Covaris M220 User manual

For research use only
M-Series
USER MANUAL
instrument developed for
high performance sample preparation
using adaptive focused acoustics
Product Name: M-Series
Model Numbers: M220
Software: SonoLab 7

M220 User Manual Page 2
Trademarks
Patented or patent pending and registered or registration-pending are trademarks of Covaris.
Registered names and trademarks used in this document, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be
considered unprotected by law.
Information subject to change without notice
For Research Use Only
Not for use in diagnostic procedures
Publication P/N 010157
Revision H, May 2017
Product covered by Patent No. US6, 719,449, US6, 948,843, and other applications
Copyright © 2017 Covaris, all rights reserved.
Covaris, Inc.
14 Gill St, Unit H
Woburn, Massachusetts
01801-1721 USA Printed in U.S.A.
UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS
Universal Precautions should be followed on all specimen samples, regardless of whether a sample is known to contain
an infectious agent. Laboratories handling specimen samples are advised to comply with applicable parts of the following
governmental and clinical standards, or their equivalent in the country of use:
•Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Universal Precautions for Prevention of Transmission of HIV and Other
Bloodborne Infections, published 1987, updated 1996
•Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), GP17-A2 Clinical Laboratory Safety; Approved Guideline -
Second Edition, published 2004, ISBN 1-56238-530-5
•Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), M29-A3 Protection of Laboratory Workers from
Occupationally Acquired Infections; Approved Guideline, Third Edition, published 2005, ISBN 1-56238-5674
•Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 29 CFR 1910.1030 Bloodborne Pathogens
•International Standards Organization (ISO) 15190:2003, Medical Laboratories – Requirements for Safety

M220 User Manual Page 3
Warnings
For safety of operating personnel:
Make sure that the equipment is properly grounded. DO NOT operate if it is not properly grounded.
The unit is equipped with a power plug appropriate for the destination country. DO NOT, under any circumstances,
remove the grounding prong from the power cord.
DO NOT attempt to operate the equipment with the safety cover in the OPEN position or without water in the
acoustic assembly; the acoustic system will not work.If there is any indication that the Safety System is not
functioning properly, DO NOT operate the equipment and contact Covaris immediately.
If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the protection provided by the equipment
may be impaired.
To prevent damage to the equipment:
The instruments are designed to operate in ambient laboratory conditions e.g., 19ºC to 25ºC (66ºF to 77ºF). DO
NOT operate the instrument in a cold room environment; the system is designed to operate with a water bath and
includes a solid state heater/chiller apparatus to control sample temperature.
NEVER run a method without water in the acoustic assembly; this could damage the transducer. The instrument is
equipped with a water level sensor to protect the transducer. The system will not allow the acoustic wave treatment
to start unless an adequate volume of water is detected.
AFA-grade water should be used to fill the water bath.
Empty the water bath and wipe it dry EVERY day with a lint-free cloth.DO NOT leave water in the water bath for an
extended time as there is no water filtration or water cleaning system with the apparatus.
Do not employ isopropyl alcohol, ammonia-based or abrasive cleaners on the acoustic assembly, as these will
damage the acrylic or transducer surfaces.
The Tube Holder should be stored in a dry place or in the M220 Accessories Storage Station when not in use.
Establish a standard of operation and periodically test equipment, as described in Appendix A of this manual.
DO NOT load third party hardware, software, or parts onto the system without consulting with Covaris.

