Esco Multi-zone ART Workstation User manual

Multi-zone ART Workstation
Rev. 3.0
Date of revised 9.22.2020
Rx only

MAW® User Manual Rev. 3.0
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For Technical Service, contact
North America
Esco Technologies, Inc.
903 Sheehy Drive, Suite F, Horsham, PA 19044, USA
Tel [phone] • Fax [phone]
www.escolifesciences.us • [email protected]
Rest of the World
Esco Micro Pte. Ltd.
21 Changi South Street 1 • Singapore 486 777
Tel [phone] • Fax [phone]
www.escoglobal.com • [email protected]
Copyright Information
© Copyright 2014 Esco Micro Pte Ltd. All rights reserved.
The information contained in this manual and the accompanying product is copyrighted and
all rights are reserved by Esco.
Esco reserves the right to make periodic minor design changes without obligation to notify
any person or entity of such change.
Caution: Federal law restricts this device to sale by or on the order of a licensed healthcare
practitioner.
Only to be used by a trained and qualified professional. The device is sold under exemption
21 CFR 801 Subpart D.
“Material in this manual is provided for informational purposes only. The contents and the
product described in this manual (including any appendix, addendum, attachment or
inclusion), are subject to change without notice. Esco makes no representations or warranties
as to the accuracy of the information contained in this manual. In no event shall Esco be held
liable for any damages, direct or consequential, arising out of or related to the use of this
manual.”

MAW® User Manual Rev. 3.0
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Unpacking and Inspection
Follow standard receiving practices upon receipt of the instrument. Check the shipping
carton for damage. If damage is found, stop unpacking the instrument. Notify the freight
carrier and ask for an agent to be present while the instrument is unpacked. There are no
special unpacking instructions, but be careful not to damage the instrument when un-
packing it. Inspect the instrument for physical damage such as bent or broken parts,
dents, or scratches.
Claims
Our routine method of shipment is via common carrier. Upon delivery, if physical damage
is found, retain all packing materials in their original condition and contact the carrier
immediately to file a claim.
If the instrument is delivered in good physical condition but does not operate within spec-
ifications, or if there are any other problems not caused by shipping damage, please con-
tact your local sales representative or Esco Medical immediately.
Standard Terms and Conditions
Refunds & Credits
Please note only serialized products (products labelled with a distinct serial number) and
accessories are eligible for partial refund and/or credit. Non-serialized parts and acces-
sory items (cables, carrying cases, auxiliary modules, etc.) are not eligible for return or
refund. In order to receive a partial refund/credit, the product must not have been dam-
aged, and must be returned complete (meaning all manuals, cables, accessories, etc.)
within 30 days of original purchase, in “as new” and resalable condition. The Return Pro-
cedure must be followed.
Return Procedure
Every product returned for refund/credit must be accompanied by a Return Material Au-
thorization (RMA) number, obtained from Esco Medical Customer Service. All items being
returned must be sent prepaid (freight, duty, brokerage and taxes) to our factory location.
Restocking Charges
Products returned within 30 days of original purchase are subject to a minimum restock-
ing fee of 20% of the list price. Additional charges for damage and/or missing parts and
accessories will be applied to all returns. Products which are not in “as new” and resalable
condition are not eligible for credit return and will be returned to the customer at their
own expense.
Certification
This instrument has been thoroughly tested/inspected and found to meet Esco Medical´s
manufacturing specifications when shipped from the factory. Calibration measurements
and testing are traceable and done according to Esco Medicals ISO certification.

