Advantech ARK-2151V User manual

User Manual
ARK-2151V
In-Vehicle Full HD NVR w/4 PoE
Ports

ARK-2151V User Manual ii
Copyright
The documentation and the software included with this product are copyrighted 2015
by Advantech Co., Ltd. All rights are reserved. Advantech Co., Ltd. reserves the right
to make improvements in the products described in this manual at any time without
notice. No part of this manual may be reproduced, copied, translated or transmitted
in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of Advantech Co.,
Ltd. Information provided in this manual is intended to be accurate and reliable. How-
ever, Advantech Co., Ltd. assumes no responsibility for its use, nor for any infringe-
ments of the rights of third parties, which may result from its use.
Acknowledgements
Intel® and Pentium® are trademarks of Intel Corporation.
Microsoft Windows® is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.
All other product names or trademarks are properties of their respective owners.
Product Warranty (2 years)
Advantech warrants to you, the original purchaser, that each of its products will be
free from defects in materials and workmanship for two years from the date of pur-
chase.
This warranty does not apply to any products which have been repaired or altered by
persons other than repair personnel authorized by Advantech, or which have been
subject to misuse, abuse, accident or improper installation. Advantech assumes no
liability under the terms of this warranty as a consequence of such events.
Because of Advantech’s high quality-control standards and rigorous testing, most of
our customers never need to use our repair service. If an Advantech product is defec-
tive, it will be repaired or replaced at no charge during the warranty period. For out-
of-warranty repairs, you will be billed according to the cost of replacement materials,
service time and freight. Please consult your dealer for more details.
If you think you have a defective product, follow these steps:
1. Collect all the information about the problem encountered. (For example, CPU
speed, Advantech products used, other hardware and software used, etc.) Note
anything abnormal and list any onscreen messages you get when the problem
occurs.
2. Call your dealer and describe the problem. Please have your manual, product,
and any helpful information readily available.
3. If your product is diagnosed as defective, obtain an RMA (return merchandise
authorization) number from your dealer. This allows us to process your return
more quickly.
4. Carefully pack the defective product, a fully-completed Repair and Replacement
Order Card and a photocopy proof of purchase date (such as your sales receipt)
in a shippable container. A product returned without proof of the purchase date
is not eligible for warranty service.
5. Write the RMA number visibly on the outside of the package and ship it prepaid
to your dealer.
Part No. 2006215110 Edition 1
Printed in China May 2015

iii ARK-2151V User Manual
Declaration of Conformity
CE
This product has passed the CE test for environmental specifications. Test conditions
for passing included the equipment being operated within an industrial enclosure. In
order to protect the product from being damaged by ESD (Electrostatic Discharge)
and EMI leakage, we strongly recommend the use of CE-compliant industrial enclo-
sure products.
FCC Class A
Note: This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class
A digital device, pursuant to part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to
provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is
operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can
radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the
instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Opera-
tion of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in
which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.
Technical Support and Assistance
1. Visit the Advantech web site at www.advantech.com/support where you can find
the latest information about the product.
2. Contact your distributor, sales representative, or Advantech's customer service
center for technical support if you need additional assistance. Please have the
following information ready before you call:
–Product name and serial number
–Description of your peripheral attachments
–Description of your software (operating system, version, application software,
etc.)
–A complete description of the problem
–The exact wording of any error messages
Warnings, Cautions and Notes
Warning! Warnings indicate conditions, which if not observed, can cause personal
injury!
Caution! Cautions are included to help you avoid damaging hardware or losing
data.

ARK-2151V User Manual iv
Document Feedback
To assist us in making improvements to this manual, we would welcome comments
and constructive criticism. Please send all such - in writing to: support@advan-
tech.com
Packing List
Before setting up the system, check that the items listed below are included and in
good condition. If any item does not accord with the table, please contact your dealer
immediately.
1 x ARK-2151V unit
1 x Hard copy user manual (Simplified Chinese)
1 x 3 pin phoenix power block 3.81mm
1 x GPS ANT active w/ 5M SMA cable
1 x 10 pin DIO plug block
Ordering Information
Note! Notes provide optional additional information.
P/N Description
ARK-2151V-S6A1E Intel Celeron 2980U DC 1.6 GHz w/4 COM
ARK-2151V-S9A1E Intel Core i5 4300U DC 1.9 GHz w/4 POE

