Wurth Elektronik CALYPSO User manual

CALYPSO REFERENCE MANUAL
AMB5201 / 261001102500X
VERSION 1.2
APRIL 12, 2019

Revision history
Manual
version
FW
version
HW
version Notes Date
1.0 1.0.0 2.0 • Initial release of the manual January 2019
1.1 1.0.0 2.0
• Added chapter Reference design
• Added chapter Information for Ex
protection
February 2019
1.2 1.0.0 2.0 • Added known issues in
chapter Firmware history
March 2019
1.3 1.0.0 2.0 • Added FCC compliance April 2019
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Abbreviations
Abbreviation Name Description
NWP Network
processor unit 802.11 network processor unit
AP Access point WLAN (IEEE 802.11) infrastructure node offering
stations to connect to
DC Duty cycle Transmission time in relation of one hour. 1% means,
channel is occupied for 36 seconds per hour.
FSE Field Sales
Engineer
Support and sales contact person responsible for
limited sales area
0xhh [HEX] Hexadecimal
All numbers beginning with 0x are stated as
hexadecimal numbers. All other numbers are
decimal.
HIGH High signal level
LOW Low signal level
LSB Least significant
bit
MSB Most significant bit
PL Payload The real, non-redundant information in a
frame/packet.
RF Radio frequency Describes everything relating to the wireless
transmission.
STA Station WLAN (802.11) node in station role, can connect to
an AP
UART
Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter allows
communicating with the module of a specific
interface.
US UserSettings
Any relation to a specific entry in the UserSettings is
marked in a special font and can be found in the
respective chapter.
VDD Supply voltage
Wi-Fi
Is a Registered Trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance for
interoperability tested WLAN (IEEE 802.11) based
products.
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Abbreviation Name Description
WLAN Wireless Local
Area Network
P2P Peer to Peer WLAN configuration
MAC Medium access
control
IEEE
Institute of
Electrical and
Electronics
Engineers
IP Internet Protocol Network layer protocol
TCP Transmission
Control Protocol Transport layer protocol
UDP Use Datagram
Protocol Transport layer protocol
SSL Secure Sockets
Layer Transport layer protocol
TLS Transport Layer
Security Transport layer protocol
HTTP(s) Hypertext transfer
protocol (secure) Application layer protocol
MQTT
Message Queuing
Telemetry
Transport
Application layer protocol
OTA Over The Air Update mechanism
DHCP
Dynamic Host
Configuration
Protocol
Application layer protocol
WEP Wired Equivalent
Privacy 802.11 security algorithm
WPA Wi-Fi Protected
Access Wi-Fi security algorithm
WPS Wi-Fi Protected
Setup Wi-Fi security algorithm
DNS Domain Name
System Application layer protocol
mDNS multicast-DNS Application layer protocol
LLA Link-local
addressing IPv4/IPv6 local addressing mechanism
DAD Duplicate address
detection IPv4/IPv6 addressing mechanism
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Contents
1. Introduction 9
1.1. Operational description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2. Blockdiagram................................... 10
1.3. Orderinginformation............................... 10
2. Electrical specifications 11
2.1. Recommended operating conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2. Absolute maximum ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3. Powerconsumption................................ 11
2.3.1. Static................................... 11
2.4. Radiocharacteristics............................... 12
2.5. Pincharacteristics ................................ 14
2.6. TX power vs current consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3. Pinout 17
4. Quick start guide 20
4.1. Antennaconnection ............................... 20
4.1.1. On-board PCB antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.1.2. Externalantenna ............................ 20
4.2. Minimal pin configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3. Powerup ..................................... 21
4.4. Region specific WLAN settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.5. Quickstartexample ............................... 22
4.5.1. Prerequisites .............................. 22
4.5.2. Hardware configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.5.3. Setup description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.5.4. Start-up ................................. 23
4.5.5. Connect to an access point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.5.6. Creating a TCP server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.5.7. Creating a TCP client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.5.8. Datatransfer............................... 25
5. Functional description 27
5.1. Keyfeatures.................................... 27
5.2. Modesofoperation................................ 28
5.2.1. BootUp.................................. 29
5.2.2. Idle.................................... 29
5.2.3. OTAupdate ............................... 29
5.2.4. Provisioning............................... 29
5.2.5. Hibernate ................................ 29
6. Host connection 30
6.1. UARTparameters ................................ 30
6.2. Hardwareflowcontrol .............................. 31
6.3. Timing and characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
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7. The command interface 32
7.1. Commandtypes ................................. 32
7.2. AT command characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.2.1. Request ................................. 32
7.2.2. Confirmations .............................. 33
7.2.3. Events .................................. 33
8. AT commands 34
8.1. Devicecommands ................................ 34
