Elenco Electronics Snap Circuits Green Energy SCG225 User manual

Copyright © 2022 by ELENCO®Electronics, LLC. All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced by any means; electronic,
photocopying, or otherwise without written permission from the publisher. Source Code: SCG-225V1 Rev B 753170
Project 38
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1
1. The battery (B4) will only work if it is charged. Project 3 shows
how to recharge it.
2. Most circuit problems are due to incorrect assembly, always
double-check that your circuit exactly matches the drawing
for it.
3. Be sure that parts with positive/negative markings are
positioned as per the drawing.
4. Be sure that all connections are securely snapped.
5. Sometimes the motor or solar cell is mounted on the pivot
stand so its angle to the sun or wind can be adjusted. The pivot
stand base, post, and top should be assembled together.
ELENCO®is not responsible for parts damaged due to incorrect wiring.
Basic Troubleshooting
Note: If you suspect you have damaged parts, you can follow
the Advanced Troubleshooting procedure on page 9 to determine
which ones need replacing.
WARNING: Always check your
wiring before turning on a circuit.
Never leave a circuit unattended
while the batteries are installed.
Never connect additional batteries
or any other power sources to your
circuits. Discard any cracked or
broken parts.
Adult Supervision: Because
children’s abilities vary so much,
even with age groups, adults
should exercise discretion as to
which experiments are suitable
and safe (the instructions should
enable supervising adults to
establish the experiment’s
suitability for the child). Make sure
your child reads and follows all of
the relevant instructions and safety
procedures, and keeps them at
hand for reference.
This product is intended for use
by adults and children who have
attained sufcient maturity to
read and follow directions and
warnings.
Never modify your parts, as doing
so may disable important safety
features in them, and could put
your child at risk of injury.
Basic Troubleshooting 1
Parts List 2
How to Use It 3 - 4
About Your Snap Circuits®Green Parts 5 - 7
Introduction to Electricity 8
DO’s and DON’Ts of Building Circuits 9
Advanced Troubleshooting 10 - 11
Projects 1 - 38 12 - 30
Project Listings & Other
Snap Circuits®Products
Table of Contents For the best learning experience, do the projects in order.
Warning to Snap Circuits®Owners: Do not connect additional voltage sources from other sets, or you
may damage your parts. Also, do not connect the hand crank to parts from other sets or you may damage them. Contact ELENCO®if you
have questions or need guidance.
!
Conforms to all applicable government Requirements. The toy is
only to be connected to Class II equipment bearing the symbol WARNING: Moving parts. Do not touch the motor
or fan during operation. If you have long hair, be
careful that it does not get caught in the fan blade.
WARNING: CHOKING HAZARD - Small parts.
Not for children under 3 years.
WARNING: SHOCK HAZARD - Never connect
Snap Circuits®to electrical outlets in your home!
!
!
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to download projects 39-133to download projects 39-133

2
Qty. ID Name Symbol Part # Qty. ID Name Symbol Part #
r1 Base Grid (11” x 7.7”)
Green Color 6SCBGGR r1 Black Jumper Wire 6SCJ1
r2 1-Snap Wire 6SC01 r1 Red Jumper Wire SCCJ2
r3 2-Snap Wire 6SC02 r1 Liquid Holder 6SCLH
r3 3-Snap Wire 6SC03 r1 Motor 6SCM4
r1 4-Snap Wire 6SC04 r1 Wind Fan 6SCM4B
r1 5-Snap Wire 6SC05 r1 Water Wheel 6SCM4C
r1 Rechargeable Battery 6SCB4 r1 Meter 6SCM6
r1 Solar Cell 6SCB7 r1 Mini Car 6SCMCAR
r1 470μF Capacitor 6SCC5 r1 Pivot Stand Base 6SCPSB
r1 Color LED 6SCD8 r1 Pivot Post 6SCPSP
r1 Red/Yellow LED 6SCD10 r1 Pivot Top 6SCPST
r3 Copper Electrode 6SCEC r2 Rubber Ring 0.375” 6SCRUBRG
r3 Zinc Electrode 6SCEZ r1 Press Switch 6SCS2
r1 Copper Electrode
with Snap 6SCECS r1 Switcher 6SCS6
r1 Zinc Electrode with
Snap 6SCEZS r1 Clock 6SCT2
r1 Gear 1.75” 6SCGEAR2 r1 Melody IC 6SCU32
r1 Geared Motor 6SCGM r3 Nut 8-32 644800
r1 Crank Arm 6SCGMC r3 Screw 8-32 Phillips 641840
Important: If any parts are missing or damaged, DO NOT RETURN TO RETAILER. Go to www.elenco.com/replacement-parts or email
us at [email protected]
5
4
3
2
1
M6
T2
S2
M4
U32
Parts List (colors and styles may vary) Symbols and Numbers
B4
C5
B7
D8
D10
GM
S6