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Warranty and Product Support
Esco Medical warrants this instrument to be free from defects in materials and workman-
ship under normal use, and service for two (2) years from the date of original purchase,
provided the instrument is calibrated and maintained in accordance with this manual.
During the warranty period Esco Medical will, at our option, either repair or replace a
product that proves to be defective at no charge, provided you return the product (ship-
ping, duty, brokerage and taxes prepaid) to Esco Medical. Any and all transportation
charges incurred are the responsibility of the purchaser and are not included within this
warranty. This warranty extends only to the original purchaser and does not cover dam-
age from abuse, neglect, accident or misuse, or as the result of service or modification by
parties other than Esco Medical.
IN NO EVENT SHALL ESCO MEDICAL LTD. BE LIABLE FOR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES.
No warranty shall apply when damage is caused by any of the following:
Power failure, surges, or spikes
•Damage in transit or when moving the instrument
•Improper power supply such as low voltage, incorrect voltage, defective wiring or in-
adequate fuses
•Accident, alteration, abuse or misuse of the instrument
•Fire, water damage, theft, war, riot, hostility, acts of God such as hurricanes, floods, etc.
Only serialized products (those items bearing a distinct serial number tag) and their ac-
cessory items are covered under this warranty.
PHYSICAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY MISUSE OR PHYSICAL ABUSE IS NOT COVERED UNDER
THE WARRANTY. Items such as cables and non-serialized modules are not covered under
this warranty.
This warranty gives you specific legal rights and you may have other rights, which vary
from province to province, state to state, or country to country. This warranty is limited
to repairing the instrument per Esco Medical's specifications.
When you return an instrument to Esco Medical for service, repair or calibration, we rec-
ommend shipment using the original shipping foam and container. If the original packing
materials are not available, we recommend the following guide for repackaging:
•Use a double-walled carton of sufficient strength for the weight being shipped
•Use heavy paper or cardboard to protect all instrument surfaces. Use non-abrasive ma-
terial around all projecting parts
Use at least four inches of tightly packed, industrial-approved, shock-absorbent
material all around the instrument

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Esco Medical will not be responsible for lost shipments or instruments received in dam-
aged condition due to improper packaging or handling. All warranty claim shipments
must be made on a prepaid basis (freight, duty, brokerage, and taxes). No returns will be
accepted without a Return Materials Authorization ("RMA”) number. Please contact Esco
Medical to obtain an RMA number and receive help with shipping/customs documenta-
tion.
Re-calibration of instruments, which have a recommended annual calibration frequency,
is not covered under the warranty.
Warranty Disclaimer
Should you choose to have your instrument serviced and/or calibrated by someone other
than Esco Medical Ltd. and their representatives, please be advised that the original war-
ranty covering your product becomes void when the tamper-resistant Quality Seal is re-
moved or broken without proper factory authorization.
In all cases, breaking the tamper-resistant Quality Seal should be avoided at all cost, as
this seal is key to your original instrument warranty. In an event where the seal must be
broken to gain internal access to the instrument, you must first contact Esco Medical Ltd.
You will be required to provide us with the serial number for your instrument, as well as
a valid reason for breaking the Quality Seal. You should break this seal only after you have
received factory authorization. Do not break the Quality Seal before you have contacted
us! Following these steps will help ensure that you will retain the original warranty on
your instrument without interruption.
WARNING
Unauthorized user modifications or application beyond the published specifications may
result in electrical shock hazard or improper operation. Esco Medical will not be respon-
sible for any injury sustained due to unauthorized equipment modifications.
ESCO MEDICAL LTD. DISCLAIMS ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE OR APPLICATION.
THIS PRODUCT CONTAINS NO USER-SERVICEABLE COMPONENTS.
UNAUTHORIZED REMOVAL OF THE INSTRUMENT COVER SHALL VOID THIS AND ALL
OTHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES.

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Table of contents
1 How to use this manual...........................................................................................................8
2 Safety warning........................................................................................................................8
3 Indication for use ....................................................................................................................8
4 About the product ...................................................................................................................9
5 transport, Storage and Disposal ............................................................................................10
5.1 Transport........................................................................................................................10
5.2 Storage ...........................................................................................................................10
5.3 Disposal..........................................................................................................................10
6 Accessories supplied.............................................................................................................11
7 Manuals supplied..................................................................................................................11
7.1 The user manual.............................................................................................................11
7.2 The validation manual....................................................................................................11
7.3 The maintenance manual ...............................................................................................11
8 Safety symbols and labels.....................................................................................................12
9 Important safety instructions and warnings..........................................................................13
9.1 Before installation..........................................................................................................13
9.2 During installation .........................................................................................................13
9.3 Post installation..............................................................................................................14
10 Getting started.....................................................................................................................14
11 Mains connection................................................................................................................15
12 Gas connection and the humidification system ..................................................................15
12.1 MAW without compartments ......................................................................................17
12.2 MAW with compartments............................................................................................19
12.3 MAW with compartments and built-in gas mixer .......................................................20
13 User interface......................................................................................................................21
13.1 Activating the heat and gas flow controls....................................................................22
13.1.1 Temperature sub-menu .........................................................................................22
13.1.2 Gas flow set point .................................................................................................22
13.1.3 Heated Mode.........................................................................................................23
13.2 Surface temperatures....................................................................................................25
13.3 Menu Options...............................................................................................................27
13.3.1 Main Menu............................................................................................................27
13.3.2 Sub-menu..............................................................................................................28
13.3.3 Temperature sub-menu .........................................................................................28
13.3.4 CO2sub-menu (only for models with built-in gas mixer) ....................................30
13.3.5 O2sub-menu (only for models with built-in gas mixer).......................................32