8.1.1. Start and stop commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
8.1.2. Test.................................... 34
8.1.3. Reboot.................................. 35
8.1.4. Factoryreset .............................. 35
8.1.5. Sleep................................... 36
8.1.6. Get.................................... 36
8.1.7. Set .................................... 37
8.2. WLANcommands ................................ 38
8.2.1. Setmode ................................ 38
8.2.2. Scan ................................... 39
8.2.3. Manual connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
8.2.4. Profiles.................................. 40
8.2.5. WLANsettings ............................. 42
8.2.6. WLANpolicy............................... 43
8.3. Network configuration commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
8.4. Socketcommands ................................ 47
8.4.1. Socketsworkflow............................ 47
8.4.1.1. TCPsocket ............................. 47
8.4.1.2. UDPsocket............................. 48
8.4.1.3. Multicast............................... 48
8.4.2. Securesockets ............................. 48
8.4.3. Socket operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
8.4.4. Socketsettings ............................. 51
8.4.5. Socket data exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
8.5. Filesystemcommands.............................. 56
8.5.1. File system operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
8.5.2. Fileoperations.............................. 58
8.6. Network application commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.6.1. mDNS .................................. 61
8.6.2. SNTPclient ............................... 62
8.6.3. HTTPclient ............................... 63
8.6.4. MQTTclient............................... 66
8.6.5. Ping ................................... 69
8.7. Events....................................... 70
8.7.1. Generalevents ............................. 70
8.7.2. WLANevents .............................. 71
8.7.3. Socketevents .............................. 74
8.7.4. NetAppevents.............................. 74
8.7.5. MQTTevents .............................. 75
8.7.6. Fatal error events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
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9. Provisioning 77
9.1. Start the provisioning mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
9.2. Enterthecredentials............................... 77
10.Typical application use cases 80
10.1. UDPcommunication ............................... 80
10.1.1.Prerequisites .............................. 80
10.1.2. UDP socket communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
10.2. TCPcommunication ............................... 81
10.3. Secure socket communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
10.3.1. Create an SSL/TLS server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
10.3.2. Create an SSL/TLS client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
10.3.3. Secure data transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
10.4. Wi-Fidirectexample ............................... 83
10.4.1.Prerequisites .............................. 83
10.4.2. Auto connection setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
10.4.3. Manual connection setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
10.5. Running a web page on the radio module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
10.5.1. Load the web page files to the radio module . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
10.5.2. Accessing the web site in station mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
10.5.3. Accessing the web site in access point mode . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
11.Timing parameters 89
11.1. Hardreset..................................... 89
11.2. Softreset ..................................... 89
12.Firmware update 90
12.1. Prerequisites ................................... 90
12.2. Updateprocedure ................................ 90
12.2.1.Start-up ................................. 90
12.2.2. Connection to the update device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
12.2.3. Upload the update-package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
12.2.4. Finalize the update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
13.Firmware history 95
14.Custom firmware 96
14.1. Custom configuration of standard firmware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
14.2. Customer specific firmware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
14.3. Customerfirmware................................ 96
14.4. Contact for firmware requests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
15.Design in guide 98
15.1. Advice for schematic and layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
15.2. Dimensioning of the micro strip antenna line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
15.3. Antennasolutions ................................ 101
15.3.1.Wireantenna .............................. 101
15.3.2.Chipantenna .............................. 102
15.3.3.PCBantenna .............................. 102
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15.3.4. Antennas provided by Würth Elektronik eiSos . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
15.3.4.1. 2600130011 - Helike - 169 MHz dipole antenna . . . . . . . . . 103
15.3.4.2. 2600130041 - Herse - 434 MHz dipole antenna . . . . . . . . . 104
15.3.4.3. 2600130081 - Hyperion-I - 868 MHz dipole antenna . . . . . . 105
15.3.4.4. 2600130082 - Hyperion-II - 868 MHz magnetic base antenna . 106