3
How to Use It
Snap Circuits®uses building blocks with
snaps to build the different electrical and
electronic circuits in the projects. Each
block has a function: there are switch
blocks, light blocks, battery blocks,
different length wire blocks, etc. These
blocks are different colors and have
numbers on them so that you can easily
identify them. The circuit you will build is
shown in color and numbers, identifying
the blocks that you will use and snap
together to form a circuit.
For Example:
This is the switch block which is green
and has the marking on it. The part
symbols in this booklet may not exactly
match the appearance of the actual
parts, but will clearly identify them.
This is a wire block which is blue and
comes in different wire lengths.
This one has the number , , , or
on it depending on the length of the
wire connection required.
There is also a 1-snap wire that is
used as a spacer or for interconnection
between different layers.
A large clear plastic base grid is included
with this kit to help keep the circuit blocks
properly spaced. You will see evenly
spaced posts that the different blocks
snap into. The base has rows labeled
A-G and columns labeled 1-10.
Next to each part in every circuit drawing
is a small number in black. This tells you
which level the component is placed at.
Place all parts on level 1 rst, then all of
the parts on level 2, then all of the parts
on level 3, etc.
Some circuits use the jumper wires to
make unusual connections. Just clip
them to the metal snaps or as indicated.
Sometimes the crank arm will be
mounted on the geared motor (GM) to
produce a hand crank:
Sometimes parts will be mounted on a
pivot, so they can be adjusted for the
best angle to the wind or sun. Assemble
the pivot as shown here:
234
5
S2
Note: While building the projects,
be careful not to accidentally make a
direct connection across the battery
holder (a “short circuit”), as this may
damage and/or quickly drain the
batteries.
The 3.6V rechargeable battery
(B4) may have discharged
during shipping and distribution.
Recharge it as shown in project 3.
Insert post into pivot top,
snapping into place.
Insert the other end of the
post into pivot base.

4
How to Use It
Whenever the motor (M4) is used, it will
have the wind fan or the water wheel
placed on top; simply push the fan onto
the shaft. To remove it, push up on it
with a screwdriver or your thumbs, being
careful not to break it.
Assembling the Liquid Power Source:
Connect the 3 electrode parts together
with screws and nuts as shown. Tighten
by hand, a screwdriver is not needed.
If the copper and zinc electrodes get
corroded through use, use sandpaper,
steel wool, or a scraper to remove the
corrosion and improve performance.
Setting the time on the clock (T2):
• Press the left button to select what
to change (month, date, hour, or
minutes).
• Press the right button until it is
correct.
• Press the left button until the time is
showing, then press the right button
once to start.
• The colon (“:”) will be ashing when
the clock is running.
• Press the right button to display the
date.

5
The base grid is a platform for mounting
parts and wires. It functions like the
printed circuit boards used in most
electronic products, or like how the walls
are used for mounting the electrical
wiring in your home.
The blue snap wires are wires used
to connect components. They are
used to transport electricity and do not
affect circuit performance. They come
in different lengths to allow orderly
arrangement of connections on the base
grid.
The red & black jumper wires make
exible connections for times when using
the snap wires would be difcult. They’re
also used to make connections off the
base grid (like the projects using water).
Wires transport electricity just like
pipes are used to transport water. The
colorful plastic coating protects them and
prevents electricity from getting in or out.
The battery (B4) contains a
rechargeable battery and some
supporting parts. This battery produces
an electrical voltage using a reversible
chemical reaction. This “voltage” can be
thought of as electrical pressure, pushing
electricity through a circuit just like a
pump pushes water through pipes. This
voltage is much lower and much safer
than that used in your house wiring.
Using more batteries increases the
“pressure” and so more electricity ows.
The solar cell (B7) contains positively
and negatively charged silicon crystals,
arranged in layers that cancel each other
out. When sunlight shines on it, charged
particles in the light unbalance the silicon
layers and produce an electrical voltage
of up to 7V. The maximum current
depends on the type of light and its
brightness, but will be much less than
a battery can produce. Bright sunlight
works best, but incandescent light bulbs
also work.
Most sodas and fruit juices are lightly
acidic. The acid is similar to the material
used in some types of batteries but not
nearly as strong. The acid will react with
the copper and zinc electrodes to make
an electric current, like a battery. Each of
the four compartments in the liquid holder
produces about 0.7V, but the current is
very low and may not last long.
About Your Snap Circuits®Green Parts
(Part designs are subject to change without notice).
BASE GRID
SNAP WIRES & JUMPER WIRES
BATTERY
SOLAR CELL
LIQUID HOLDER & ELECTRODES
Solar Cell (B7)
Battery (B4)
Liquid
Holder
Electrodes