v ARK-2151V User Manual
Safety Instructions
1. Read these safety instructions carefully.
2. Keep this User Manual for later reference.
3. Disconnect this equipment from any AC outlet before cleaning. Use a damp
cloth. Do not use liquid or spray detergents for cleaning.
4. For plug-in equipment, the power outlet socket must be located near the equip-
ment and must be easily accessible.
5. Keep this equipment away from humidity.
6. Put this equipment on a reliable surface during installation. Dropping it or letting
it fall may cause damage.
7. Do not leave this equipment in an environment unconditioned where the storage
temperature under -40° C or above 80° C, it may damage the equipment. Oper-
ating temperature is -20° C to 60° C.
8. The openings on the enclosure are for air convection. Protect the equipment
from overheating. DO NOT COVER THE OPENINGS.
9. Make sure the voltage of the power source is correct before connecting the
equipment to the power outlet. Cable of Power source should be shielded.
10. Position the power cord so that people cannot step on it. Do not place anything
over the power cord.The voltage and current rating of the cord should be greater
than the voltage and current rating marked on the product.
11. All cautions and warnings on the equipment should be noted.
12. If the equipment is not used for a long time, disconnect it from the power source
to avoid damage by transient overvoltage.
13. Never pour any liquid into an opening. This may cause fire or electrical shock.
14. Never open the equipment. For safety reasons, the equipment should be
opened only by qualified service personnel.
15. If one of the following situations arises, get the equipment checked by service
personnel:
The power cord or plug is damaged.
Liquid has penetrated into the equipment.
The equipment has been exposed to moisture.
The equipment does not work well, or you cannot get it to work according to
the user's manual.
The equipment has been dropped and damaged.
The equipment has obvious signs of breakage.
16. CAUTION: The computer is provided with a battery-powered real-time clock cir-
cuit. There is a danger of explosion if battery is incorrectly replaced. Replace
only with same or equivalent type recommended by the manufacture. Discard
used batteries according to the manufacturers instructions.
17. ATTENTION: L'ordinateur est muni d'un circuit en temps reél de l'horloge ali-
mentée par betterie. ll ya un danger d'explosion si la pile est replacée de façon
incorrecte. Remplacez uniquement par un type identique ou équivalent recom-
mandé par le fabricant. Jetez les piles usagées selon les instructions du fabri-
cant.

ARK-2151V User Manual vi
18. CAUTION: Always completely disconnect the power cord from your chassis
whenever you work with the hardware. Do not make connections while the
power is on. Sensitive electronic components can be damaged by sudden
power surges.
19. CAUTION: Always ground yourself to remove any static charge before touching
the motherboard, backplane, or add-on cards. Modern electronic devices are
very sensitive to static electric charges. As a safety precaution, use a grounding
wrist strap at all times. Place all electronic components on a static-dissipative
surface or in a static-shielded bag when they are not in the chassis.
20. CAUTION: Any unverified component could cause unexpected damage. To
ensure the correct installation, please always use the components (ex. screws)
provided with the accessory box.
21. ATTENTION: Tout composant non vérifiée pourrait causer des dommages inat-
tendu. Pour garantir une installation correcte, s'il vous plaît utilisez toujours les
composants( vis ex.) fournies avec la boîte d'accessories.