15.3.4.5. 2600130021 - Himalia - 2.4 GHz dipole antenna . . . . . . . . 107
16.Reference design 108
16.1. EV-Board ..................................... 109
16.2. Design Guide for FCC ID R7T1001102 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
16.3. Application mode pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
17.Manufacturing information 114
17.1. Moisture sensitivity level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
17.2. Soldering ..................................... 114
17.2.1. Reflow soldering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
17.2.2.Cleaning................................. 116
17.2.3.Othernotations ............................. 116
17.3. ESDhandling................................... 116
17.4. Safety recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
18.Physical dimensions 118
18.1. Dimensions.................................... 118
18.2. Weight....................................... 118
18.3. Moduledrawing.................................. 119
18.4. Footprint...................................... 120
18.5. Antennafreearea ................................ 121
19.Marking 122
19.1. Lotnumber .................................... 122
19.2. General labeling information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
19.2.1. Label of Calypso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
20.Information for Ex protection 124
21.Regulatory compliance information 125
21.1. ImportantnoticeEU ............................... 125
21.2. EU Declaration of conformity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
21.3. FCC Compliance Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
21.4. IC Compliance Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
21.5. FCC and IC requirements to OEM integrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
21.6. Pre-certified antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
22.Important information 130
22.1. General customer responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
22.2. Customer responsibility related to specific, in particular safety-relevant ap-
plications ..................................... 130
22.3. Best care and attention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
22.4. Customer support for product specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
22.5. Product improvements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
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22.6. Productlifecycle ................................. 131
22.7. Propertyrights .................................. 131
22.8. General terms and conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
23.Legal notice 132
23.1. Exclusion of liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
23.2. Suitability in customer applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
23.3. Trademarks .................................... 132
23.4. Usagerestriction ................................. 132
24.License agreement for Würth Elektronik eiSos GmbH & Co. KG connectivity
product firmware and software 134
24.1. Limitedlicense .................................. 134
24.2. Usage and obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
24.3. Ownership..................................... 135
24.4. Firmwareupdate(s)................................ 135
24.5. Disclaimer of warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
24.6. Limitation of liability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
24.7. Applicable law and jurisdiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
24.8. Severabilityclause ................................ 136
24.9. Miscellaneous................................... 136
A. Wi-Fi certificate 137
B. Error codes 139
B.1. Disconnection reason codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
B.2. Socketerrorcodes................................ 139
B.3. Secure socket error codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
B.4. WLANerrorcodes ................................ 143
B.5. Deviceerrorcodes................................ 144
B.6. Network config error codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
B.7. File System error codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
B.8. Othererrorcodes................................. 147
C. Root certificate catalog 149
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1. Introduction
The Calypso WLAN module is a compact WLAN radio module based on IEEE 802.11 b/g/n
with a fully featured TCP/IP stack. The edge castellated connections, smart antenna config-
uration and an easy-to-use AT-style command interface enables easy integration of Calypso
into any embedded application.
The module supports IPv4 as well as IPv6 and implements several commonly used network
applications like SNTP, DHPv4, DHCPv6, mDNS, HTTP(S), MQTT out-of the box. Advanced
security features like up to 6 simultaneous secure sockets, secure boot, secure storage and
secure OTA update provide a good basis for a secure end product.
Whether a serial cable replacement or low power IoT application with cloud connectivity, the
Calypso WLAN modules offers a robust and standard compliant wireless connectivity solu-
tion for low-power and low-medium throughput applications.
WLAN will be used as a synonym for IEEE 802.11 standard compliant radio communication
throughout this manual.
Calypso is Wi-Fi Certified. The Certification ID is WFA81685.
1.1. Operational description
The Calypso WLAN module is intended to be used as a radio sub-system in order to provide
WLAN communication capabilities to the system.
The UART acts as the primary interface between the module and a host micro-controller.
The module can be fully configured and operated using a set of AT-commands over UART.