6
The meter (M6) is an important
measuring device. You will use it to
measure the voltage (electrical pressure)
and current (how fast electricity is
owing) in a circuit.
The meter measures voltage when
connected in parallel to a circuit and
measures the current when connected in
series in a circuit.
This meter has one voltage scale (5V)
and two current scales (0.5mA and
50mA). These use the same meter but
with internal components that scale the
measurement into the desired range.
Sometimes resistors in the pivot stand
will be used to change the 5V scale to
10V, or the 0.5mA scale to 5mA.
Inside the meter there is a xed magnet
and a movable coil around it. As current
ows through the coil, it creates a
magnetic eld. The interaction of the
two magnetic elds causes the coil
(connected to the pointer) to move
(deect).
The motor (M4) converts electricity into
mechanical motion. An electric current
through the motor will turn the shaft.
It can also be used as a generator, since
it produces an electric current when the
shaft is turned.
How does electricity turn the shaft in
the motor? The answer is magnetism.
Electricity is closely related to magnetism
& an electric current owing in a wire
has a magnetic eld similar to that of a
very, very tiny magnet. Inside the motor
is a coil of wire with many loops. If a
large electric current ows through the
loops, the magnetic effects become
concentrated enough to move the coil.
The motor has a magnet inside, so as the
electricity moves the coil to align it with
the permanent magnet, the shaft spins.
When used as a generator, wind or water
turns the shaft. A coil of wire is on the
shaft, and as it spins past the permanent
magnet an electric current is created in
the wire.
About Your Snap Circuits®Green Parts
METER
MOTOR
Meter Symbol
Motor Symbol
Magnet
Electromagnet
Shaft
Power Contacts
Shell
Meter (M6)
Motor (M4)
Wind Fan Water Wheel
Magnet
Coil
Pointer
Contacts

7
The geared motor (GM) is a motor with a
gearbox attached. The crank arm may be
attached to it so it can be turned by hand. The
gearbox spins the motor shaft faster but with
less force than when turning the crank arm.
The press switch (S2) connects (pressed,
“ON”) or disconnects (not pressed, “OFF”) the
wires in a circuit. When ON it has no effect on
circuit performance. It turns on electricity just
like a faucet turns on water from a pipe.
The switcher (S6) is a more complex switch
used to reverse the wires to a component
or circuit. See project 18 for an example of
connections.
The color LED (D8) and red/yellow bicolor
LED (D10) are light emitting diodes, and may be
thought of as a special one-way light bulbs. In
the “forward” direction, (indicated by the “arrow”
in the symbol) electricity ows if the voltage
exceeds a turn-on threshold (about 1.5V for
red, slightly higher for yellow, about 2.0V for
green, and about 3.0V for blue); brightness then
increases. The color LED contains red, green,
and blue LEDs, with a micro-circuit controlling
then. The red/yellow bicolor LED contains
red & yellow LEDs in connected in opposite
directions. A high current will burn out an
LED, so the current must be limited by other
components in the circuit (though your Snap
Circuits®LEDs have internal resistors to protect
against incorrect wiring). LEDs block electricity
in the “reverse” direction.
The 470μF capacitor (C5) can store electrical
pressure (voltage) for periods of time. This
storage ability allows it to block stable voltage
signals and pass changing ones. Capacitors are
used for ltering and delay circuits.
The melody IC (U32) contains a specialized
sound-generation integrated circuit (IC), a small
speaker, and a few supporting components.
The IC has a recording of the melody, which it
makes into an electrical signal for the speaker.
The speaker converts the signal into mechanical
vibrations. The vibrations create variations in
air pressure, which travel across the room.
You “hear” sound when your ears feel these air
pressure variations.
The clock (T2) contains a small crystal. When
a crystal is struck by an electronic pulse, it
vibrates. A microelectronic circuit makes the
pulse and measures the vibration rate. The
vibration rate is used as a time standard,
from which minutes, hours, and the date are
calculated.
The pivot stand contains two resistors, 47Ωand
10KΩ. Resistors “resist” the ow of electricity
and are used to control or limit the electricity
in a circuit. Materials like metal have very low
resistance (<1Ω), while materials like paper,
plastic, and air have near-innite resistance.
Increasing circuit resistance reduces the ow of
electricity.
About Your Snap Circuits®Green Parts
Press Switch (S2)
Clock (T2)
Capacitor (C5)
Geared Motor
& Crank Arm
GEARED MOTOR
SWITCHES
CAPACITOR
RED & YELLOW LEDs OTHER PARTS
Pivot Stand
LEDs (D8 & D10)
Switcher (S6)
Its symbol & connections
look like this:
Melody IC (U32)

