HP B1476 68020 User manual

User’s Guide
HP B1476
68020/030
Debugger/Emulator

Notice
Hewlett-Packard makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material,
including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantabilityand
fitness for a particular purpose. Hewlett-Packard shall not be liable for errors
contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection
with the furnishing,performance,or use ofthis material.
Hewlett-Packard assumes no responsibilityfor the use or reliabilityof its
software on equipment that is not furnished byHewlett-Packard.
© Copyright 1989-1992, Hewlett-Packard Company.
This document contains proprietaryinformation, which is protected by
copyright. All rights are reserved.No part of thisdocument maybe
photocopied,reproduced or translated to another language without the prior
written consent ofHewlett-Packard Company.The information contained in
this document is subject to change without notice.
Microtec is a registered trademark of Microtec Research Inc.
SunOS, SPARCsystem, OpenWindows, and SunVieware trademarks of Sun
Microsystems,Inc.
UNIX is a registered trademark of UNIX System Laboratories Inc. in the
U.S.A. and other countries.
Hewlett-Packard Company
P.O . Box 2197
1900 Garden of the Gods Road
Colorado Springs, CO 80901-2197, U.S.A.
RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND Use,duplication, or disclosure bythe U.S.
Government is subject to restrictions set forth in subparagraph (C) (1) (ii) of
the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software Clause in DFARS
252.227-7013. Hewlett-Packard Company, 3000 Hanover Street, Palo Alto,
CA 94304 U.S.A.
Rights for non-DOD U.S.Government Departments and Agencies are set
forth in FAR 52.227-19(c)(1,2).
ii

Printing History
Neweditionsare complete revisions ofthe manual. The date on the title page
changes only when a new edition is published.
A software code maybe printed before the date;this indicatesthe version level
ofthe software product at the time the manual wasissued. Manyproduct
updates and fixes do not require manual changes, and manual corrections may
be done without accompanyingproduct changes. Therefore,do not expect a
one-to-one correspondence between product updates and manual revisions.
Edition 1 B1476-97006, July 1992
Certification and Warranty
Certification and warrantyinformation can be found at the end ofthismanual
on the pagesbefore the back cover.
iii

Debugging C Programs for 68020/030
Microprocessors
The HP B1476 68020/030 Debugger/Emulator is a debugging tool for 68020
and 68030 microprocessor code. The debugger loads and executes C programs
or assemblylanguage programson an HP 64748 or HP 64747 emulator. The
code is executed in real time unless a specificfeature of the debugger or
emulator requires halting the processor. The emulator functions as a
high-speed execution environment for the debugger.
With the Debugger, You Can ...
•Browse and edit C and C+ + source files.
•ViewC and C+ + functions on the stack.
•Monitor variables as the program executes.
•Viewassemblylanguage code with source lines.
•Viewregisters and stack contents.
•Step through programsbyC or C+ + source lines or byassemblylanguage
instructions.
•Stop programsupon the execution ofselected instructions or upon a read
or write ofselected memorylocations.
•Create conditional breakpoints using macros.
•Patch C or C+ + code without recompiling.
•Collect microprocessor bus-level data as the program executes. You can
specifywhen data should be collected and which states get saved.
•Simulate input and output devices using your computer’s keyboard,
display, and file system.
•Save and execute command files.
•Log debugger commands and output.
•Examine the inheritance relationshipsofC+ + classes.
•Use the debugger, the emulator/analyzer, and the Software Performance
Analyzer together.
iv

With the Graphical Interface You Can ...
•Use the debugger under an X WindowSystem that supports OSF/Motif
interfaces.
•Enter debugger commands using pull-down or pop-up menus.
•Set source-level breakpoints using the mouse.
•Create custom action keys for commonlyused debugger commands or
command files.
•Viewsource code, monitored data,registers, stack contents,and backtrace
information in separate windows on the debugger’smain display.
•Access on-line help information.
•Quicklyenter commands usingthe guided syntaxof the standard interface.
With the Standard Interface You Can ...
•Use the debugger with a terminal or terminalemulator.
•Quicklyenter commands using guided syntax, command recall, and
command editing.
•Viewsource code, monitored data,registers, stack contents,and backtrace
information in separate windows on the debugger’smain display.
•Define your own screensand windowsin the debugger’s main display.
•Access on-line help information.
v

