:#/&1%$,6&-*$A%W#E
?#% <61,&2,&/% V&,()% MW<VN% 21++&2,$% W<V% 21*)3#-+,% 21*)(,&6$% -,% ,"&% ,1(2"% 10% -%
.(,,1+A%W#6&3&$$34%$,6&-*%BZ%*(3,#*&/#-%($#+9%,"&%(+21+9&$,&/%>PBQ%06&'(&+24%
5"#3&%$(60#+9%,"&%C+,&6+&,%($#+9%,"&%OA]PBQ%06&'(&+24A%
W#,"%,"&%&F)31$#:&%9615,"%10%,"&%C+,&6+&,;%-22&$$#+9%#+016*-,#1+%-+/%$&6:#2&$%-,%
-+4%,#*&;%/-4%16%+#9",%"-$%.&21*&%-%$,-+/-6/%6&'(#6&*&+,%016%*1$,%)&1)3&A%!"&%
&6-%10%,"&%$,-+/-31+&%<7%#$%5-+#+9A%T&,516X#+9%,&2"+13194%#$%*1:#+9%1(,%10%,"&%
&F23($#:&%/1*-#+%10%216)16-,#1+$%-+/%#+,1%"1*&$%5#,"%-,%3&-$,%,51%21*)(,&6$A%%
!"#$%#+,&96-,&/%-22&$$%/&:#2&%21*.#+&$%C+,&6+&,%9-,&5-4%0(+2,#1+$%5#,"%5#6&3&$$%
’IT%-+/%?-$,%Y,"&6+&,%$5#,2"A%Z&$#9+&/%016%,"&%.($#+&$$%-+/%"1*&;%#,%$-:&$%41(%
,"&% 21$,% 10% #+$,-33#+9% -% $&)-6-,&% *1/&*% -+/% CV<% 3#+&% 016% &-2"% 21*)(,&6;% 5"#3&%
)61:#/#+9%6&-/4%21++&2,#1+%016%,"&%($&6$;%5#,"%16%5#,"1(,%,"&%+&,516X%5#6&$A%
861-/.-+/%+&,516X%-22&$$%#$%-3$1%9-#+#+9%961(+/A%B15&:&6;%-3315#+9%*16&%,"-+%
,51% 21*)(,&6$% ,1% -22&$$% ,"&% C+,&6+&,% -,% ,"&% $-*&% ,#*&% *&-+$% 3&$$% -0016/-.3&;%
"#9"&6% 21$,$A% !"($;% ,"&6&% #$% -% +&&/% ,1% $"-6&% 1+&% )(.3#2% C<% -//6&$$% 1:&6% -% $#+93&%
C+,&6+&,%21++&2,#1+%,1%3#+X%,"&%"1*&%5#,"%,"&%C+,&6+&,A%%
!"&% $2-62#,4% 10% C<% -//6&$$&$% -+/% ($#+9% -% $"-6&/% C+,&6+&,% 21++&2,#1+% ,"61(9"% -+%
C+,&6+&,%$"-6#+9%/&:#2&%2-+%$13:&%"#9"%+&,516X%-22&$$%21$,$A%I33%3#+X&/%21*)(,&6$%
2-+%*-X&%0(33%($&%10%.61-/.-+/%2-)-.#3#,#&$%1:&6%$(2"%-%/&:#2&A%%
!"#$%/&:#2&%+1,%1+34%21*&$%&'(#))&/%5#,"%-%5#/&%6-+9&%10%0&-,(6&$;%.(,%-3$1%2-+%
.&%#+$,-33&/%-+/%21+0#9(6&/%6#9",%1(,%10%,"&%.1FA%!"#$%/&:#2&%$())16,$%-%$#*)3&%312-3%
-6&-%+&,516X%-+/%C+,&6+&,%-22&$$%$"-6&;%100&6#+9%96&-,%21$,%$-:#+9$A%%
!"&%312-3%-6&-%+&,516X%21++&2,$%"1*&%21*)(,&6$%5"#3&%-3$1%-3315#+9%-+4%10%,"&%
21*)(,&6$% ,1% -22&$$% ,"&% C+,&6+&,;% $"-6&% 6&$1(62&$;% 16% )3-4% 1+3#+&% 9-*&$®,"&%
.-$#$%10%,"&%0-*#34%21*)(,#+9%3#0&$,43&A%