Once configured, the module independently manages WLAN connectivity allowing the host
controller to utilize its resources elsewhere.
Therefore, when using the standard firmware, a host MCU is required in the end product to
control and access the radio module. Stand alone applications, without host, can be realized
with a custom firmware development.
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1.2. Block diagram
Figure 1: Block diagram
1.3. Ordering information
WE order code Former order code Description
2610011025000 AMB5201-TR WLAN module in T&R packaging
2610011025009 AMB5201-DEV 3 pcs WLAN module
2610019225001 AMB5201-EV EV kit for WLAN module
Table 1: Ordering information
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2. Electrical specifications
Unless otherwise stated, all the values given here were measured on the Calypso evaluation
board under the following conditions:T=25°C, VDDS=3.6V, internal DC-DC converter active
and 50 Ωconducted.
2.1. Recommended operating conditions
Description Min. Typ. Max. Unit
VCC 2.1 3.3 3.6 V
Temperature range -40 25 85 °C
Ambient thermal slew rate -20 20 °C / min
Table 2: Recommended operating conditions
When operating at an ambient temperature of over 75°C, the transmit duty
cycle must remain below 50feature of the power amplifier. If the auto-protect
feature triggers, the device takes a maximum of 60 seconds to restart the trans-
mission.
2.2. Absolute maximum ratings
Description Min. Typ. Max. Unit
VCC -0.5 3.8 V
Table 3: Absolute maximum ratings
2.3. Power consumption
2.3.1. Static
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Description Min Typ. Max Unit
TX current consumption at max output power 230 mA
RX current consumption 76 mA
Low power mode 10 µA
Peak calibration current, VCC=2.1V 670 mA
Peak calibration current, VCC=3.3V 450 mA
Table 4: Power consumption
2.4. Radio characteristics
Description Min Typ. Max Unit
Max output power 16 18 dBm
Input sensitivity (1 Mbit) -94 -92 dBm
Max input level, 802.11b -4 dBm
Max input level, 802.11g -10 dBm
Frequencies 2412 2472 MHz
Table 5: Radio characteristics
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Standard Modulation and coding Peak Data rate
802.11b DBPSK(DSSS) 1 Mbps
DQPSK(DSSS) 2 Mbps
DQPSK(CCK) 5.5 Mbps
DQPSK(CCK) 11 Mbps
802.11g BPSK(OFDM) coding rate 1/2 6 Mbps
BPSK(OFDM) coding rate 3/4 9 Mbps
QPSK(OFDM) coding rate 1/2 12 Mbps
QPSK(OFDM) coding rate 3/4 18 Mbps
16-QAM(OFDM) coding rate 1/2 24 Mbps
16-QAM(OFDM) coding rate 3/4 36 Mbps
64-QAM(OFDM) coding rate 2/3 48 Mbps
64-QAM(OFDM) coding rate 3/4 54 Mbps
802.11n BPSK(OFDM) coding rate 1/2 7.2 Mbps
QPSK(OFDM) coding rate 1/2 14.4 Mbps
QPSK(OFDM) coding rate 3/4 21.7 Mbps
16-QAM(OFDM) coding rate 1/2 28.9 Mbps
16-QAM(OFDM) coding rate 3/4 43.3 Mbps
64-QAM(OFDM) coding rate 2/3 57.8 Mbps
64-QAM(OFDM) coding rate 3/4 65Mbps
64-QAM(OFDM) coding rate 5/6 72.2 Mbps
Table 6: Modulation schemes and peak data rate.
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2.5. Pin characteristics
Property Min Typ. Max Unit
RF Pin input voltage 2.1 V
GPIO Voltage Input high 0.65 ×VCC VCC V
GPIO Voltage Input low -0.5 0.35 ×VCC V
GPIO Voltage Output high 0.8 ×VCC VCC V
GPIO Voltage Output low 0 0.2 ×VCC V
/RESET Voltage Input low 0.6 V
Pin output current sunk by any I/O and
control pin, drive mode dependant 2 mA
Pin output current sourced by any I/O and
control pin, drive mode dependant 2 mA
Table 7: Pin characteristics
2.6. TX power vs current consumption
The following tables contains the typical TX power values and the corresponding typical
average current for 3.6V supply voltage and 25°C ambient temperature. Cable loses of the
conducted measurement are about 2dB.