In This Book
This book is organized into five parts:
Part 1. Quick Start Guide
An overviewofthe debugger and a short lesson to get you started.
Part 2. User’s Guide
Howto use the debugger to solve your problems.
Part 3. Concept Guide
Background information on X resources.
Part 4. Reference
Descriptions of what each debugger command does,details of how the
debugger works, and a list of error messages.
Part 5. Installation
Howto install the debugger software on your computer.
vi

Contents
Part 1 Quick Start Guide
1 Getting Started with the Graphical Interface
The GraphicalInterface at a Glance 5
Pointer and cursor shapes 5
The Debugger Window 6
Graphical Interface Conventions 8
Mouse Buttons 9
Platform Differences 10
The Quick Start Tutorial 11
The Demonstration Program 11
To prepare to run the debugger 12
To start the debugger 13
To activate displayarea windows 15
To run until main() 16
To scroll the Code window 17
To displaya function 18
To run until a line 19
To edit the program 20
To displayinit_system() again 21
To set a breakpoint 21
To run until the breakpoint 22
To patch code using a macro 23
To delete a single breakpoint 25
To delete all breakpoints 25
To step through a program 26
To run until a stack level 26
To step over functions 27
To step out ofa function 27
To displaythe value of a variable 27
To change the value of a variable 28
vii

To recall an entrybuffer value 29
To displaythe address of a variable 30
To break on an accessto a variable 31
To use the command line 32
To use a C printf command 32
To turn the command line off 33
To trace events following a procedure call 34
To see on-line help 35
To end the debugging session 36
2 Getting Started with the Standard Interface
The Standard Interface At a Glance 38
The Quick Start Tutorial 40
Before You Begin 40
The Demonstration Program 40
To copythe demonstration files 41
To start the debugger 42
To enter commands 43
To activate displayarea windows 43
To displaymain() 44
To displaya subroutine 44
To set a breakpoint 45
To run the demo program 45
To step through the program 46
To step over functions 46
To delete a breakpoint 46
To displayvariables in their declared type 47
To displaythe address of a variable 47
To use a C printf command 48
To break on an accessto a variable 48
To displayblocks ofmemory 49
To monitor variables 50
To modifya variable byenteringa C expression 50
To end the debugging session 51
Contents
viii

Part 2 User’s Guide
3 Entering Debugger Commands
Using Menus, the EntryBuffer, and Action Keys 59
To choose a pull-down menu item using the mouse (method 1) 59
To choose a pull-down menu item using the mouse (method 2) 60
To choose a pull-down menu item using the keyboard 61
To choose pop-up menu items 62
To use pop-up menu shortcuts 63
To place values into the entrybuffer using the keyboard 63
To copy-and-paste to the entrybuffer 63
To recall entrybuffer values 65
To edit the entrybuffer 66
To use the entrybuffer 66
To copy-and-paste from the entrybuffer to the command line entryarea 66
To use the action keys 67
To use dialog boxes 68
To accesshelp information 72
Usingthe Command Line with the Mouse 73
To turn the command line on or off 74
To enter a command 75
To edit the command line usingthe command line pushbuttons 76
To edit the command line usingthe command line pop-up menu 77
To recall commands 77
To get help about the command line 78
Usingthe Command Line with the Keyboard 79
To enter debugger commands from the keyboard 79
To edit the command line 81
To recall commands usingthe command line recall feature 81
To displaythe help window 82
Viewing Debugger Status 84
Debugger Status 84
Indicator Characters 85
CPUEmulated 85
Current Module 85
Contents
ix