M220 User Manual Page 4
Warranty
When used in accordance with written instruction and under normal operating conditions, the Covaris
instruments are guaranteed to be free of defects in MATERIAL and WORKMANSHIP for one (1) year from the
date of original delivery by an authorized representative. Any component which proves defective during the
stated period will be repaired free of charge or replaced at the sole discretion of Covaris, F.O.B., Woburn,
Massachusetts, U.S.A. provided the defective component is returned properly packaged with all transportation
charges prepaid. The customer is expected to perform basic diagnostics and component replacement with
telephone support from Covaris personnel. If Covaris personnel are required to perform on-site repair, all travel
related costs are paid by the customer. A limited warranty as specified may apply to certain components of the
equipment.
Warranty Exceptions
This warranty is void if failure of the software or hardware has resulted from accidents, abuse, improper
maintenance, or repair, or misapplication by the customer. It is also void if damage is caused by any
unauthorized attachments or if modifications are made to the equipment. Removing or tampering with the
Safety Enclosure will void the warranty, and the customer will assume all liabilities.
This warranty is limited to the original purchaser and is not transferable.
The software will perform according to the accompanying written materials and the medium on which the
software is delivered is free of defects in materials under normal use and service. The warranty is void if
damage has resulted from third party software not intended for use with the system.
The high power focused transducer is designed to give maximal mechanical energy output in water. Permanent
damage to the transducer and electronic circuits could result if the transducer is operated without water.
Operation of the system without water in the water bath voids the warranty.
CONTACT COVARIS, INC. SHOULD YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS CONCERNING THE EQUIPMENT
Warranty Services
The purchased equipment is covered by a twelve (12) month warranty which includes all the service and
support necessary so that the customer can operate the equipment successfully. Extended warranties are
available at the end of the original 12 month warranty period.
Services included with the original purchase of the system are:
Technical Support – On-going assistance with the operation or application of the equipment and/or
troubleshooting is provided via:
•Telephone [phone]) during the hours of 9:00am to 5:00pm, Monday through Friday,
oUnited States, Eastern Standard Time (EST)
oGreenwich Mean Time (GMT-05:00)
•E-mail queries to [e-mail] or [e-mail]
M220 Instrument Repair – Repair of all parts (including the laptop) from normal operation of equipment are
provided in our Service Depot. All labor charges are included. Instrument packaging and ground shipping will
be provided. Failure due to accident, abuse, or improper operation is not covered.
An Operator’s Manual is provided with the equipment. This manual includes sections on the operating
instructions, maintenance guidelines, and troubleshooting tips.

M220 User Manual Page 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................7
1.1 Overview of the Manual............................................................................................................7
1.2 The M220 and the Covaris Process.........................................................................................7
2.0 INSTALLATION AND SETUP ...............................................................................................................7
2.1 Assembly ...................................................................................................................................7
2.2 Installing the Tube Holder........................................................................................................9
2.3 SonoLab Installation...............................................................................................................10
2.4 Starting SonoLab ....................................................................................................................11
3.0 OPERATION........................................................................................................................................12
3.1 General Overview....................................................................................................................12
3.2 Preparing the M220 for Use....................................................................................................13
3.3 Filling the Water Bath .............................................................................................................15
3.4 Loading the Sample................................................................................................................16
3.5 Running a Method...................................................................................................................17
3.6 Instrument Light......................................................................................................................17
3.7 Draining water and cleaning ..................................................................................................17
3.8 Shutdown Procedure..............................................................................................................17
4.0 USING A PREEXISTING METHOD.....................................................................................................18
4.1 DNA shearing protocol...........................................................................................................18
4.2Chromatin shearing protocols...............................................................................................18
5.0 CREATE AND EDIT METHODS..........................................................................................................19
6.0 SonoLab™ APPLICATION SOFTWARE............................................................................................25
6.1 Run Screen ..............................................................................................................................25
6.2 History Screen.........................................................................................................................25
6.3 Setup Screen ...........................................................................................................................26
6.4 Maintenance Screen................................................................................................................32
6.5 About Tab.................................................................................................................................33
7.0 TROUBLESHOOTING.........................................................................................................................35
Appendix A: Suggested M Series IQ / OQ / PQ..........................................................................................36
Appendix B: M Series Site or Transport Preparation................................................................................42
Appendix C: Updating SonoLab Software..................................................................................................43
Appendix D: Installing SonoLab on a new computer and installing Windows Instrument Drivers.....44
Appendix E: Running the SonoLab Protocol Updater ..............................................................................45

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M220 User Manual Page 7
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview of the Manual
This manual contains installation, operation and service instructions for the Covaris M220 Focused-
ultrasonicator. It contains information essential to the proper use and care of this equipment.
Should any unforeseen problems occur with the normal operation of the equipment, contact Covaris
Technical Support immediately.
The following definitions apply in this manual:
NOTE: Inconvenience if disregarded.
CAUTION: Equipment damage may occur.
WARNING: Personal injury may occur.
There is a PDF version of this manual available on the computer desktop. Open the manual by
double clicking the user manual icon. A hypertext version of this manual can also be found in the
Help tab of the SonoLab Software.
1.2 The M220 and the Covaris Process
The M220 Focused-ultrasonicator is based on Covaris Adaptive Focused Acoustics (AFA)
technology. This instrument is designed to provide researchers an integrated stand-alone tool to be
used in laboratory environment. The instrument is ideal for those who work with DNA shearing and
sample preparation.
The system is comprised of the Treatment System which delivers the acoustic energy to the sample,
the Safety System which protects users from inadvertently contacting the high intensity acoustic
energy, and the Computer and Application Software which provides users an interface to control the
device.
The Covaris Process uses adaptive focused acoustic energy to precisely control cavitation and
acoustic streaming within the sample treatment vessel in a non-contact, isothermal fashion. Focused
acoustic energy is generated and delivered to individual samples. The mechanical energy imparted
on the sample results in a controlled series of compression and rarefaction events.
2.0 INSTALLATION AND SETUP
2.1 Assembly
The following items should be found in the package of the Covaris M220 instrument:
oQuick Start User Guide
oUser Manual
oNotebook Computer with AC Adapter (# 500311)
oCables
1 USB cable
1 M220 power cord
1 Computer AC Adaptor power cord (Non US customer only)
oAccessories
Fill-Drain Kit (# 500299)