vii ARK-2151V User Manual
Contents
Chapter 1 General Introduction ...........................1
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 2
1.2 Features .................................................................................................... 3
1.3 Specifications ............................................................................................ 3
Table 1.1: Power Input / Output Support Information .................. 4
1.4 Dimensions ............................................................................................... 5
Figure 1.1 ARK-2151V dimensions ............................................. 5
Chapter 2 Hardware installation ..........................7
2.1 Overview of Hardware Installation & Upgrading ....................................... 8
2.2 Installing Memory ...................................................................................... 8
2.3 Installing storage ....................................................................................... 9
2.3.1 Installing 2.5" SSD or HDD ........................................................... 9
2.3.2 Installing mSATA Storage............................................................. 9
2.4 Installing Optional Modules ..................................................................... 10
2.4.1 Installing WLAN module.............................................................. 10
2.4.2 Installing WWAN module ............................................................ 11
Chapter 3 Jumper and Switch Settings ............13
3.1 Setting Jumpers and Switches................................................................ 14
3.1.1 Main Board.................................................................................. 15
Figure 3.1 Top side of main board............................................. 15
Figure 3.2 Bottom side of main board........................................ 15
3.1.2 I/O Board (ARK-2151V-S6A1E Only) ......................................... 16
Figure 3.3 Top side of I/O board................................................ 16
Figure 3.4 Bottom side of I/O board........................................... 16
3.1.3 I/O board (ARK-2151V-S9A1E Only).......................................... 17
Figure 3.5 Bottom side of I/O board........................................... 17
3.1.4 Power Board ............................................................................... 17
Figure 3.6 Top side of power board........................................... 17
3.2 Jumper Lists............................................................................................ 18
3.2.1 Main Board.................................................................................. 18
3.2.2 I/O Board (ARK-2151V-S6A1E Only) ......................................... 18
3.2.3 I/O Board (ARK-2151V-S9A1E Only) ......................................... 18
3.2.4 Power Board ............................................................................... 18
3.3 Jumper Settings ...................................................................................... 19
3.3.1 Main Board.................................................................................. 19
Table 3.1: Auto Power On Setting (J2)...................................... 19
Table 3.2: LCD Power (J3) ........................................................ 19
Table 3.3: mPCIe & mSATA Selection (SW2)........................... 19
Table 3.4: Clear CMOS (SW3) .................................................. 20
3.3.2 I/O Board (ARK-2151V-S6A1E Only) ......................................... 20
Table 3.5: RS232/422/485 Setting ............................................ 20
Table 3.6: RS232/422/485 Setting ............................................ 20
Table 3.7: WWAN Voice Audio -PCM Data In/Out Swap .......... 21
Table 3.8: WWAN Module Power Selection .............................. 21
3.3.3 I/O Board (ARK-2151V-S9A1E Only) ......................................... 22
Table 3.9: 3G Voice Audio -PCM Data In/Out Swap ................. 22
Table 3.10:3G/4G Module Power Selection ............................... 22
3.3.4 Power Board ............................................................................... 23
Table 3.11:Power Ignition HW Setting........................................ 23

ARK-2151V User Manual viii
Table 3.12:Power Ignition SW/HW Setting Selection................. 24
Chapter 4 Pin Assignments............................... 25
4.1 ARK-2151V-S6A1E I/O Connectors ....................................................... 26
4.1.1 ARK-2151V-S6A1E Front I/O View ............................................ 26
4.1.2 ARK-2151V-S6A1E Rear I/O View ............................................. 26
4.2 ARK-2151V-S6A1E I/O Pin Definition..................................................... 26
4.2.1 VGA Connector........................................................................... 26
Figure 4.1 VGA Connector ........................................................ 26
Table 4.1: VGA Connector Pin Assignments ............................ 26
4.2.2 USB Connector........................................................................... 27
Figure 4.2 USB Connector [Upper (black): USB2.0 / Down (blue):
USB 3.0] ................................................................... 27
Table 4.2: USB Connector Pin Assignments............................. 27
4.2.3 Ethernet Connector..................................................................... 27
Figure 4.3 Ethernet Connector .................................................. 27
Table 4.3: Ethernet Connector Pin Assignments ...................... 27
4.2.4 HDMI Connector ......................................................................... 28
Figure 4.4 HDMI Connector....................................................... 28
Table 4.4: HDMI / Display Port Connector Pin Assignments .... 28
4.2.5 DIO Connector............................................................................ 28
Figure 4.5 DIO Connector ......................................................... 28
4.2.6 Power Input Connector ............................................................... 29
Figure 4.6 Power Input Connector............................................. 29
4.2.7 COM Connector.......................................................................... 29
Figure 4.7 COM Port Connector................................................ 29
Table 4.5: COM Connector Pin Assignments............................ 29
4.2.8 System Audio Connector ............................................................ 30
Figure 4.8 System Audio Connector.......................................... 30
Table 4.6: Audio Connector Pin Assignments........................... 30
4.2.9 Cellular Voice Connector............................................................ 30
Figure 4.9 Cellular Voice Connector.......................................... 30
Table 4.7: Cellular Voice Connector Pin Assignments.............. 30
4.2.10 Optional I/O................................................................................. 30
4.2.11 Power Input Mode....................................................................... 31
Figure 4.10Power Input Mode .................................................... 31
4.2.12 Power On/Off Button................................................................... 31
Figure 4.11Power ON/OFF Button ............................................. 31
4.2.13 Reset .......................................................................................... 31
Figure 4.12Reset ........................................................................ 31
4.2.14 LED Indicator .............................................................................. 31
Figure 4.13LED Indicator............................................................ 31
4.3 ARK-2151V-S9A1E I/O Connectors ....................................................... 32
4.3.1 ARK-2151V-S9A1E Front I/O View ............................................ 32
4.3.2 ARK-2151V-S9A1E Rear I/O View ............................................. 32
4.4 ARK-2151V-S9A1E I/O Pin Definition..................................................... 32
4.4.1 VGA Connector........................................................................... 32
Figure 4.14VGA Connector ........................................................ 32
Table 4.8: VGA Connector Pin Assignments ............................ 32
4.4.2 USB Connector........................................................................... 33
Figure 4.15 USB Connector [Upper (black): USB2.0 / Down (blue):
USB 3.0] ................................................................... 33
Table 4.9: USB Connector Pin Assignments............................. 33
4.4.3 Ethernet Connector..................................................................... 33
Figure 4.16Ethernet Connector ...................................................33
Table 4.10:Ethernet Connector Pin Assignments ...................... 33
4.4.4 HDMI Connector ......................................................................... 34
Figure 4.17HDMI Connector....................................................... 34