8
What is electricity? Nobody really knows. We only know how
to produce it, understand its properties, and how to control it.
Electricity is the movement of sub-atomic charged particles (called
electrons) through a material due to electrical pressure across the
material, such as from a battery.
Power sources, such as batteries, push electricity through a circuit,
like a pump pushes water through pipes. Wires carry electricity,
like pipes carry water. Devices like LEDs, motors, and speakers
use the energy in electricity to do things. Switches and transistors
control the ow of electricity like valves and faucets control water.
Resistors limit the ow of electricity.
The electrical pressure exerted by a battery or other power source
is called voltage and is measured in volts (V). Notice the “+” and
“–” signs on the battery; these indicate which direction the battery
will “pump” the electricity.
The electric current is a measure of how fast electricity is owing
in a wire, just as the water current describes how fast water is
owing in a pipe. It is expressed in amperes (A) or milliamps
(mA, 1/1000 of an ampere).
The “power” of electricity is a measure of how fast energy is
moving through a wire. It is a combination of the voltage and
current (Power = Voltage x Current). It is expressed in watts (W).
The resistance of a component or circuit represents how much
it resists the electrical pressure (voltage) and limits the ow of
electric current. The relationship is Voltage = Current x Resistance.
When the resistance increases, less current ows. Resistance is
measured in ohms (Ω), or kilo ohms (kΩ, 1000 ohms).
Nearly all of the electricity used in our world is produced at
enormous generators driven by steam or water pressure. Wires
are used to efciently transport this energy to homes and
businesses where it is used. Motors convert the electricity back
into mechanical form to drive machinery and appliances. The most
important aspect of electricity in our society is that it allows energy
to be easily transported over distances.
Note that “distances” includes not just large distances but also
tiny distances. Try to imagine a plumbing structure of the same
complexity as the circuitry inside a portable radio - it would have to
be large because we can’t make water pipes so small. Electricity
allows complex designs to be made very small.
There are two ways of arranging parts in a circuit, in series or in
parallel. Here are examples:
Placing components in series increases the resistance; highest
value dominates. Placing components in parallel decreases the
resistance; lowest value dominates.
The parts within these series and parallel sub-circuits may be
arranged in different ways without changing what the circuit does.
Large circuits are made of combinations of smaller series and
parallel circuits.
Introduction to Electricity
Series Circuit
Parallel Circuit