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13.3.5 Service sub-menu..................................................................................................33
14 Alarms.................................................................................................................................34
14.1 Temperature alarms .....................................................................................................34
14.2 Gas pressure alarms .....................................................................................................35
14.3 Multiple alarms............................................................................................................36
14.4 Loss of power alarm.....................................................................................................36
15 Changing the set points.......................................................................................................36
16 Firmware.............................................................................................................................36
17 The Laminar Flow...............................................................................................................37
18 Cleaning instructions ..........................................................................................................38
18.1 Considerations about a sterile device...........................................................................38
18.2 Manufacturer recommended cleaning procedure.........................................................38
18.3 Manufacturer recommended disinfection procedure...................................................39
19 Heat optimization plates. ....................................................................................................39
20 Humidification....................................................................................................................40
21 Temperature validation.......................................................................................................40
22 All in one PC.......................................................................................................................41
23 Maintenance........................................................................................................................47
24 Emergency Procedures........................................................................................................47
25 User Troubleshooting..........................................................................................................48
26 Specifications......................................................................................................................50
27 Electromagnetic compatibility............................................................................................51

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1 How to use this manual
The manual is designed to be read by sections, and not ideally cover to cover. This means
that if the manual is read, from start to finish, there will be some repetition and overlap. We
recommend the following method to go through the manual: first, familiarize yourself with
the safety instructions; then proceed to the basic user functions that are needed for operat-
ing the equipment on a day to day basis; then review the alarm functions. The menu function
of the user interface details information that is needed for the advanced level of users only.
All parts must be read before the device is taken into use.
2 Safety warning
• Anyone working with, on or around this equipment should read this manual. Failure to
read, understand and follow the instructions given in this documentation may result in dam-
age to the unit, injury to operating personnel, and/or poor equipment performance.
• Any internal adjustment, modification or maintenance to this equipment must be under-
taken by qualified service personnel.
• If the equipment must be relocated, make sure it is fixed properly on a support stand or
base, and move on a flat surface. When necessary move the equipment and the support
stand/base separately.
• The use of any hazardous materials in this equipment must be monitored by an industrial
hygienist, safety officer or other suitably qualified individual.
• Before you proceed, you should thoroughly understand the installation procedures and
take note of the environmental/electrical requirements.
• In this manual, important safety related points will be marked with the following symbols:
NOTE
Used to direct attention to a specific item.
WARNING
Use caution
• If the equipment is used in a manner not specified by this manual, the protection provided
by this equipment may be impaired.
3 Indication for use
The MAW, Multi-zone ART Workstation is a laminar flow workstation that is intended for
working with gametes and/or embryos at or near body temperature during in vitro fertili-
zation (IVF)/assisted reproduction technology (ART) procedures. The workstation also pro-
vides humidified gas to maintain gametes and embryos in the working environment.