M220 User Manual Page 8
•1 100ml wash bottle
•1 20 ml Syringe
•2 Re-sealable plastic syringe tips
Cleaning Swab Kit (# 500298)
•10 disposable swabs
AFA-grade water (125ml)
oM220 Safety Cover
oM220 Main Unit
CAUTION: Lift the M220 out of the box by its baseplate. Do not lift by the Acoustic
Assembly. Lifting the unit by its acoustic assembly may damage the instrument.
Figure 2.1- A front view of the M220 instrument.
After the instrument is unpacked, please locate the M220 on a flat surface near two power outlets.
Use both sides of the base (Figure 2.1) to lift the instrument. Do not use the acoustic assembly to
lift the instrument.
If necessary, adjust the four adjustable feet to ensure the instrument is stable and level. Do not
remove the adjustable feet. They are needed to ensure proper air flow from the system chiller.
Hinges
Tube holder
Computer Station
Acoustic Assembly
Safety Cover
M220 Main Unit
Chiller Exhaust
(On both sides)
Computer Loading
Bars
Lift Here

M220 User Manual Page 9
1) Peel off the backing from the Velcro strips on the Computer Loading bars. Place the
computer on top of the glue side of the strips as shown in Figure 2.2. Gently press the
computer to secure it in place.
Figure 2.2- Secure the computer on top of the M220 as shown.
Figure 2.3 - The back panel of the M220 instrument
2) As shown in Figure 2.3, plug the AC power cord into the power inlet located at the back
panel of the instrument; Plug the AC power cord into the power outlet;
3) Plug the AC adaptor into the computer and into the power outlet;
4) Connect the USB cable into the USB port located at the back panel of the instrument
(Figure 2.3) and USB port on the notebook computer;
5) Place the Safety Cover on the hinges (please refer to Figure 2.1);
6) Place the Tube Holder in the Acoustic Assembly housing (refer to section 2.2 below).
The entire instrument may be relocated in this assembled configuration by disconnecting power,
lifting from the sides, relocating, and repeating the appropriate assembly steps.
2.2 Installing the Tube Holder
Power Inlet
Power Switch
USB port
To computer
Center the
computer on top of
the M220 as shown
Ventilation
fan

M220 User Manual Page 10
Open the Safety Cover and place the Tube Holder into the Acoustic Assembly. Note that the
undercut at the forward-left corner of the tube holder should be aligned with the pin on the assembly.
Figure 2.4 -Place the Tube Holder in the Acoustic Assembly
2.3 SonoLab Installation
SonoLab 7 is an application used to control a Covaris AFA (Adaptive Focused Acoustics) instrument
for processing a sample. It is designed to create, edit, and run a sample processing program called
a method. It has provisions to run, pause or stop a method and view execution histories which
contain a record of key instrument parameter values during a run. It also contains editors for
customizing system settings and performing maintenance functions.
SonoLab 7 has been pre-installed in the computer purchased with the M220 instrument. No
further installation or configuration is required if the computer is purchased with M220 instrument.
Users can directly go to section 2.4 to start the SonoLab program.
If it is necessary to install or re-install SonoLab 7 or instrument drivers on a computer, please contact
Covaris for the latest versions, downloading and installation instructions.
Pin
Undercut
Tube Holder