ix ARK-2151V User Manual
Table 4.11:HDMI / Display Port Connector Pin Assignments..... 34
4.4.5 DIO Connector ............................................................................ 34
Figure 4.18DIO Connector.......................................................... 34
4.4.6 Power Input Connector ............................................................... 35
Figure 4.19Power Input Connector............................................. 35
4.4.7 Power Over Ethernet ................................................................. 35
Figure 4.20Power Over Ethernet Connector .............................. 35
Table 4.12:Power Over Ethernet (PoE) Pin Definition................ 35
4.4.8 System Audio Connector ............................................................ 35
Figure 4.21System Audio Connector.......................................... 35
Table 4.13: Audio Connector Pin Assignments ........................... 36
4.4.9 Cellular Voice Connector ............................................................ 36
Figure 4.22Cellular Voice Connector.......................................... 36
Table 4.14:Cellular Voice Connector Pin Assignments .............. 36
4.4.10 Optional I/O................................................................................. 36
4.4.11 Power Input Mode....................................................................... 36
Figure 4.23Power Input Mode .................................................... 36
4.4.12 Power On/Off Button................................................................... 37
Figure 4.24Power ON/OFF Button ............................................. 37
4.4.13 Reset........................................................................................... 37
Figure 4.25Reset ........................................................................ 37
4.4.14 LED Indicator .............................................................................. 37
Figure 4.26LED Indicator............................................................ 37
Chapter 5 BIOS settings .....................................39
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 40
Figure 5.1 Setup program initial screen..................................... 40
5.2 Entering Setup ........................................................................................ 41
5.2.1 Main Setup.................................................................................. 41
Figure 5.2 Main setup screen .................................................... 41
5.2.2 Advanced BIOS Features Setup................................................. 42
Figure 5.3 Advanced BIOS features setup screen .................... 42
Figure 5.4 PCI Subsystem Settings........................................... 43
Figure 5.5 PCI Express Device Register Settings ..................... 44
Figure 5.6 ACPI Setting ............................................................. 45
Figure 5.7 Trusted Computing Configuration............................. 46
Figure 5.8 S5 RTC Wake Settings............................................. 47
Figure 5.9 CPU Configuration Setting ....................................... 48
Figure 5.10SATA Configuration.................................................. 49
Figure 5.11Intel® Rapid Technology .......................................... 50
Figure 5.12AMT Configuration.................................................... 51
Figure 5.13PCH-FW Configuration............................................. 52
Figure 5.14USB Configuration.................................................... 53
Figure 5.15Embedded Controller Configuration ......................... 54
Figure 5.16Super IO Configuration............................................. 55
Figure 5.17Serial Port Console Redirection ............................... 56
5.2.3 Chipset........................................................................................ 57
Figure 5.18Chipset Setup ........................................................... 57
Figure 5.19System Agent (SA) Configuration............................. 58
Figure 5.20Intel IGFX Configuration ........................................... 59
Figure 5.21LCD Control.............................................................. 60
Figure 5.22Memory Configuration .............................................. 61
Figure 5.23PCH-IO Configuration............................................... 62
Figure 5.24PCI Express Configuration ....................................... 63
Figure 5.25USB Configuration.................................................... 64
Figure 5.26PCH Azalia Configuration......................................... 65
5.2.4 Boot Settings............................................................................... 66
Figure 5.27Boot Setup Utility ...................................................... 66