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4 About the product
The MAW, Multi-zone ART Workstation is a laminar flow workstation that is intended for
working with gametes and/or embryos at or near body temperature during in vitro fertili-
zation (IVF)/assisted reproduction technology (ART) procedures. The workstation also pro-
vides humidified gas to maintain gametes and embryos in the working environment.
The 12-zone heating system (8 x table plate and 4 x compartments) gives superior temper-
ature conditions in comparison to conventional layouts.
For maximum performance, the system has 12 separate temperature controllers, control-
ling and regulating the temperature in each zone.
The workstation has been primarily developed and optimized for tissue culturing with an
overlay of either Paraffin or Mineral oil.
If open culture is used the user can utilize the humidified gas system that built into the table
top. The dish is placed under the gas hood where the pH conditions in a buffered media
without oil overlay can be maintained.
Open culture may lead to evaporation and a change in pH if the correct conditions
are not maintained.
An integral part of the ART Workstation is the All-in-one PC that is running with the Work-
station logger software. The software functions as a constant surveillance system that will
give the user early warnings if any parameter drifts beyond safe limits. The monitor can be
used for a microscope camera image, as any warning will still be brought to the attention of
the user and an easy possibility to toggle the modes presented. The software includes data
logging, data storage and report functions for ISO quality management compliance.
The device is manufactured under a full EU certified ISO quality management system.
This product fulfils the requirements of EN60601-1 3rd edition standards as a Class I type
B equivalent device suited for continuous operation. It also conforms to the requirements
of the EU Council directive 93/42/EEC concerning medical devices and is classified as a
Class I device under rule XII.
Personal Protective Equipment (89/686/EEC) and Machine Directive (2006/42/EC) is not
applicable for MAW, Multi-zone ART Workstation.

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5 transport, Storage and Disposal
5.1 Transport
The devices is packed in a carton box, it is wrapped to a polyethylene. The Box is affixed to
pallet with the special straps.
Visual inspection should be done if there is any damage and then the Multi-Zone ART Work-
station is prepared to be transported.
These labels should be glued on the box:
•Label with marked packing date
•Label with the product name and serial number
•Label with the country of origin
•Warning labels “Fragile” and “Handle with care”
5.2 Storage
The device may only be used under the following conditions:
•The unit can be in store for one year
•If stored longer than one year, the unit must be returned to the manufacturer for a
new release test
•Store between -20 and + 50 degrees C temperature limits
•Keep away from direct sunlight
•Caution consult the accompanying documents for important safety-related infor-
mation such as warnings and precautions that cannot, for a variety of reasons, be
presented on the device itself
•Do not use if the packing material is damaged
•Keep dry
5.3 Disposal
The unit contains reusable materials. All components (with the exception of the HEPA filter)
can be discarded after having been cleaned and disinfected.
Please note, that the HEPA filters must be discarded in accordance with the applicable na-
tional regulations for special solid waste.
The device may have been used for treating and processing infectious sub-
stances. Therefore, the device and device components may have been contaminated.
Prior to disposal, all device components must be decontaminated.

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Clean the device components thoroughly and either disinfect or decontaminate them.
6 Accessories supplied
• 1 HEPA filters for input gas supply
• 1 USB stick containing Esco Medical Datalogger software and PDF versions of the manuals
• 1 gas hood (MAW without compartments)
• 1 carry tray (MAW with compartments –1 carry tray for each compartment)
• 1 humidification flask for MAW 4ft, or 2 humidification flasks for MAW 6ft
• 2 medical grade mains cord for the MAW 4ft, or two medical grade mains cords for Dual
MAW 6ft
7 Manuals supplied
The MAW, Multi-zone ART Workstation ®comes with 3 manuals as standard:
1. The User Manual (this manual)
2. The Validation Manual
3. The Maintenance Manual
Each manual has a specific purpose.
7.1 The user manual
This is intended to provide the user with information necessary for using the device.
The user manual cannot stand alone nor replace user training.
7.2 The validation manual
This is intended for trained technical personnel performing the installation, detailing the
procedures and specifications needed to ensure that the device is safe and can be taken into
clinical use. The manual can also be used as a guide for validation tests that should be per-
formed regularly.
7.3 The maintenance manual
This is also intended for trained technical personnel, detailing the schedules and methods
to ensure that the device runs optimally and safely during its lifespan.
The maintenance specified in the maintenance manual cannot replace the regu-
lar maintenance/validation that must be performed by the user.