9
After building the circuits given in this booklet, you may wish to
experiment on your own. Use the projects in this booklet as a guide, as
many important design concepts are introduced throughout them. Every
circuit will include a power source (like a battery), a resistance (which
might be a light, motor, sound module, etc.), and wiring paths between
them and back. You must be careful not to create “short circuits” (very
low-resistance paths across a power source, see examples below)
as this will damage components and/or quickly drain your battery.
ELENCO®Electronics is not responsible for parts damaged due to
incorrect wiring.
For all of the projects given in this book, the parts may be arranged in
different ways without changing the circuit. For example, the order of
parts connected in series or in parallel does not matter — what matters
is how combinations of these sub-circuits are arranged together.
You are encouraged to tell us about new circuits you create. If they
are unique, we will post them with your name and state on our
website at www.elenco.com/for-makers. Send your suggestions to
Elenco Electronics: [email protected].
Elenco®provides a circuit designer so that you can make your own
Snap Circuits®drawings. This Microsoft®Word document can be
downloaded from www.elenco.com/for-makers.
WARNING: SHOCK HAZARD - Never connect your Snap
Circuits®set to the electrical outlets in your home in any way!
Examples of SHORT CIRCUITS - NEVER DO THESE!!!
DO’s and DON’Ts of Building Circuits
Here are some important guidelines:
ALWAYS use eye protection when experimenting on your own.
ALWAYS include at least one component that will limit the current
through a circuit, such as an LED, clock, or melody IC.
ALWAYS use the switches in conjunction with other components
that will limit the current through them. Failure to do so
will create a short circuit and/or damage those parts.
ALWAYS disconnect your batteries immediately and check your
wiring if something appears to be getting hot.
ALWAYS check your wiring before turning on a circuit.
NEVER connect to an electrical outlet in your home in any way.
NEVER touch the motor when it is spinning at high speed.
This is also a SHORT CIRCUIT.
!
NEVER
DO!
Placing a 3-snap wire directly across a
power source is a SHORT CIRCUIT.
!
NEVER
DO!
!
NEVER
DO!
When the switch (S2)
is turned on, this large
circuit has a SHORT
CIRCUIT path (as shown
by the arrows). The short
circuit prevents any other
portions of the circuit from
ever working.
Warning to Snap Circuits®owners: Do not connect
additional voltage sources from other sets, or you may
damage your parts. Also, do not connect the hand crank
to parts from other sets or you may damage them. Contact
ELENCO®if you have questions or need guidance.
!

10
If you suspect you have damaged
parts, you can follow this procedure
to systematically determine which
ones need replacing:
1. Geared motor (GM), solar cell (B7),
and meter (M6): Place the meter
directly across the solar cell and set
it to the 5V setting. Place the solar
cell in sunlight or near a bright light
source (incandescent light bulbs are
best); the meter pointer should move.
Then place the meter directly across
the geared motor, attach the crank
arm to it, and turn the crank arm
clockwise; the meter pointer should
move for all the meter switch settings
(5V, 0.5mA, and 50mA).
• If the 5V meter setting works with the
hand crank but not the solar cell, then
the solar cell is damaged. Be sure
you used a bright light source and
removed any protective plastic wrap
covering the solar cell.
• If the 5V meter setting works with the
solar cell but not the hand crank, then
the hand crank is damaged.
• If the 5V meter setting does not work
with either the solar cell or the hand
crank, then the meter is damaged.
• If the 5V meter setting works with the
hand crank but the 0.5mA or 50mA
meter settings do not, then the meter
is damaged.
2. Red & black jumper wires: Set the
meter to the 5V setting and use this
circuit to test each jumper wire. Place
the solar cell (B7) near the same
light source you used in step 1. The
jumper wire is damaged if the meter
pointer does not move.
3. Snap wires: Set the meter to the
5V setting and use this circuit to test
each snap wire, one at a time. Place
the solar cell (B7) near the same light
source you used in step 1. The snap
wire is damaged if the meter pointer
does not move.
If you prefer, you can test all the snap
wires at once using this circuit. If the
meter pointer does not move, then test
the snap wires one at a time to nd the
damaged one.
4. Press switch (S2): Set the meter to
the 5V setting and build this circuit.
Place the solar cell (B7) near the
same light source you used in step
1. If the meter pointer does not move
when you press the switch, the switch
is damaged.
5. Color and red/yellow bi-color LEDs
(D8 & D10): Place the crank arm on
the geared motor (GM) and place
each LED directly across the geared
motor without snapping it on. Make
sure the “+” side of the LED matches
the “+” side of the hand crank. Turn
the crank handle clockwise; the LED
will light unless it is damaged. D10
will be either red or yellow, depending
on how you oriented it.
Advanced Troubleshooting (Adult supervision recommended)
Elenco®Electronics is not responsible
for parts damaged due to incorrect
wiring.