ARK-2151V User Manual x
5.2.5 Security Setup ............................................................................ 67
Figure 5.28Password Configuration ........................................... 67
5.2.6 Save & Exit ................................................................................. 68
Figure 5.29Save & Exit............................................................... 68
Appendix A WDT Sample Code ............................ 71
A.1 Watchdog Timer Sample Code............................................................... 72

Chapter 1
1General Introduction
This chapter gives background
information on ARK-2151V series.

ARK-2151V User Manual 2
1.1 Introduction
ARK-2151V is an industrial grade dual core mobile device for in-vehicle computer
and in-vehicle NVR solutions.
ARK-2151V supports Full-HD NVR solutions and is fully integrated with certified
hardware and intelligent management software. ARK-2151V has integrated in-vehi-
cle power (ISO-7637-2), conforms to in-vehicle certifications (E-Mark, IEC-60721-3-5
5M3), and has specially-developed vehicle software SDK and APIs for in-vehicle
applications. It also provides wireless communication (GPS/G-sensor/Wi-Fi/3G/CAN-
Bus) for excellent connectivity, has high graphics capability (up to 1080p @120fps)
for video previews, has great expansion capability and comes with integrated soft-
ware for manageability and security.
ARK-2151V-S6A1E I/O Overview
ARK-2151V-S9A1E I/O Overview

3 ARK-2151V User Manual
Chapter 1 General Introduction
1.2 Features
Intel® Celeron 2980U 1.6 GHz / Core i5-4300U 1.9 GHz SoC
4 PoE Ports to Support Mainstream IP Cameras
Diversity Communication Abilities, ex. WWAN, WLAN
Built-in GPS and G-Sensor for GIS application
Intelligent Vehicle Power Ignition
9 ~ 36 Vdc* Wide Power Input w/isolation
(*: Power input constraint at low power 9 ~ 10.9 V.)
Dual storage: 1 x removable 2.5" drive bay & 1 x F/S mSATA
Supports iManager, SUSIAccess and Embedded Software APIs
1.3 Specifications
CPU:
–ARK-2151V-S6A1E: Intel Celeron 2980U DC 1.6 GHz
–ARK-2151V-S9A1E: Intel Core i5 4300U DC 1.9 GHz
Chipset:
–ARK-2151V-S6A1E: HD graphics
–ARK-2151V-S9A1E: GT2-4400 graphics
BIOS: AMI EFI 128 Mbit
System memory:
–ARK-2151V-S6A1E: 1 x 204pin SODIMM, DDR3L 1333 MHz, up to 8 GB
–ARK-2151V-S9A1E: 1 x 204pin SODIMM, DDR3L 1600 MHz, up to 8 GB
Storage:
–2.5" drive bay: 1 x removable 2.5" drive bay (Max 9.5 mm height)
–mSATA: 1x full size mSATA storage
Serial ports:
–ARK-2151V-S6A1E: 2 x RS-232/422/485 ports w/ 3 KV isolation (support
auto flow control, jumper selectable)
Optional I/O:
–ARK-2151V-S6A1E: 2 x CANBus 2.0 A/B or 2 x RS-232/422/485
–ARK-2151V-S9A1E: 2 x CANBus 2.0 A/B or 2 x RS-232/422/485
Universal serial bus (USB) port: 2 x USB 2.0 & 2 x USB3.0
LAN port: 2 x Giga LAN 10/100/1000 Mbps, supports wake on LAN
Power over Ethernet, POE (ARK-2151V-S9A1E only): Supports 4 x 10/100
Mbps
–4 ports full-load, IEEE802.3af Class 2 (7 Watt)
–2 ports full-load, IEEE802.3af Class 3 (15.4 Watt)
LED: Power LED, SSD LED