Last Breakpoint 86
Trace Status 86
Ifpop-up menusdon’t pop up 87
4 Loading and Executing Programs
Compiling Programs for the Debugger 90
Using a Hewlett-Packard C Cross Compiler 90
Using Microtec Language Tools 92
Loading Programs and Symbols 94
To specifythe location ofC source files 94
To load programs 95
To load programs only 96
To load symbols only 97
To append programs 97
To specifydemand loading of symbols 98
Stepping Through and Running Programs 100
To step through programs 100
To step over functions 101
To run from the current PC address 102
To run from a start address 102
To run until a stop (break) address 103
Using Breakpoints 105
To set a memoryaccess breakpoint 105
To set an instruction breakpoint 107
To set a breakpoint for a C+ + object instance 109
To set a breakpoint for overloaded C+ + functions 110
To set a breakpoint for C+ + functions in a class 110
To clear selected breakpoints 111
To clear all breakpoints 112
To displaybreakpoint information 112
To halt program execution on return to a stack level 115
RestartingPrograms 116
To reset the processor 116
To reset the program counter to the startingaddress 116
Contents
x

To reset program variables 117
Loadinga Saved CPU State 118
To load a saved CPU state 118
Using the MC68030 Memory Management Unit 120
The deMMUer 120
The emulator/analyzer interface 120
Restrictions when using the MMU 120
To enable the MMU 121
Accessingthe UNIX OperatingSystem 122
To fork a UNIX shell 122
To execute a UNIX command 123
Usingthe Debugger and the Emulator Interface 124
To start the emulation interface from the debugger 124
Usingsimulator and emulator debugger products together 125
Usingthe Debugger with the Branch Validator 126
To unload Branch Validator data from program memory 126
5 Viewing Code and Data
Using Symbols 130
To add a symbol to the symbol table 130
To displaysymbols 131
To displaysymbols in all modules 132
To delete a symbol from the symbol table 132
DisplayingScreens 134
To display the high-level screen 136
To displaythe assemblylevel screen 136
To switch between the high-level and assemblyscreens 136
To display the standard I/O screen 137
To displaythe next screen (activate a screen) 137
Contents
xi

Displaying Windows 139
To change the active window 141
To select the alternate viewofa window 142
To viewinformation in the active window 143
To view information in the "More"lists mode 144
To copywindowcontents to a file 145
DisplayingC Source Code 146
To displayC source code 146
To find first occurrence ofa string 147
To find next occurrence ofa string 147
DisplayingDisassembled AssemblyCode 149
To displayassembly code 149
Displaying Program Context 150
To set current module and function scope 150
To displaycurrent module and function 151
To displaydebugger status 151
To displayregister contents 152
To displaythe function calling chain (stack backtrace) 153
To displayall local variablesof a function at the specified stack
(backtrace) level 157
To displaythe address of the C+ + object invoking a member function 158
Using Expressions 159
To calculate the value of a C expression 159
To displaythe value ofan expression or variable 160
To displaymembers of a structure 161
To displaythe members of a C+ + class 162
To displaythe values of all members of a C+ + object 162
To monitor variables 163
To monitor the value ofa register 164
To discontinue monitoringspecified variables 164
To discontinue monitoringall variables 165
To displayC+ + inheritance relationships 165
To print formatted output to a window 166
To print formatted output to journal windows 166
Contents
xii

ViewingMemoryContents 168
To compare two blocks of memory 168
To search a memoryblock for a value 168
To examine a memoryarea for invalid values 169
To displaymemorycontents 170
HowSimulated I/O Works 171
Simulated I/O Connections 172
Special Simulated I/O Symbols 173
To enable simulated I/O 174
To disable simulated I/O 175
To set the keyboard I/O mode to cooked 175
To set the keyboard I/O mode to raw 175
To control blockingofreads 176
To interpret keyboard reads as EOF 176
To redirect I/O 177
To check resource usage 178
To increase file resources 179
Ifproblems occur when using simulated I/O 181
6 Making Trace Measurements
The Trace Function 184
To start a trace usingthe Code pop-up menu 190
To start a trace usingthe command line 190
To stop a trace in progress 191
To displaya trace 192
To specifytrace events 193
To delete trace events 194
To specifystorage qualifiers 194
To specifytrigger conditions 196
To halt program execution on the occurrence ofa trigger 197
To remove a storage qualification term 198
To remove a trigger term 198
To trace code execution before and after entryinto a function 199
To trace data written to a variable 199
To trace data written to a variable and who wrote to the variable 200
To trace events leading up to writing a particular value in a variable 201
To execute a complexbreakpoint usingthe trace function 202
To trace entryto and exit from modules 203
If tracing is not triggered as expected 205
Contents
xiii