M220 User Manual Page 11
2.4 Starting SonoLab
Turn on the computer. Turn on the power switch located at the back of the M220 instrument. Wait at
least 10 seconds to allow the instrument to initialize. Double click the SonoLab 7 icon on the desktop
to start SonoLab. An animated splash screen will be displayed, followed by the SonoLab 7 Run
screen, as illustrated in Figure 2.5. NOTE: By default, user authentication is disabled. The user has
a default setting in which they can run and edit methods. See User Authentication Section 6.3.2 to
create user types and to take advantage of the software’s full capacity.
Figure 2.5 - The SonoLab 7 Run Screen
2.5 Connect SonoLab to the Covaris System
SonoLab will automatically connect to the instrument, indicated by the “M220” at the lower left of the
Run Screen. Note: The Run tab is NOT visible if the instrument is disconnected. Go to the
“Setup” tab, click on Communications and observe the Connection State. If the indicator is red and
the state is “Disconnected”, click “Connect” button. Once the connection status changes to
“Connected”, the system is ready for use. Click on the Run tab to return to the Run Screen.
NOTE: Covaris recommends that the Laptop computer be employed exclusively for
instrument control and that operation of additional application software be minimized.
Connected

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3.0 OPERATION
3.1 General Overview
The principal elements of the M220 are depicted below in Figure 3.1:
Figure 3.1 - Principal components of the M220 instrument
The Safety Cover is used to protect users from any potential acoustic hazard during the treatment.
The acoustic treatment will not be started if the Safety Cover is open.
The Acoustic Assembly is used to transmit the acoustic energy from transducer to the sample
through the coupling media (AFA-grade water). The assembly incorporates an Acoustic Transducer
which converts electrical signals into ultrasonic acoustic signals. The assembly also incorporates a
Sensor Module with water level and temperature sensors to ensure that these are appropriate during
acoustic treatments.
The Tube Holder is designed to hold the sample tube at the appropriate position in the acoustic field
during processing. It is normally inserted into the top of the Acoustic Assembly.
The Computer provides an interface and software to the operator for controlling the M220 instrument
through SonoLab 7.
The Electronics Cabinet provides the hardware for controlling the acoustic transducer and the
temperature during sample processing.
The Front Light is normally lit when the instrument is turned on. The user can disable the light from
the main control panel of SonoLab.
The Chiller is used to control the water bath temperature. It is able to chill or heat the acoustic
assembly to maintain the water bath at or near the set point programmed in acoustic Methods. No
external chiller is required.
WARNING: During treatments, objects immersed in the focal zone above the
transducer will be exposed to high acoustic intensity when the system is activated.
Always close the Safety Cover prior to starting a method. Do not tamper with the door-
closed sensor system.
Safety Cover
Acoustic Assembly
Tube Holder Insert (lifted out)
Acoustic Transducer
Instrument Light
Chiller
Sensor Module
Computer Location
Chiller Air Intake
Chiller Fan
Exhaust
Electronics Cabinet

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3.2 Preparing the M220 for Use
To start an acoustic treatment, four conditions must be met:
•There must be an acoustic method selected in the Method box
•Water Temperature must be within acceptable Min and Max limits
•Water Level must be at or above that required for correct operation
•The Safety Cover must be closed
The Run button will remain gray and inactive until all four of the conditions are met.
To select and load an acoustic method, click the pull down menu of the “Method” combo box, as
shown in Figure 3.2, and a list of existing method names along with their detailed information will be
shown. Navigate through the list with the vertical scroll bar and select a method. Please note that
several acoustic methods will come pre-loaded into your system. These pre-loaded methods cannot
be edited.
Figure 3.2 – Selecting and loading an acoustic method
Method combo box
Pull down menu
Edit an existing method
Create a new
method
Run/Creation Notes

M220 User Manual Page 14
The next three conditions are displayed in the Instrument Status panel (see Figure 3.3) of the Run
Screen. An acceptable condition is indicated by a green check mark ( ) in the Status box. If a
condition is not acceptable, the status will show (X).
Figure 3.3 - Instrument Status Panel and Instrument Light Control
To achieve an acceptable status on these conditions:
•The M220 system automatically adjusts the water temperature to match the set point, and
Water Temperature status will turn green when temperature is within the Min and Max limits
(typically 2 degrees above and below the set point). The default set point (in the absence of
a selected method) is 20ºC.
•Filling the acoustic assembly (with the Tube Holder in place) to the top of the tube holder will
allow the Water Level indicator to turn green. (See Section 3.3.)
•The Door Closed status will turn green as soon as the Safety Cover is completely closed.
The temperature condition may be ignored by left-clicking the Override box. If Override is checked,
then Water Temperature is considered acceptable regardless of actual value. The Status icon will
continue to show a green check or red X, but with a small horizontal line through it to indicate the
Override condition.
Once all conditions are acceptable, and a method has been loaded, the Run button will illuminate
and the selected acoustic Method can be started.
If user wants to modify an existing method, one click the “Edit” button in the Method window after
the method is highlighted. The method editor window will show up. The “Edit” function allows user to
modify an existing method.