11
6. Battery (B4): Plug B4 into a powered
USB port; the “USB POWER” light on
B4 should come on, indicating that it
is being charged by the USB. Next,
build the circuit shown here and set
the meter (M6) to the 5V setting.
• The meter will measure more than 3V
if the battery is charged up.
• If the meter pointer does not move
from zero then either the battery
is completely discharged or it is
damaged.
• Turn the crank arm clockwise and
check that the yellow LED (D10)
comes on when you crank fast
(indicating that the crank is charging
the battery).
• If the meter was measuring zero then
turn the crank for at least 20 seconds
with the yellow LED on to see if it can
be recharged.
• If the battery cannot be recharged,
then it is damaged.
• If the battery needs to be recharged,
you can use this circuit or see project
3 for other charging circuits.
7. Switcher (S6): Build this circuit
and place the solar cell (B7) near
the same light source you used in
step 1. The LED (D10) should be
red, when the switcher is in the top
position, off when the switcher is in
the middle position, and yellow when
the switcher is in the bottom position;
otherwise the switcher is damaged.
8. Clock (T2), 470μF capacitor (C5),
melody IC (U32), and motor (M4):
Build the circuit shown below, but
remove the 470μF capacitor. Turn the
crank arm clockwise and the clock
display should turn on.
Add the 470μF capacitor back in;
the clock display should stay on for
a while after you stop turning the
crank; arm otherwise the capacitor is
damaged.
• Replace the clock with the melody IC.
Turning the crank arm should make
sound.
• Replace the melody IC with the
motor (“+” on top, the fan doesn’t
matter). Turning the crank arm
clockwise should spin the motor shaft
clockwise.
9. Pivot stand resistors: The pivot
stand base has resistors mounted
inside; they can be tested using this
circuit. Set the switcher (S6) to the
left position and turn the crank arm
clockwise; the red/yellow LED (D10)
should be bright red. Next, set the
switcher to the right position and turn
the crank arm clockwise; the color
LED (D8) should be on but dim.
10. Check the remaining parts by
inspecting them for damage.
Advanced Troubleshooting (continued)
ELENCO®
150 Carpenter Ave. Wheeling, IL 60090 U.S.A.
[phone]
[email protected] • www.elenco.com
You may order additional or replacement
parts at: www.elenco.com/replacement-parts/

12
+
PROJECT 1 • Hand Cranking
PROJECT 2 • Crank Charger
Although the battery is rated as 3.6V, it may charge to as high
as 4.0V. If you are monitoring the voltage using the meter, you
may see the voltage quickly reach 3.6V, but this does not mean
that the battery is fully charged. When the battery is discharging
to power something, the voltage is nearly steady for a long while
then drops off quickly. The same thing occurs when it is charging.
Recharging the battery will quickly reach around 3.6V but it needs
much more charging to avoid a quick drop-off when discharging.
Build the circuit shown here, set the meter (M6) to the 5V setting, and
place the crank arm on the geared motor (GM). The meter will measure
about 3.6V if the battery is charged up.
Turn the crank arm clockwise. The red/yellow LED (D10) comes on yellow
when you crank fast, indicating that the crank is charging the battery.
If the battery needs to be recharged, you can use this circuit to charge it,
but you may need to crank for a long time to fully charge it.
5V
Build the circuit shown by placing all the parts with a black 1 next
to them on the clear plastic base grid rst. Then, assemble parts
marked with a 2. Be sure to place the parts with their (+) side
oriented as shown. Place the wind fan on the motor (M4) shaft, and
the crank arm on the geared motor (GM). Turn the crank arm in both
directions to make things happen.
Warning: the geared motor and crank arm are sturdy but not
indestructible. If you push hard on it or crank it really fast you may
break it.
Placement
Level Numbers
Placement
Level Numbers
This is a single snap, placed
beneath other parts as a spacer
+
The geared motor uses magnetism to
change the mechanical energy of the
spinning shaft into electricity.

13
Angle adjustment to light source
with voltage measurement:
Angle adjustment to light source,
measuring charge current:
5V
0.5mA
0.5mA
Minimum parts, measuring
charge current:
USB charging
Your rechargeable battery (B4) will need to be recharged often; it can be
charged with a USB connection or with solar light using any of these circuits.
The USB POWER light on B4 comes on when it is charging through the USB.
For solar charging, place the solar cell in sunlight or about 12 inches from an
incandescent light bulb of 60W or more. It takes a few hours to charge the
battery. LED, CFL, and uorescent lights do not work well with solar cells.
When measuring charge current, the current will often be too high to measure
on the 0.5mA setting but too low to measure on the 50mA setting (you can
use either). The current will get lower as the battery approaches full charge.
You can’t hurt the battery by overcharging.
Minimum parts:
Although the battery is rated as 3.6V, it may charge
to as high as 4.0V. If you are monitoring the voltage
using the meter, you may see the voltage quickly
reach 3.6V, but this does not mean that the battery
is fully charged. When the battery is discharging to
power something, the voltage is nearly steady for
a long while then drops off quickly. The same thing
occurs when it is charging. Recharging the battery will
quickly reach around 3.6V but it needs much more
charging to avoid a quick drop-off when discharging.
Recharge the battery for several hours.
PROJECT 3 • Best Charging Circuits
ASSEMBLING PIVOT STAND
Place base on
at level surface.
Snap ball on pivot post
into pivot top.
Insert post
into base.
1 2 3