7 Editing Code and Data
Editing Files 208
To edit source code from the Code window 208
To edit an arbitraryfile 209
To edit a file based on an address in the entrybuffer 209
To edit a file based on the current program counter 209
Patching Source Code 210
To change a variable usinga C expression 210
To patch a line of code usinga macro 211
To patch C source code byinsertinglines 212
To patch C source code bydeleting lines 212
Editing Memory Contents 214
To change the value of one memorylocation 214
To change the values of a block of memoryinteractively 214
To copya block ofmemory 215
To fill a block of memorywith values 216
To compare two blocks of memory 216
To re-initialize all program variables 217
To change the contents of a register 217
8 Using Macros and Command Files
Using Macros 221
To displaythe Macro Operations dialog box 225
To define a newmacro interactivelyusingthe graphical interface 225
To use an existing macro as a template for a newmacro 226
To define a macro interactivelyusing the command line 227
To define a macro outside the debugger 228
To edit an existing macro 228
To save macros 229
To load macros 229
Ifmacros do not load 229
To call a macro 230
To call a macro from within an expression 231
To call a macro from within a macro 231
To call a macro on execution ofa breakpoint 232
To call a macro when steppingthrough programs 234
Contents
xiv

To stop a macro 235
To displaymacro source code 235
To delete a macro 236
Using Command Files 237
To record commands 238
To place comments in a command file 239
To pause the debugger 239
To stop command recording 240
To run a command file 240
To set command file error handling 241
To append commands to an existingcommand file 242
To record commands and results in a journal file 242
To stop command and result recording to a journal file 243
To open a file or device for read or write access 243
To close the file associated with a windownumber 244
To use the debugger in batch mode 245
9 Configuring the Debugger
Setting the General Debugger Options 249
To displaythe Debugger Options dialog box 249
To list the debugger options settings 249
To specifywhether command file commands are echoed to the Journal
window 250
To set automaticalignment for breakpoints and disassembly 250
To set backtrace displayof bad stack frames 251
To specifydemand loading of symbols 252
To select the interpretation ofnumericliterals (decimal/hexadecimal) 252
To specifystep speed 253
Setting the Symbolics Options 254
To displaysymbols in assemblycode 254
To displayintermixed C source and assemblycode 255
To enable parameter checking in commands and macros 255
Settingthe DisplayOptions 257
To specifythe Breakpoint windowdisplaybehavior 257
To specifythe Viewwindowdisplaybehavior 258
To specifythe standard I/O windowdisplaybehavior 258
Contents
xv

To displayhalf-bright or inverse video highlights 259
To displayinformation a screen at a time (more) 259
To specifyscroll amount 260
To store timinginformation when tracing 260
To mask fetches while tracing 261
Modifying DisplayArea Windows 262
To resize or move the active window 262
To move the Status window 263
To define user screensand windows 264
To display user-defined screens 265
To erase standard I/O and user-defined windowcontents 265
To remove user-defined screens and windows 266
Saving and Loading the Debugger Configuration 267
To save the current debugger configuration 267
To load a startup file 268
Setting X Resources 270
To modifythe debugger’s graphical interface resources 272
To use customized scheme files 276
To set up custom action keys 278
To set initial recall buffer values 279
To set up demos or tutorials 280
10 Configuring the Emulator
To start the Emulator Configuration dialogbox 285
To modifya configuration section 286
To store a configuration 287
To examine the emulator configuration 288
To change the configuration directorycontext 288
To displaythe configuration context 289
To accessconfiguration help information 289
To exit the Emulator Configuration dialogbox 289
To load a configuration file 290
To create or modifya configuration file 292
Ifan error occurs when loadinga configuration file 292
To store an emulator configuration 293
Contents
xvi