M220 User Manual Page 15
3.3 Filling the Water Bath
To transmit acoustic energy to the sample vessel, the Acoustic Assembly must be filled with AFA-
grade water. Covaris recommends AFA-grade Water, PN 520101. You can also use highly purified
water (at least ASTM Type III or ISO grade 3). To fill the water bath, follow the steps listed below:
Figure 3.4 - Water bottle and tip cover.
As shown in Figure 3.4, fill the wash bottle with AFA-grade water. Slide the blue cover up to fill the
water bath; slide the cover down after filling to keep the nozzle clean.
Figure 3.5 - Fill through the Water Sense Aperture using wash bottle.
As shown in Figure 3.5, place the tip of the wash bottle in the water sense aperture and fill the water
bath by squeezing the wash bottle until the water reaches and fills the central aperture of the tube
holder. Approximately 15 ml of water will be required.
CAUTION: For best results, ensure that water is visible in the aperture where
tubes are loaded. Refill as needed, even if SonoLab indicates adequate Water
Level.
Wash bottle tip
AFA-grade
Water (Covaris
PN 520101)
Cover moved up
for water filling
Cover moved
down to retard
contamination
Water Sense
Aperture
Fill until water
is visible here

M220 User Manual Page 16
3.4 Loading the Sample
Figure 3.6 Sliding weight in loading position before loading a tube.
As shown in Figure 3.6, lift the sliding weight (step 1) and place it at the loading position by turning
the sliding weight 90˚(step 2) either clockwise or counter-clockwise to secure the sliding weight.
Place the tube into the aperture at the center of the Tube Holder and make sure the tube sits all the
way down in the holder.
Figure 3.7 - Sliding Weight sits on the top of the sample tube and stays at running
position.
As shown in Figure 3.7, place the Sliding Weight on the top of the sample tube by rotating the (step
1) and lowering (step 2) Sliding Weight. The Sliding Weight will be maintained at running position.
Close the Safety Cover to ensure that the Door status in SonoLab turns to a green check.
Sliding weight
Sample tube

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3.5 Running a Method
Open the Safety Cover, load the sample tube to be treated into the center of
the Tube Holder, and close the cover. When the “Run” button is green, the
selected method may be started.Click Run to start.
The power and temperature charts (lower right corner of the Run Screen) will display average power
and temperature data during the running process. The progress bar will display the percentage of
the run that has been completed.
The user can, at any time while running a method, click “Pause” to pause a
running process.
When the method is paused, the user may continue the
process by clicking on “Resume” button or terminate the
process by clicking on the “Abort” button.
When the method is complete, a dialog box will be
posted over the Run Screen, notifying the user. If necessary, click the mouse in the text entry area to
set the focus, then notes may be added either via the keyboard or an alternative input device. For
instance, a barcode reader may be used to capture data directly from pre-labeled samples. When
finished, simply open the Safety Cover and remove the sample tube.
3.6 Instrument Light
The instrument light is located above the acoustic assembly and inside of the Safety
Cover. By default, the light will be lit once the instrument is turned on. This light may
be turned off by clicking the Light control on the Run Screen.
3.7 Draining water and cleaning
Special care needs to be taken when draining the water from water bath.
Remove the tube holder and place it on a clean, dry surface. Draw the water from the acoustic
assembly using the provided syringe. It is important to use the plastic tip on the syringe to prevent
the scratch of the transducer surface. Water needs to be drawn as completely as possible.
Use the disposable cleaning swab to sweep the water channels in the Acoustic Assembly. Wipe the
surfaces of the transducer and the metal housing with lint-free cloth and air dry for next use.
Store the Tube Holder in a dry place or in the M220 Accessories Storage Station (PN 500352); close
the Safety Cover.
3.8 Shutdown Procedure
If the instrument will be idle for an extended time (e.g. overnight or a weekend), shut down the
instrument using the following procedure: Empty the water bath, store the Tube Holder in a dry
place.
CAUTION: Leaving water in the acoustic assembly for an extended time may allow
algae growth which will interfere with sample processing.
Exit SonoLab software by clicking on the red X in the upper right corner. If there are unsaved
changes in “Setup Screen”, a message box will be popped up asking if user wants to save the
changes. Select “Yes” to save the changes and leave SonoLab, or select “No” to leave SonoLab
without saving the changes. The user can also select “Cancel” to continue working on the SonoLab.
To shut down the laptop, the user should select “Shut down” from the Start menu on the Windows
screen to power down the computer.
The instrument should be powered off after the SonoLab software has closed. To turn off the
instrument, the user needs to move the power switch to OFF position. The power switch of the M220
is located at the back of the instrument next to the power cord of the instrument.