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8 Safety symbols and labels
There are several user labels on the surfaces of the MAW, Multi-zone ART Workstation®to
guide the user. User labels are shown below.
Table 7.1 Labels
Description
Image
Packing box label:
1. If stored longer than one year from manufacture
date, the unit must be returned to the manufacturer
for a new release test.
2. Shipping temperature between -20oC and +50oC.
3. Keep away from direct sunlight.
4. Caution: consult the accompanying documents
for important safety-related information such as
warnings and precautions that cannot, for a variety
of reasons, be presented on the device itself.
5. Consult instructions for proper use of the device.
6. Do not use if the packing material is damaged.
7. Rx Only.
8. Keep dry.
1. Consult instruction for use.
2. Warning on the back of the device indicates that
an earth connection is needed, mains information,
and “ON/OFF” push-push button.
3. “Lightning bolt” indicates the potential risk of
electrical shock (never remove any cover)
1. Model
2. Mains power rating
3. Manufacturers address and country of origin
4. Consult instruction for use
5. Temperature limit
6. Rx only
7. Serial number
8. CE mark
9. Not protected against ingress of water
10. Logo
11. Keep away from direct sunlight
12. Observe WEEE
13. Keep dry
14. Year of manufacture
Table 7.2 Labels on the front side of MAW, Multi-zone ART Workstation®

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Description
Image
USB communication port
PC on/off button
Compartments numbers are indicated in the top
corner of the lid with a label (Only MAW with
compartments)
Gas inlet on table plate (Only MAW without com-
partments)
9 Important safety instructions and warnings
9.1 Before installation
1. Do not use the product if the package is damaged.
2. Read the user manual completely before use
3. Always keep these instructions easily accessible near the device
4. Do not try to lift heavy equipment alone.
5. If a forklift is used only lift on the custom-built pallet. The table top itself cannot withstand
any lifting in the middle. Permanent damage will occur. Warranty void if this happens
6. Electronics box under the table top is not flush with the rest of the underside. Any blows
can result in permanent damage. Warranty void if this happens.
9.2 During installation
1. Never place this unit on top of other equipment that might heat it up
2. Place this unit on a flat, hard and stable surface
3. Never place the unit on a carpet or similar surfaces
4. Do not defeat the safety purpose of the grounding-type (earthing) plug
5. A grounding-type (earthing) plug has two blades and a third prong is provided for your
safety. If the provided plug does not fit into your outlet, consult an electrician to replace the
outlet
6. Always connect the power cord to a properly grounded outlet and only use the cord that
came with the device
7. Do not install near any heat sources such as radiators, heat registers, stoves or other ap-
paratus that produce heat
8. Do not use this device near water
9. Always use external HEPA filter for input CO2gas
10. Do not use this product at temperatures exceeding 30oC
11. Place this unit in a location with adequate ventilation to prevent internal heat build-up.

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Allow at least 10 cm clearance from the rear, 30 cm from the top and 20 cm from left and
right to prevent overheating
12. This unit is intended for indoor purposes only
13. Read the section about EMC in this IFU on section 27 and heed the warnings
9.3 Post installation
1. Refer all servicing to qualified service personnel
2. Servicing is required according to the service manual, or if the apparatus has been dam-
aged in any way, e.g. if the apparatus has been dropped, exposed to rain or moisture, or does
not operate normally. The MAW, Multi-zone ART Workstation®contains high voltage com-
ponents that may be hazardous
3. Unplug this apparatus during lightning storms or when unused for a long period of time
4. Protect the power cord from being walked on or pinched, particularly at the plug, conven-
ience receptacles, and the point where it exits from the apparatus
5. Perform temperature and gas calibration at the intervals described in the manuals
6. NEVER block gas supply holes in table top
7. Make sure that CO2gas supply pressures are kept stable at 0.6 bar (8.70 psi)
10 Getting started
The MAW, Multi-zone ART Workstation®must be installed by authorized and
trained personnel only!
1. Follow the guidelines in the safety instructions and warnings section
2. Connect the mains cable to the top of the Workstation for the fan unit work
3. Connect the mains cable to the underside of the table top for the PC and table top heating
system to work
4. Connect the gas line for the CO25 or 6% premixed gas
5. Set the gas pressure on the external gas regulator at 0.6 bar (8.70 psi)
6. Switch on the MAW, Multi-zone ART Workstation®on with the on/off switch under the
table top (next to the mains cable)
7. Power up the PC by pressing the button in the middle of the inner wall work area
8. Observe for normal function
9. Let the unit warm up and stabilize for 20 min
10. Follow the guidelines in the validation guide
11. Complete user training and instructions
12. After a burn-in phase of 24-hours, the unit is ready for use IF the testing is successful
Clean and disinfect the device before use. It is not delivered sterile or in a clini-
cally acceptable cleanliness state. Consult the cleaning instructions section in this
manual for the manufacturers recommended guidelines!