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Tx power
index
TX power
[dBm]
Average current
[mA]
0 13.97 260.15
1 12.59 255.95
2 11.62 249.5
3 11.53 251.17
4 10.57 189.35
5 9.47 184.4
6 8.93 182.3
7 8.96 182.3
8 8.89 182.27
9 8.88 182.22
10 8.81 182.29
11 8.86 182.2
12 8.88 182.17
13 8.89 182.18
14 8.92 182.2
15 8.93 182.11
Table 8: TX power vs current consumption, conducted measurement of continuous data
transmission, rate 1Mbps (DSSS)
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Tx power
index
TX power
[dBm]
Average current
[mA]
0 11.74 119.74
1 10.48 118.95
2 9.46 118.36
3 8.36 117.91
4 8.87 103.10
5 8 102.29
6 6.80 101.73
7 5.83 101.29
8 4.93 100.84
9 3.93 100.59
10 2.88 100.30
11 1.98 100.18
12 1.09 100.02
13 0.75 100
14 0.73 100
15 0.64 100
Table 9: TX power vs current consumption, conducted measurement of continuous data
transmission, rate 54Mbps (OFDM)
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3. Pinout
113
23
34
22
ANT
RF
GND
VCC
STATUS_IND_0
STATUS_IND_1
/RESET
RESERVED
APP_MODE_0
14
APP_MODE_1
RESERVED
GND
/CTS
/RTS
WAKE_UP
UTXD
URXD
RESERVED
GND
GND
RESERVED
RESERVED
RESERVED
RESERVED
RESERVED
RESERVED
RESERVED
RESERVED
RESERVED
RESERVED
GND RESERVED
GND
BOOT
Figure 2: Pinout (top view)
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No Function Description
1ANT RF connection to PCB antenna (see section 4.1 )
2RF 50ΩRF connection to external antenna or onboard antenna
via ANT (see section 4.1 )
3GND Negative supply voltage
4VCC Positive supply voltage
5STATUS_IND_0 Status indication LED 0, do not connect if not needed
6STATUS_IND_1 Status indication LED 1, do not connect if not needed
7/RESET Reset (active low), internal pull-up (100 kΩ)
8GPIO12 Unused, output LOW, do not connect if not needed
9BOOT Input with internal pull-down (2.7 kΩ), pull low during start-up
to boot the standard application, do not connect if not needed
10 APP_MODE_0 Input, internal weak pull-down (see section
5.2 ), do not
connect if not needed
11 APP_MODE_1 Input, internal weak pull-down (see section
5.2 ), do not
connect if not needed
12 GPIO30 Unused, output LOW, do not connect if not needed
13 GND Negative supply voltage
No Function Description
14 GND Negative supply voltage
15 UTXD Module UART TX
16 URXD Module UART RX, internal weak pull-up
17 GPIO3 Unused, output LOW, do not connect if not needed
18 WAKE_UP Wake-up on rising edge, internal pull-down, do not connect if
not needed
19 GPIO5 Unused, output LOW, do not connect if not needed
20 GPIO6/CTS Optionally UART CTS (see section
6.2 ), internal pull-down,
do not connect if not needed
21 GPIO7/RTS Optionally UART RTS (see section
6.2 ), output LOW, do not
connect if not needed
22 GND Negative supply voltage
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No Function Description
23 GND Negative supply voltage
24 GPIO10 Unused, output LOW, do not connect if not needed
25 GPIO11 Unused, output LOW, do not connect if not needed
26 GPIO14 Unused, output LOW, do not connect if not needed
27 GPIO15 Unused, output LOW, do not connect if not needed
28 GPIO16 Unused, output LOW, do not connect if not needed
29 GPIO17 Unused, output LOW, do not connect if not needed
30 JTAG_TDI Debug line (locked), do not connect
31 JTAG_TDO Debug line (locked), do not connect
32 JTAG_TCK Debug line (locked), internal pull-down, do not connect
33 JTAG_TMS Debug line (locked), do not connect
34 GND Negative supply voltage
Table 10: Pinout
Calypso reference manual version 1.2 © April 2019
www.we-online.com/wireless-connectivity 19