ARK-2151V User Manual 4
Graphic output:
–1 x VGA, up to 1920 x 1200 with 60 Hz, 154 MHz pixel clock rate
–1 x lockable HDMI connector, up to 4K at 24 Hz
Mini PCI express bus expansion slot:
–1 x full size mini PCIe slot, support mSATA storage
–1 x half size mini PCIe slot, support WLAN module
–2 x full size mini PCIe slots w/SIM holder, support WWAN module (USB inter-
face)
Watchdog timer: 255-level timer interval, setup by software
RTC Battery: 3.0 V @ 200 mAH lithium battery.
Digital I/O: 6 x DI & 2 x DO w/ 3KV isolation
–Input Voltage: 0 to 30 VDC at 25 Hz,
–Output Current: Max. 500 mA per channel
–On-state Voltage: 24 VDC nominal, open collector to 30 VDC
Audio:
–Main system: Realtek ALC888S, High Definition Audio (HD), Line-in, Line
out, Mic-in
–Cellular Voice*: Supports WWAN voice function, Line-out, Mic-in
(* To enable cellular voice function, setup the WWAN module function via AT
command.)
GPS: On board standalone GPS, supports GPS, GLONASS and QZSS signals
G-sensor: On board high resolution G-Sensor, up to 13-bit resolution at ±16g
Power Requirement:
–Power type: ATX/AT
–Input voltage:
Supports: 9 ~ 36 VDC*
–Vehicle Power Ignition: Selectable boot-up & shut-down voltage, on/off delay
time
–Isolation: 1.5 KV Isolated
Dimensions: (W x H x D): 264.5 x 75.1 x 133.0 mm (10.41" x 2.96" x 5.24")
Enclosure: Ruggedized aluminum housing.
Operating temperature:
–With extended temperature peripherals:-20 ~ 60 °C with 0.7m/s air flow
–With standard temperature peripherals:0 ~ 45 °C with 0.7m/s air flow
Storage temperature: -40 ~ 85° C (-40 ~ 185 °F)
Relative humidity: 95% @ 40 °C (non-condensing)
Vibration / Shock: With mSATA/SSD: IEC 60721-3-5 Class 5M3
Certifications:
–EMC: CE/FCC Class A, CCC, BSMI
–Safety: UL, CCC, BSMI, E-Mark (E13)
–In-Vehicle Power: ISO7637-2 Lev.4
Table 1.1: Power Input / Output Support Information
Output: 12V (for M/B) Output: 48 V (for PoE)
Input 11 V ~ 36 V 5 A 0.75 A
Input 10.0 V ~ 10.9 V 4 A 0.5 A
Input 9.0 ~ 9.9 V 3.5 A N/A

5 ARK-2151V User Manual
Chapter 1 General Introduction
1.4 Dimensions
Figure 1.1 ARK-2151V dimensions

ARK-2151V User Manual 6

Chapter 2
2Hardware installation
This chapter introduces the instal-
lation of ARK-2151V Hardware.

ARK-2151V User Manual 8
2.1 Overview of Hardware Installation & Upgrading
2.2 Installing Memory
Remove 9 screws in total to install memory on the top side of the board. (screws:
4pcs on top and 5pcs on side of the top cover)
Warning! Do not remove the ruggedized aluminum covers until verifying that no
power is flowing within the computer. Power must be switched off and
the power cord must be unplugged. Take care in order to avoid injury or
damage to the equipment.

9 ARK-2151V User Manual
Chapter 2 Hardware installation
2.3 Installing storage
2.3.1 Installing 2.5" SSD or HDD
2.3.2 Installing mSATA Storage
1. Remove 6 screws on the bottom cover.

ARK-2151V User Manual 10
2. Remove 2.5" drive bay and Insert full size mSATA storage in the place marked.
2.4 Installing Optional Modules
2.4.1 Installing WLAN module
1. Remove 6 screws on the bottom cover.