Emulator Configuration Items 294
Memory 294
Emulation Monitor 294
Break Conditions 295
Other Configuration Items 295
To enter the monitor after configuration 296
To restrict to real-time runs 297
To enable the processor cache memory 298
To enable one wait state for emulation memory 299
To change the memoryconfiguration 299
To enable the MC68030 MemoryManagement Unit 300
To select and configure the MC68030 emulation monitor 301
To select and configure the emulation monitor 301
To set up specificationsfor the emulation monitor 302
To assign memorymap terms 308
To modifythe emulator pod configuration 316
To disable target system interrupts 317
To preset the interrupt stack pointer and Program Counter 317
To set the target memoryaccess size 319
To modifythe debug/trace options 320
To break the processor on a write to ROM 320
To define the software breakpoint vector 321
To trace background or foreground operation 322
To configure the analyzer clock 323
To modifythe simulated I/O configuration 324
To modifythe interactive measurement specification 325
MappingThe Foreground Monitor For Use With The
MC68030 MMU 326
To modifythe MMU mappings to translate the monitor address
space 1:1 327
To modifya transparent translation register to map the monitor address
space 1:1 328
Contents
xvii

Part 3 Concept Guide
11 X Resources and the Graphical Interface
An X resource is user-definable data 332
A resource specification is a name and a value 332
Don’t worry, there are shortcuts 333
But wait, there is trouble ahead 334
Class and instance applyto applications as well 335
Resource specifications are found in standard places 336
Loading order resolves conflicts between files 337
The app-defaults file documents the resources you can set 338
Scheme files augment other X resource files 338
You can create your own scheme files, if you choose 340
Scheme files continue the load sequence for X resources 340
You can force the debugger’s graphical interface to use certain schemes 340
Resource setting - general procedure 342
Part 4 Reference
12 Debugger Commands
HowPulldown Menus Map to the Command Line 348
HowPopup Menus Map to the Command Line 351
Command Summary 353
Breakpoint Commands 353
Session Control Commands 353
Expression Commands 354
File Commands 354
MemoryCommands 355
Program Commands 356
Symbol Commands 356
Trace Commands 357
WindowCommands 357
Contents
xviii

Breakpt Access 358
Breakpt Clear_All 360
Breakpt Delete 361
Breakpt Instr 362
Breakpt Read 364
Breakpt Write 365
Debugger Directory 366
Debugger Execution Display_Status 367
Debugger Execution Environment FwdCmd 368
Debugger Execution Environment Load_Config 369
Debugger Execution Environment Modify_Config 370
Debugger Execution IO_System 371
Debugger Execution Load_State 374
Debugger Execution Reset_Processor 375
Debugger Host_Shell 376
Debugger Help 378
Debugger Level 379
Debugger Macro Add 380
Debugger Macro Call 383
Debugger Macro Display 384
Debugger Option Command_Echo 385
Debugger Option General 386
Debugger Option List 389
Debugger Option Symbolics 390
Debugger Option Trace 392
Debugger Option View 393
Debugger Pause 396
Debugger Quit 397
Expression C_Expression 399
Expression Display_Value 400
Expression Fprintf 403
Expression Monitor Clear_All 408
Expression Monitor Delete 409
Expression Monitor Value 410
Expression Printf 413
File Command 415
File Error_Command 416
File Journal 417
File Log 418
File Startup 420
File User_Fopen 423
Contents
xix

File Window_Close 425
MemoryAssign 426
MemoryBlock_Operation Copy 428
MemoryBlock_Operation Fill 429
MemoryBlock_Operation Match 431
MemoryBlock_Operation Search 433
MemoryBlock_Operation Test 435
MemoryDisplay 437
MemoryRegister 439
MemoryUnload_BBA 441
Program Context Display 444
Program Context Expand 445
Program Context Set 446
Program Display_Source 447
Program Find_Source Next 448
Program Find_Source Occurrence 449
Program Load 451
Program Pc_Reset 454
Program Run 455
Program Step 458
Program Step Over 460
Program Step With_Macro 462
Symbol Add 463
Symbol Browse 466
Symbol Display 467
Symbol Remove 472
Trace Again 474
Trace deMMUer 475
Trace Display 477
Trace Event Clear_All 483
Trace Event Delete 484
Trace Event List 485
Trace Event Specify 486
Trace Event Used_List 490
Trace Halt 491
Trace StoreQual 492
Trace StoreQual Event 496
Trace StoreQual List 498
Trace StoreQual None 499
Trace Trigger 500
Trace Trigger Event 504
Contents
xx