M220 User Manual Page 18
4.0 USING A PREEXISTING METHOD
SonoLab has protocols preinstalled on the computer running SonoLab 7. These methods have been
developed by Covaris scientists and are ready to use for most common applications. To select a preloaded
protocol, click on the pull down button to make the list appear.
Covaris regularly updates these methods, and add new ones. The latest version of the SonoLab Protocol
Updater can be found in the resource section of Covaris website,
http://covarisinc.com/resources/registered-users-login/m-series/
You will need to create an account to access this area of the website.
4.1 DNA shearing protocol
DNA Shearing protocols are specific to the mean DNA fragments size that you’re looking for, as well
as sample volume and microTUBE vessel used. These protocols are stored in a folder called “DNA
Shearing for M220”
Naming convention is as follow:
DNA_[size]_bp_[volume]_ul_[type of vessel]
4.2 Chromatin shearing protocols
Chromatin shearing protocols allow you to run a time course at a level of power optimized for
efficient chromatin fragmentation when used in conjunction with Covaris TruChIP kits.
Naming convention is as follow:
ChIP _[duty factor] _[time]
Pull down list

M220 User Manual Page 19
5.0 CREATE AND EDIT METHODS
SonoLab supports the creation of new methods and editing of existing methods from the Run Tab. A
method consists of one or more treatments, delays and message prompts.
5.1 To create a new method, click the “New…” button in the “Method” window (see Figure 4.1).
Figure 4.1 – Controls for creating and editing a method
The Method Editor window will appear (See Figure 4.2).
From the Basic Settings tab: Select the “Add Step” to create a method.
Figure 4.2 - Method Editor Window
The Add Method Step window appears as shown in Figure 4.3.
The Step Types available in this screen are Treatment, Delay, Prompt and Repeat
5.1.1 Choosing Treatment allows editing of the four acoustic parameters:
Add Step
Pull down list
Edit an existing method
Create a new method
Basic
Settings

M220 User Manual Page 20
Figure 4.3 - Add a Treatment
Treatment parameters can be chosen either by sliding a control left or right, by clicking on up/down
arrows in the value box or by directly editing the Value box. The treatment parameters are:
Peak Incident Power (PIP)
This parameter measures the peak electrical power used to drive the ultrasound transducer. In
the M220 instrument, the adjustable range of PIP is 2.5 to 75 Watts.
Duty Factor
This parameter defines the ratio between the on-time of the transducer and total operation time,
and is expressed as a percentage. For a given Peak Incident Power, a larger Duty Factor will
results in more acoustic energy generated from the transducer. Users can define the Duty
Factor from 0.1% to 50% in the M220 instrument.
The product of the PIP and Duty Factor gives the approximate Average Incident Power
generated from transducer. For example, if Peak Incident Power is set to 10 Watts and Duty
Factor is set to 15%, the Average Incident Power will be approximately 1.5 Watts. However, the
real average incident power from the transducer may vary due to factors such as sample tube
type, water level and water temperature.
Cycles per Burst
This parameter indicates the number of electrical signals used in each acoustic “burst of” the
transducer.
One may define Cycles per Burst from 50 to 1000 in the M220 for different applications.
Advanced users may use this parameter to fine tune their experiments.
Duration
This parameter defines the amount of time that the sample is under a treatment. The
measurement of the Duration is in seconds. The maximum time for any treatment is 3600
seconds. Should a longer treatment be necessary, the “Duplicate” or “Group Steps” can be used
to extend the treatment.
At the top of the screen, the software displays the Average Incident Power, calculated simply
from the PIP and Duty Factor. In the M220 instrument, the maximum Average Incident Power is
20 Watts, (for example, if the 50 PIP (50 Watts) and 40% Duty Factor are selected).
Step Type