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11 Mains connection
The MAW, Multi-zone ART Workstation®comes with a detachable mains power cord. The
power cord is prepared for the country in which the unit is intended to be used.
Do not defeat the safety purpose of the grounding-type plug! A grounding type
plug has two blades, and a third prong. It is provided for your safety. If the provided
plug does not fit into your outlet, consult an electrician to replace the outlet
The power requirement is 115V 60 Hz OR 230V 50Hz.
Figure 11.1 Power supply
12 Gas connection and the humidification system
Under the table top one single gas input (black and blue) is located.
Figure 12.1 Gas inlet
Gas pressure for inlet should be 0.6 bar (8.70 psi) and it must be kept stable!
Always use a high-quality pressure regulator for both gases that can be set with the required
precision.
Figure 12.2 Pressure regulator
Connect the CO2gas to the CO2inlet with a suitable silicone tube. Make sure the tube is fas-
tened with a clip, so that it does not accidentally loosen itself during sudden pressure fluc-
tuation. Use the supplied 0.2µ HEPA filter on the gas line just before the inlet on the MAW,
Multi-zone ART Workstation®. Notice the flow direction marked on the filter.

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Figure 12.3 Gas filter
The CO2inlet should be connected to a 5 or 6% Premixed CO2.
The gas flow can be controlled digitally with the keys on the table top.
The gas will pass through the humidification system.
Figure 12.4 Humidification flask
Humidification flask tubes are marked with number “1”and “2”. Same are marked two out-
lets. Flask tubes must be connected to outlets according their number (number “1” tube,
connect to the outlet marked with the same number).

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Figure 12.5 Tubes connected to the flask
If no humidification is required/ wanted, a U-looped silicone tube must be put from
the port marked “Outlet” to the port below.
Fill the flask to the bottle mark with sterile water.
12.1 MAW without compartments
Figure 12.6 Gas choose from the nozzle
The gas will flow through the nozzle in the table top work area.

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Figure 12.7 Gas nozzle in table top
A gas hood must be placed over the outlet. The constant flow will flush the environment so
that a correct CO2concentration can kept and thus no pH drift will occur.
Figure 12.8 Gas hood placed over gas nozzle
Keep the lids on the dishes when they are placed under the gas hood. The dished can be
placed directly on the warmed surface but a Carry Tray.
Heating optimization plate can also be used. With the Carry Tray, several dishes can be
conveniently being transported between a CO2incubator and the Workstation.
Figure 12.9 Carry Tray

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12.2 MAW with compartments
Figure 12.10 MAW with compartments
The gas will flow through and circuit in both compartments by the internal FAN. The FAN
will automatically start when the flow is set.
Figure 12.11 Gas in compartments
Gas system over view
Required input gas type: Premixed CO2. Check medium types for the correct mixture and
validate the mixture with a gas analyzer prior to use.

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Required input gas pressure: gas pressure for on the external source should be 0.6 bar
(8.70psi) and must be kept stable.
Gas alarm; the alarm level <0.2 bar and >0.8 bar. In case of an alarm remove the sample to
safe CO2incubator and investigate the cause of the alarm.
The gas flow set point can be adjusted in the range from 0 l/h to 40 l/h. 1 l/h increments.
The correct flow is a balance towards maintaining the pH level in the medium and economy
of the gas usage. With increased flow there is an increased likely hood of correct gas level
and fast gas recovery. But also increased gas cost. So the flow can be adjusted down to a level
where the pH in the medium is still maintained and the gas consumption is as low as possi-
ble. Only a validation test locally can decide this for the specific medium. Also check the me-
dium manufactures recommendations.
12.3 MAW with compartments and built-in gas mixer
Figure 12.12 MAW with compartments and built-in gas mixer
The gas will flow through and circuit in both compartments by the internal FAN. CO2and O2
sensor will provide gas concentration control in compartments.
Gas system overview
Required input gas type: pure CO2and N2. Also, there is a possibility to use premixed gas.
Incoming gas pressure 0.5 bar.
Gas pressure alarm: the alarm level <0.2 bar and >0.8 bar. In case of an alarm, remove the
sample to safe CO2incubator and investigate the cause of the alarm.