14
Assemble the pivot, mount the solar cell (B7) on it, and place it in the circuit as shown. Place all the parts
with a black 1 next to them on the clear plastic base grid rst, then parts marked with a 2. The red/yellow
LED (D10) may be connected in either direction.
Connect the solar cell to the circuit using the red and black jumper wires. Place the circuit so the solar cell
is in bright sunlight or close to an incandescent light bulb. Set the meter (M6) to the 5V setting.
The meter is measuring the voltage produced by the solar cell. Adjust the position of the solar cell on
the pivot to see how the voltage produced changes depending on the angle to the light source and the
brightness.
Position the solar cell to make the highest voltage you can. Now push the press switch to run the red/
yellow LED with the solar cell. Notice how the voltage produced drops when the LED is connected.
Compare the voltage and LED brightness when using different light sources (sunlight, incandescent bulbs,
LED bulbs, uorescent bulbs) to see which work best with solar cells.
Note: The voltage produced is actually twice that shown on the meter (so a 3V reading is really 6V),
because a resistor in the pivot stand is changing the scale.
In the preceding circuit, replace the color LED (D8)
with the motor (M4, in either direction) and place the
wind fan on it. Now press the switch and watch how
the voltage changes as the solar cell runs the fan.
Depending on your light source, the fan may need a
push to get started or may not work at all.
Replace the red/yellow LED (D10) with the
color LED (D8, with “+” towards S2) and
press the switch. See how it affects the
solar cell voltage.
PROJECT 4 • Solar Power
Your solar cell
makes electricity
from sunlight, but
only a small amount.
In bright sunlight it
produces a voltage
of about 7V, but this
is reduced when lots
of current is owing.
That is why the
voltage drops when
you connect the red/
yellow LED.
The motor needs less electricity from the
solar cell as it speeds up, so the solar cell
voltage is higher as the motor gets faster.
PROJECT 5
Solar Color
Power
PROJECT 6 • Solar Motor
5V
5V
ASSEMBLING PIVOT STAND
Place base on
at level surface.
Snap ball on pivot post
into pivot top.
Insert post
into base.
1 2 3

15
Build the circuit and set the meter (M6) to the 5V setting. Set the switcher (S6)
to the right position and watch the voltage on the meter for a while as the battery
runs the red/yellow LED (D10). How quickly does the voltage drop?
If your battery was recently recharged then you probably found the voltage drops
very, very slowly, and thought this was boring. That was the idea - batteries
can run things for a long time and (unlike solar or wind power sources) are
hardly affected by changing weather conditions. Batteries can provide power
whenever you need it - but, eventually, they do run out.
Assemble the pivot, mount the solar cell (B7) on it, and
place it in the circuit as shown. Connect the solar cell to
the circuit using the red and black jumper wires. Place the
solar cell in sunlight or near an incandescent light bulb.
The solar cell is charging the battery and the meter is
measuring the current.
This circuit uses a resistor in the pivot stand to change the
0.5mA scale on the meter to a 5 mA scale, so read the
current on the 0-5 scale. Charging current is usually in this
range. Place your hand above the solar cell to see how
easily the current changes, and try different light sources.
PROJECT 7 • Solar Charger 5mA
PROJECT 8 • Long Light
Solar energy is
free, abundant and
causes no pollution.
However it is difcult
to harvest because
even low power solar
cells are expensive.
5V
0.5mA
See project 3 if you need to recharge the battery (B4).

16
Assemble the pivot stand, mount the wind fan on the motor (M4),
mount the motor on the pivot, place the pivot on the base grid and
connect it to the meter (M6) using the red and black jumper wires.
Set the meter to the 5V setting.
Blow on the fan or place it in a strong wind (either outside or near
an electric fan). You may need to give the fan a push to get it
started. The meter measures how much voltage your “windmill”
produces. Adjust the pivot position to see how the voltage
produced changes with the angle to the wind.
Build the circuit shown. Set the meter to the 5V setting, and the
switcher (S6) to the left or right position. Blow on the fan or place it
in a strong wind (either outside or near an electric fan). The meter
measures how much voltage your “windmill” produces. You may
need to give the fan a push to get it started.
Push the press switch (S2) to connect one of the LEDs (D8 &
D10) to the windmill. The voltage produced drops a little, but not
as much as for the solar cell circuits. Flip the switcher to the other
side to try the other LED. Compare the brightness of the LEDs at
different wind speeds.
PROJECT 9 • Windmill
PROJECT 10 • Windy Lights
ASSEMBLING PIVOT STAND
Place base on
at level surface.
Snap ball on pivot post
into pivot top.
Insert post
into base.
1 2 3
The windmill uses magnetism to change the
mechanical energy of the spinning shaft into
electricity. The voltage it produces is usually
lower than the solar cell, but the current is higher.
5V
5V
+
+
+
5V

17
Build the circuit shown and set the meter to the 5V
setting. Set the switcher to the middle position and
the meter measures the voltage produced by the solar
cell. Next, set the switcher to the left position and blow
on the windmill to see the voltage it produces. Next,
set the switcher to the right position and turn the crank
arm to see the voltage it produces.
You can change the meter setting to 50mA, to measure
the current produced.
Make sure the battery is charged up (see project 3). Build the circuit
with the motor and fan on the pivot stand, and connect the jumper
wires as shown. Set the switcher (S6) to the right position to turn on
the circuit. The battery runs the clock display (T2), melody IC (U32),
red/yellow LED (D10), and windmill (M4). Push the press switch (S2)
and the crank arm on the geared motor (GM) will also spin.
Part B: Set the switcher to the left or middle position to disconnect the
battery, and blow on the fan or place it in a strong wind. See if your
“windmill” will run things as well as the battery, and for how long.
Part C: Leave the switcher at the left or middle position and push the
press switch while turning the crank arm to see how well it runs things.
Try cranking it in both directions.
PROJECT 11 • Multi Power
PROJECT 12 • Battery Power
The switcher is used to prevent
the windmill and hand crank from
interfering with each other and
the solar cell.
This battery can store lot of
energy, so it can run lots of things
for a while. It is available whenever
you need it, at the ip of a switch.
5V
+
+
See project 3 if you need to recharge the battery (B4).

18
Educational Corner:
Water Meter
Pump
Valve
Comparing Electric
Flow to Water Flow:
Electric Paths
Switch
LED
Battery
What is really happening here?
1.The battery (B4, containing a 3.6V rechargeable battery with protection
circuitry) converts chemical energy into electrical energy and “pushes”
it through the circuit, just like the electricity from your power company.
A battery pushes electricity through a circuit just like a pump pushes
water through a pipe.
2.The snap wires (the blue pieces) carry the electricity around the circuit,
just like wires carry electricity around your home. Wires carry electricity
just like pipes carry water.
3.The press switch (S2) controls the electricity by turning it on or off, just
like a light switch on the wall of your home. A switch controls electricity
like a faucet controls water.
4.The red/yellow LED (D10, a “light emitting diode”) converts electrical
energy into light; it is similar to lights in your home. An LED shows how
much electricity is owing in a circuit like a water meter shows how fast
water ows in a pipe.
5.The base grid is a platform for mounting the circuit, just like how wires
are mounted in the walls of your home to control the lights.
Build the circuit shown and
push the press switch (S2)
to turn on the red LED (D10).
PROJECT 13 • Electric Circuit
See project 3 if you need to recharge
the battery (B4).

19
The “on” position of a switch is also called the “closed”
position. Similarly, the “off” position is also called the
“open” position. This is because the symbol for a
simple switch is similar to the symbol for a door in an
architect’s drawing of a room:
The electronics symbol for a simple switch should be
thought of as a door to a circuit, which swings open
when the switch is off. The “door” to the circuit is
closed when the switch is on. This is shown here:
Walls
Door
Left Switch Position Open
(turned off)
Right Switch Position
Closed (turned on),
right LED controlled by
press switch
Left Switch Position
Closed (turned on)
Right Switch Position
Open (turned off)
See project 3 if you need to recharge the battery (B4).
Open Switch (turned off) Closed Switch (turned on)
Build the circuit shown. The switcher (S6) and
press switch (S2) control the lights.
Build the circuit shown and push the
press switch (S2) to turn on light or
sound. Switches can be arranged in
many different ways.
PROJECT 14 • Close the Door
PROJECT 15 • Feeling Switchy As used in this circuit your
S6 switch has 3 positions,
so it has a different symbol:
The press switch allows electricity
to ow from the battery to the
circuit and the switcher (S6) directs
the electricity to the red LED (D10)
or the melody IC (U32). These
switches are like many switches in
your home, controlling lights and
many other things.
+